1
|
Wu Y, Fernie KJ, Letcher RJ, Clark KE, Park JS, Watts BD, Barber PM, Chen D. Exposure of Peregrine Falcons to Halogenated Flame Retardants: A 30 Year Retrospective Biomonitoring Study across North America. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:7154-7164. [PMID: 38590004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Compared to aquatic ecosystem, terrestrial systems have been subjected to fewer investigations on the exposure to halogenated flame retardants (HFRs). Our study utilized peregrine falcon eggs collected from multiple habitats across North America to retrospectively explore both spatial distribution and temporal changes in legacy (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and alternative HFRs over a 30 year period (1984-2016). The results reveal intensive HFR exposure in terrestrial ecosystems and chemical-specific spatiotemporal distribution patterns. The correlations between egg levels of the selected HFRs and human population density clearly illustrated a significant urban influence on the exposure of this wildlife species to these HFRs and subsequent maternal transfer to their eggs. Temporal analyses suggest that, unlike aquatic systems, terrestrial ecosystems may undergo continual exposure to consistently high levels of legacy HFRs for a long period of time. Our findings collectively highlight the effectiveness of using peregrine eggs to monitor terrestrial exposure to HFRs and other bioaccumulative chemicals and the need for continuous monitoring of HFRs in terrestrial ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Clark
- New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Endangered and Nongame Species Program, Woodbine, New Jersey 08270, United States
| | - June-Soo Park
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Toxic Substances Control, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94710, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Bryan D Watts
- Center for Conservation Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, United States
| | - Patricia M Barber
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110, United States
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu C, Zhang Z, Li B, Huang K, Zhang Y, Li M, Letcher RJ. Lipid Metabolic Disorders Induced by Organophosphate Esters in Silver Carp from the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4904-4913. [PMID: 38437168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The Yangtze River fishery resources have declined strongly over the past few decades. One suspected reason for the decline in fishery productivity, including silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), has been linked to organophosphate esters (OPEs) contaminant exposure. In this study, the adverse effect of OPEs on lipid metabolism in silver carp captured from the Yangtze River was examined, and our results indicated that muscle concentrations of the OPEs were positively associated with serum cholesterol and total lipid levels. In vivo laboratory results revealed that exposure to environmental concentrations of OPEs significantly increased the concentrations of triglyceride, cholesterol, and total lipid levels. Lipidome analysis further confirmed the lipid metabolism dysfunction induced by OPEs, and glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids were the most affected lipids. Hepatic transcriptomic analysis found that OPEs caused significant alterations in the transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Pathways associated with lipid homeostasis, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signal pathway, cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis, were significantly changed. Furthermore, the affinities of OPEs were different, but the 11 OPEs tested could bind with PPARγ, suggesting that OPEs could disrupt lipid metabolism by interacting with PPARγ. Overall, this study highlighted the harmful effects of OPEs on wild fish and provided mechanistic insights into OPE-induced metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Boqun Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6 Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chu S, Letcher RJ. A targeted and non-targeted discovery screening approach for poly-and per-fluoroalkyl substances in model environmental biota samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464584. [PMID: 38157583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive analytical approach for targeted and non-targeted discovery screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was developed and applied to model complex environmental biotic samples. Samples were extracted by formic acid-acetonitrile solution and cleaned up and fractionated by SPE (WAX). Target PFAS quantification was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography interfaced with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS). Non-targeted analysis (NTA) PFAS screening was performed with UPLC coupled with a quadrupole-Exactive orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-Exactive-HRMS). An iterative exclusion (IE) approach was applied to data acquisition for NTA suspect screening to increase the potential for unknown PFAS discovery with MS/MS. A complex workflow in Compound Discoverer was set up to automate data processing of the PFAS suspects search. New mass lists and MS/MS databases, which included a large number of PFAS, were set up and introduced into the search for high-throughput structure identification using HRMS techniques. The integrated targeted-NTA method successfully analyzed for legacy and alternative PFAS in model environmental biota samples, namely polar bear liver and bird egg samples. Targeted analysis provided unequivocal identification of well known/established PFAS (mainly perfluoroalkyl acids) with quantification at very low levels. The NTA suspect screening was able to determine a broader range of PFAS. The data analysis method offered high-confidence annotations for PFAS despite lacking available authentic standards. Overall, the analytical coverage of PFAS was greater and elucidated other PFAS present in these model apex predators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hopkins KE, McKinney MA, Saini A, Letcher RJ, Karouna-Renier NK, Fernie KJ. Characterizing the Movement of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in an Avian Aquatic-Terrestrial Food Web. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:20249-20260. [PMID: 37999683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The movement of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through linked aquatic-terrestrial food webs is not well understood. Tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in such systems may be exposed to PFAS from multiple abiotic and/or biotic compartments. We show from fatty acid signatures and carbon stable isotopes that tree swallow nestlings in southwestern Ontario fed on both terrestrial and aquatic macroinvertebrates. The PFAS profiles of air, terrestrial invertebrates, and swallows were dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were largely restricted to air, surface water, and sediment, and long-chain PFAAs were mainly found in aquatic invertebrates and tree swallows. PFOS, multiple long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids [perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA)] and perfluorooctane sulfonamide precursors were estimated to bioaccumulate from air to tree swallows. PFOS bioaccumulated from air to terrestrial invertebrates, and PFOS, PFDA, and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acids (FOSAAs) bioaccumulated from water to aquatic invertebrates. PFOS showed biomagnification from both terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates to tree swallows, and PFDA and FOSAAs were also biomagnified from aquatic invertebrates to tree swallows. The movement of PFAS through aquatic-terrestrial food webs appears congener- and compartment-specific, challenging the understanding of PFAS exposure routes for multiple species involved in these food webs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailee E Hopkins
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, North York, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, 12302 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, Maryland 20708, United States
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Remili A, Dietz R, Sonne C, Samarra FIP, Letcher RJ, Rikardsen AH, Ferguson SH, Watt CA, Matthews CJD, Kiszka JJ, Rosing-Asvid A, McKinney MA. Varying Diet Composition Causes Striking Differences in Legacy and Emerging Contaminant Concentrations in Killer Whales across the North Atlantic. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16109-16120. [PMID: 37818957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POPs) tend to biomagnify in food chains, resulting in higher concentrations in species such as killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on marine mammals compared to those consuming fish. Advancements in dietary studies include the use of quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) and differentiation of feeding habits within and between populations of North Atlantic (NA) killer whales. This comprehensive study assessed the concentrations of legacy and emerging POPs in 162 killer whales from across the NA. We report significantly higher mean levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and flame retardants in Western NA killer whales compared to those of Eastern NA conspecifics. Mean ∑PCBs ranged from ∼100 mg/kg lipid weight (lw) in the Western NA (Canadian Arctic, Eastern Canada) to ∼50 mg/kg lw in the mid-NA (Greenland, Iceland) to ∼10 mg/kg lw in the Eastern NA (Norway, Faroe Islands). The observed variations in contaminant levels were strongly correlated with diet composition across locations (inferred from QFASA), emphasizing that diet and not environmental variation in contaminant concentrations among locations is crucial in assessing contaminant-associated health risks in killer whales. These findings highlight the urgency for implementing enhanced measures to safely dispose of POP-contaminated waste, prevent further environmental contamination, and mitigate the release of newer and potentially harmful contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Remili
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Denmark
| | - Filipa I P Samarra
- University of Iceland, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Reykjavík 600169-2039, Iceland
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Audun H Rikardsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), N-9296 Tromso, Norway
| | - Steven H Ferguson
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Cortney A Watt
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Cory J D Matthews
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Jeremy J Kiszka
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida 33181, United States
| | | | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ye L, Li J, Gong S, Herczegh SM, Zhang Q, Letcher RJ, Su G. Established and emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the expansion of an environmental contamination issue: A review and future directions. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132095. [PMID: 37523961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The list of organophosphate esters (OPEs) reported in the environment continues to expand as evidenced by the increasing number of OPE studies in the literature. However, there remains a general dearth of information on more recently produced and used OPEs that are proving to be emerging environmental contaminants. The present review summarizes the available studies in a systematic framework of the current state of knowledge on the analysis, environmental fate, and behavior of emerging OPEs. This review also details future directions to better understand emerging OPEs in the environment. Firstly, we make recommendations that the current structural/practical abbreviations and naming of OPEs be revised and updated. A chemical database (CDB) containing 114 OPEs is presently established based on the suspect list from the current scientific literature. There are 12 established OPEs and a total of 83 emerging OPEs that have been reported in human and/or biota samples. Of the emerging OPEs more than 80% have nearly 100% detection frequencies in samples of certain environmental media including indoor air, wastewater treatment plants, sediment, and fish. In contrast to OPEs considered established contaminants, most emerging OPEs have been identified more recently due to the more pervasive use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based approaches and especially gas or liquid chromatography coupled with HRMS-based non-target analysis (NTA) of environmental sample fractions. Intentional/unintentional industrial use and non-industrial formation are sources of emerging OPEs in the environment. Predicted physical-chemical properties in silico of newer, molecularly larger and more oligomeric OPEs strongly suggest that some compounds such as bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BPA-DPP) are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and/or toxic. Limited information on laboratory-based toxicity data has shown that some emerging OPEs elicit harmful effects such as cytotoxicity, development toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and endocrine disruption in exposed humans and mammals. Established, and to a much lesser degree emerging OPEs, have also been shown to transform and degrade in biota and possibly alter their toxicological effects. Research on emerging OPE contaminants is presently limited and more study is warranted on sample analysis methods, source apportionment, transformation processes, environmental behavior, biomarkers of exposure and toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Sofia M Herczegh
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fremlin KM, Elliott JE, Letcher RJ, Harner T, Gobas FA. Developing Methods for Assessing Trophic Magnification of Perfluoroalkyl Substances within an Urban Terrestrial Avian Food Web. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:12806-12818. [PMID: 37590934 PMCID: PMC10469464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the trophic magnification potential of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in a terrestrial food web by using a chemical activity-based approach, which involved normalizing concentrations of PFAS in biota to their relative biochemical composition in order to provide a thermodynamically accurate basis for comparing concentrations of PFAS in biota. Samples of hawk eggs, songbird tissues, and invertebrates were collected and analyzed for concentrations of 18 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and for polar lipid, neutral lipid, total protein, albumin, and water content. Estimated mass fractions of PFCA C8-C11 and PFSA C4-C8 predominantly occurred in albumin within biota samples from the food web with smaller estimated fractions in polar lipids > structural proteins > neutral lipids and insignificant amounts in water. Estimated mass fractions of longer-chained PFAS (i.e., C12-C16) mainly occurred in polar lipids with smaller estimated fractions in albumin > structural proteins > neutral lipids > and water. Chemical activity-based TMFs indicated that PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, PFOS, and PFDS biomagnified in the food web; PFOA, PFHxDA, and PFHxS did not appear to biomagnify; and PFBS biodiluted. Chemical activity-based TMFs for PFCA C8-C11 and PFSA C4-C8 were in good agreement with corresponding TMFs derived with concentrations normalized to only total protein in biota, suggesting that concentrations normalized to total protein may be appropriate proxies of chemical activity-based TMFs for PFAS, which predominantly partition to albumin. Similarly, TMFs derived with concentrations normalized to albumin may be suitable proxies of chemical activity-based TMFs for longer-chained PFAS, which predominantly partition to polar lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine M. Fremlin
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - John E. Elliott
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health Division, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Ecotoxicology
and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A
0H3, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air
Quality Research Division, Environment and
Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Frank A.P.C. Gobas
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
- School
of Resource and Environmental Management, Faculty of the Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A
1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lohmann R, Letcher RJ. The universe of fluorinated polymers and polymeric substances and potential environmental impacts and concerns. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 2023; 41:100795. [PMID: 37009204 PMCID: PMC10062242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2023.100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse group of surface treatment chemicals falling under non-polymeric and polymeric categories. Polymeric PFAS are comprised of fluoropolymers, perfluoropolyethers and side-chain fluorinated polymers (SCFPs). Fluorinated polymers and polymeric substances have gained a significant market due to their chemical stability. To date, research and regulatory concern has primarily focused on the environmental occurrence and health effects of non-polymeric PFAS, particularly perfluoroalkyl acids and precursors. Industries consider most fluoropolymers as being "polymers of low concern", although there is already a considerable environmental burden and widespread contamination resulting from their production, manufacturing and use. For example, SCFPs are widely used, and known to release their perfluorinated side chains. Concerted action is needed to address the dearth of environment-associated information and understanding on polymeric PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, U.S.A
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Dr., (Raven Road), Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Xu Q, Sun Q, Kong R, Liu H, Yi X, Liang Z, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Ustiloxin A inhibits proliferation of renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro and induces renal injury in mice by disrupting structure and respiratory function of mitochondria. J Hazard Mater 2023; 448:130791. [PMID: 36706486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we found that Ustiloxin A (UA, a mycotoxin) was widely detected in paddy environment and rice samples from several countries, and was also detected in human urine samples from China. However, the current knowledge about the health risks of UA are limited. In this research, the cytotoxicity of UA in mice renal tubular epithelial cells (mRTECs) was evaluated, and the results indicated that UA arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase via altering cellular morphology and microtubule, and inhibited the proliferation and division of mRTECs. Furthermore, UA could inhibit mitochondrial respiration via binding to the CoQ-binding site in dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) protein, and resulted in mitochondrial damage. These adverse effects of UA on mitochondria might be responsible for the cytotoxicity observed in vitro. In vivo, UA at concentrations that were comparable to the realistic concentrations of human exposure induced renal insufficiency in mice, and this might be associated with the renal mitochondrial damage in mice. However, exposure to UA at those realistic concentrations did not promote the progression from renal insufficiency to renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease was not observed in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiaolin Xu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhengqi Liang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, ON, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hopkins KE, McKinney MA, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ. The influence of environmental and ecological factors on the accumulation and distribution of short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids in a mid-trophic avian insectivore. Environ Pollut 2023; 321:121133. [PMID: 36690292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) include perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS), as well as increasingly used alternative short-chain perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and short- and long-chain (≥C9) perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). In the present study, tissues of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from two sites in southern Ontario, Canada, were analyzed for 17 individual PFAAs and showed egg and nestling tissue (liver, carcass) profiles dominated by PFOS (57-66%). The remaining PFAAs contributed ≤7% each, although collectively the long-chain PFCAs comprised 21-29% of the PFAAs. The short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs were among the lowest concentrations, suggesting that despite increased production and use of these alternative PFAAs, they are not accumulated to the same extent as the long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs. PFOS, PFDS, and some long-chain PFCAs were significantly higher in eggs than in livers and carcasses, whereas PFOA and the two short-chain PFCAs were significantly higher in nestling tissues than in eggs. For the two short-chain PFSAs, concentrations were similar among tissues. Tree swallow tissues at the site near a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfall showed higher concentrations of PFOS, PFDS, PFHxS, and some long-chain PFCAs than tree swallows sampled at the nearby reference site; however, the influence of the WWTP was more equivocal for PFOA, other long-chain PFCAs, and short-chain PFSAs and PFCAs. Carbon stable isotopes (δ13C) and fatty acid signatures indicated that the diets of the WWTP swallows were more terrestrial than the reference swallows. Nonetheless, models considering environmental and ecological variables indicated that site was often the primary driver of PFAA variation among the swallows, with less or no influence of dietary patterns, or sex or body condition, revealing that of WWTP effluent can be an important environmental source of the major PFAAs in tree swallows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailee E Hopkins
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chu S, Letcher RJ. Bottom-up proteomics analysis for adduction of the broad-spectrum herbicide atrazine to histone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1497-1504. [PMID: 36662240 PMCID: PMC9974708 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Histones are the major proteinaceous components of chromatin in eukaryotic cells and an important part of the epigenome. The broad-spectrum herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-[ethylamino]-6-[isopropylamino]-1, 3, 5-triazine) and its metabolites are known to form protein adducts, but the formation of atrazine-histone adducts has not been studied. In this study, a bottom-up proteomics analysis method was optimized and applied to identify histone adduction by atrazine in vitro. Whole histones of calf thymus or human histone H3.3 were incubated with atrazine. After solvent-based protein precipitation, the protein was digested by trypsin/Glu-C and the resulting peptides were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph interfaced with a quadrupole Exactive-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The resulting tryptic/Glu-C peptide of DTNLCAIHAK from calf thymus histone H3.1 or human histone H3.3 was identified with an accurate mass shift of +179.117 Da in atrazine incubated samples. It is deduced that a chemical group with an elemental composition of C8H13N5 (179.1171 Da) from atrazine adducted with calf thymus histone H3.1 or human histone H3.3. It was confirmed by MS/MS analysis that the adduction position was at its cysteine 110 residue. Time- and concentration-dependent assays also confirmed the non-enzymatic covalent modification of histone H3.3 by atrazine in vitro. Thus, the potential exists that atrazine adduction may lead to the alteration of histones that subsequently disturbs their normal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ågerstrand M, Arinaitwe K, Backhaus T, Barra RO, Diamond ML, Grimalt JO, Groh K, Kandie F, Kurt-Karakus PB, Letcher RJ, Lohmann R, Meire RO, Oluseyi T, Schäffer A, Septiono M, Sigmund G, Soehl A, Sogbanmu TO, Suzuki N, Venier M, Vlahos P, Scheringer M. Key Principles for the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals and Waste. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:2205-2208. [PMID: 36716264 PMCID: PMC9933528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Ågerstrand
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Arinaitwe
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Backhaus
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ricardo O. Barra
- Faculty
of Environmental Sciences and EULA Chile Centre, University of Concepcion, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | | | - Joan O. Grimalt
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ksenia Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Faith Kandie
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Moi University, 30100 Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, 16310 Yıldırım/Bursa, Turkey
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Departments
of Chemistry and Biology, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National
Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON KIS 5B6, Canada
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate
School of Oceanography, University of Rhode
Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Rodrigo O. Meire
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Duque de Caxias, Santa
Cruz da Serra, Rio de Janeiro 25240-005, Brazil
| | - Temilola Oluseyi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos 101017, Nigeria
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute
for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen
University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Gabriel Sigmund
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Soehl
- International Panel on
Chemical Pollution, 8044 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Temitope O. Sogbanmu
- Ecotoxicology
and Conservation Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos 101017, Nigeria
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Marta Venier
- O’Neill School
of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Penny Vlahos
- Marine
Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- RECETOX, Masaryk
University, 625 00 Brno, Czech
Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ciesielski TM, Sonne C, Smette EI, Villanger GD, Styrishave B, Letcher RJ, Hitchcock DJ, Dietz R, Jenssen BM. Testosterone and persistent organic pollutants in east Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Heliyon 2023; 9:e13263. [PMID: 37101474 PMCID: PMC10123070 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are chemicals that undergo long-range transport to the Arctic. These chemicals possess endocrine disruptive properties raising concerns for development and reproduction. Here, we report the relationship between concentrations of testosterone (T) and persistent organic pollutant (POPs) in 40 East Greenland male polar bears (Ursus maritimus) sampled during January to September 1999-2001. The mean ± standard concentrations of blood T were 0.31 ± 0.49 (mean ± SD) ng/mL in juveniles/subadults (n = 22) and 3.58 ± 7.45 ng/mL in adults (n = 18). The ∑POP concentrations (mean ± SD) in adipose tissue were 8139 ± 2990 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in juveniles/subadults and 11,037 ± 3950 ng/g lw in adult males, respectively, of which Σpolychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) were found in highest concentrations. The variation in T concentrations explained by sampling date (season), biometrics and adipose tissue POP concentrations was explored using redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that age, body length, and adipose lipid content in adult males contributed (p = 0.02) to the variation in POP concentrations. However, although some significant relationships between individual organochlorine contaminants and T concentrations in both juveniles/subadults and adult polar bears were identified, no significant relationships (p = 0.32) between T and POP concentrations were identified by the RDAs. Our results suggest that confounders such as biometrics and reproductive status may mask the endocrine disruptive effects that POPs have on blood T levels in male polar bears, demonstrating why it can be difficult to detect effects on wildlife populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
| | - Eli I. Smette
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gro Dehli Villanger
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Mental and Physical Health, Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222 Skoyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Toxicology and Drug Metabolism Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bjørn M. Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Herczegh SM, Chu S, Letcher RJ. Biotransformation of bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate): In vitro, in silico, and (non-) target analysis for metabolites in rat and bird liver microsomal models. Chemosphere 2023; 310:136796. [PMID: 36228722 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Increased production and usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has trended towards larger and 'novel' (oligomeric) OPEs, although there is a dearth of understanding of the environmental fate, stability, toxicokinetics, biotransformation and bioaccumulation of novel OPEs in exposed biota. The present study characterized in vitro biotransformation of the novel OPE bisphenol-A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BPADP) using Wistar-Han rat and herring gull liver based microsomal assays. Hypothesized target metabolites bisphenol-A (BPA) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and other metabolites were investigated by applying a lines of evidence approach. In silico modelling predicted both BPA and DPHP as rat metabolites of BPADP, these metabolites were quantified via UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Additional non-target metabolites were determined by UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-HRMS/MS and identified by Compound Discoverer software. Mean BPADP depletion of 44 ± 10% was quantified with 3.9% and 2.6% conversion to BPA and DPHP, respectively, in the rat assay. BPADP metabolism was much slower when compared to the well-studied OPE, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP). BPADP depletion in gull liver assays was far slower relative to the rat. Additional non-target metabolites identified included two Phase I, O-dealkylation products, five Phase I oxidation products and one Phase II glutathione adduct, demonstrating agreement between lines of in vitro and in silico evidence. Lines of evidence suggest that BPADP is biologically persistent in exposed mammals or birds. These findings add to the understanding of BPADP stability and biotransformation, and perhaps of other novel OPEs, which are factors highly applicable to hazard assessments of exposure, persistence and bioaccumulation in biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Herczegh
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chastel O, Fort J, Ackerman JT, Albert C, Angelier F, Basu N, Blévin P, Brault-Favrou M, Bustnes JO, Bustamante P, Danielsen J, Descamps S, Dietz R, Erikstad KE, Eulaers I, Ezhov A, Fleishman AB, Gabrielsen GW, Gavrilo M, Gilchrist G, Gilg O, Gíslason S, Golubova E, Goutte A, Grémillet D, Hallgrimsson GT, Hansen ES, Hanssen SA, Hatch S, Huffeldt NP, Jakubas D, Jónsson JE, Kitaysky AS, Kolbeinsson Y, Krasnov Y, Letcher RJ, Linnebjerg JF, Mallory M, Merkel FR, Moe B, Montevecchi WJ, Mosbech A, Olsen B, Orben RA, Provencher JF, Ragnarsdottir SB, Reiertsen TK, Rojek N, Romano M, Søndergaard J, Strøm H, Takahashi A, Tartu S, Thórarinsson TL, Thiebot JB, Will AP, Wilson S, Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Yannic G. Mercury contamination and potential health risks to Arctic seabirds and shorebirds. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:156944. [PMID: 35752241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the last Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) effort to review biological effects of mercury (Hg) on Arctic biota in 2011 and 2018, there has been a considerable number of new Arctic bird studies. This review article provides contemporary Hg exposure and potential health risk for 36 Arctic seabird and shorebird species, representing a larger portion of the Arctic than during previous AMAP assessments now also including parts of the Russian Arctic. To assess risk to birds, we used Hg toxicity benchmarks established for blood and converted to egg, liver, and feather tissues. Several Arctic seabird populations showed Hg concentrations that exceeded toxicity benchmarks, with 50 % of individual birds exceeding the "no adverse health effect" level. In particular, 5 % of all studied birds were considered to be at moderate or higher risk to Hg toxicity. However, most seabirds (95 %) were generally at lower risk to Hg toxicity. The highest Hg contamination was observed in seabirds breeding in the western Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Most Arctic shorebirds exhibited low Hg concentrations, with approximately 45 % of individuals categorized at no risk, 2.5 % at high risk category, and no individual at severe risk. Although the majority Arctic-breeding seabirds and shorebirds appeared at lower risk to Hg toxicity, recent studies have reported deleterious effects of Hg on some pituitary hormones, genotoxicity, and reproductive performance. Adult survival appeared unaffected by Hg exposure, although long-term banding studies incorporating Hg are still limited. Although Hg contamination across the Arctic is considered low for most bird species, Hg in combination with other stressors, including other contaminants, diseases, parasites, and climate change, may still cause adverse effects. Future investigations on the global impact of Hg on Arctic birds should be conducted within a multi-stressor framework. This information helps to address Article 22 (Effectiveness Evaluation) of the Minamata Convention on Mercury as a global pollutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS- La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France.
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 17000 La Rochelle, France.
| | - Joshua T Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, United States.
| | - Céline Albert
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS- La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Niladri Basu
- McGill University, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | | | - Maud Brault-Favrou
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Jan Ove Bustnes
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, FRAM Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 17000 La Rochelle, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Igor Eulaers
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram center, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alexey Ezhov
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute Russian Academy of Science, 183010 Vladimirskaya str. 17 Murmansk, Russia
| | - Abram B Fleishman
- Conservation Metrics, Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Maria Gavrilo
- Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 199397 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Grant Gilchrist
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Olivier Gilg
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Arctique, 16 rue de Vernot, F-21440 Francheville, France
| | - Sindri Gíslason
- Southwest Iceland Nature Research Centre, Gardvegur 1, 245 Sudurnesjabaer, Iceland
| | - Elena Golubova
- Laboratory of Ornithology, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, RU-685000 Magadan, Portovaya Str., 18, Russia
| | - Aurélie Goutte
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UMR 7619 METIS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - David Grémillet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175 Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France,; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Gunnar T Hallgrimsson
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Erpur S Hansen
- South Iceland Nature Research Centre, Ægisgata 2, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
| | | | - Scott Hatch
- Institute for Seabird Research and Conservation, Anchorage, 99516-3185, AK, USA
| | - Nicholas P Huffeldt
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Dariusz Jakubas
- Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jón Einar Jónsson
- University of Iceland's Research Center at Snæfellsnes, 340 Stykkishólmur, Iceland
| | - Alexander S Kitaysky
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, United States of America
| | | | - Yuri Krasnov
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute Russian Academy of Science, 183010 Vladimirskaya str. 17 Murmansk, Russia
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0H3
| | | | - Mark Mallory
- Biology, Acadia University Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Flemming Ravn Merkel
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Børge Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - William J Montevecchi
- Memorial Univerisity of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, Newoundland A1C 3X9, Canada
| | - Anders Mosbech
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Bergur Olsen
- Faroe Marine Reseaqrch Institute, Nóatún 1, FO-110 Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Rachael A Orben
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer F Provencher
- Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3
| | | | - Tone K Reiertsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, FRAM Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nora Rojek
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Marc Romano
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime Wildlife Refuge, Homer, AK, USA
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hallvard Strøm
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram center, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Sabrina Tartu
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS- La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Thiebot
- National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Alexis P Will
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology & Wildlife, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, United States of America; National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Simon Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat, The Fram Centre, Box 6606, Stakkevollan, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Glenn Yannic
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, 38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vorkamp K, Carlsson P, Corsolini S, de Wit CA, Dietz R, Gribble MO, Houde M, Kalia V, Letcher RJ, Morris A, Rigét FF, Routti H, Muir DCG. Influences of climate change on long-term time series of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Arctic and Antarctic biota. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:1643-1660. [PMID: 36196982 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Time series of contaminants in the Arctic are an important instrument to detect emerging issues and to monitor the effectiveness of chemicals regulation, based on the assumption of a direct reflection of changes in primary emissions. Climate change has the potential to influence these time trends, through direct physical and chemical processes and/or changes in ecosystems. This study was part of an assessment of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), analysing potential links between changes in climate-related physical and biological variables and time trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Arctic biota, with some additional information from the Antarctic. Several correlative relationships were identified between POP temporal trends in freshwater and marine biota and physical climate parameters such as oscillation indices, sea-ice coverage, temperature and precipitation, although the mechanisms behind these observations remain poorly understood. Biological data indicate changes in the diet and trophic level of some species, especially seabirds and polar bears, with consequences for their POP exposure. Studies from the Antarctic highlight increased POP availability after iceberg calving. Including physical and/or biological parameters in the POP time trend analysis has led to small deviations in some declining trends, but did generally not change the overall direction of the trend. In addition, regional and temporary perturbations occurred. Effects on POP time trends appear to have been more pronounced in recent years and to show time lags, suggesting that climate-related effects on the long time series might be gaining importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simonetta Corsolini
- University of Siena, Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vrinda Kalia
- Columbia University, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Adam Morris
- Northern Contaminants Program, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Houde M, Krümmel EM, Mustonen T, Brammer J, Brown TM, Chételat J, Dahl PE, Dietz R, Evans M, Gamberg M, Gauthier MJ, Gérin-Lajoie J, Hauptmann AL, Heath JP, Henri DA, Kirk J, Laird B, Lemire M, Lennert AE, Letcher RJ, Lord S, Loseto L, MacMillan GA, Mikaelsson S, Mutter EA, O'Hara T, Ostertag S, Robards M, Shadrin V, Smith M, Stimmelmayr R, Sudlovenick E, Swanson H, Thomas PJ, Walker VK, Whiting A. Contributions and perspectives of Indigenous Peoples to the study of mercury in the Arctic. Sci Total Environ 2022; 841:156566. [PMID: 35697218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arctic Indigenous Peoples are among the most exposed humans when it comes to foodborne mercury (Hg). In response, Hg monitoring and research have been on-going in the circumpolar Arctic since about 1991; this work has been mainly possible through the involvement of Arctic Indigenous Peoples. The present overview was initially conducted in the context of a broader assessment of Hg research organized by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. This article provides examples of Indigenous Peoples' contributions to Hg monitoring and research in the Arctic, and discusses approaches that could be used, and improved upon, when carrying out future activities. Over 40 mercury projects conducted with/by Indigenous Peoples are identified for different circumpolar regions including the U.S., Canada, Greenland, Sweden, Finland, and Russia as well as instances where Indigenous Knowledge contributed to the understanding of Hg contamination in the Arctic. Perspectives and visions of future Hg research as well as recommendations are presented. The establishment of collaborative processes and partnership/co-production approaches with scientists and Indigenous Peoples, using good communication practices and transparency in research activities, are key to the success of research and monitoring activities in the Arctic. Sustainable funding for community-driven monitoring and research programs in Arctic countries would be beneficial and assist in developing more research/monitoring capacity and would promote a more holistic approach to understanding Hg in the Arctic. These activities should be well connected to circumpolar/international initiatives to ensure broader availability of the information and uptake in policy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Eva M Krümmel
- Inuit Circumpolar Council - Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tero Mustonen
- Snowchange Cooperative, Selkie, North Karelia, Finland
| | - Jeremy Brammer
- Vuntut Gwitchin Government, Old Crow, YT, Canada; Environment and Climate Chance Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tanya M Brown
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Chételat
- Environment and Climate Chance Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marlene Evans
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Joel P Heath
- The Arctic Eider Society, Sanikiluaq, NU, Canada
| | | | - Jane Kirk
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Laird
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Lord
- Gwich'in Renewable Resources Board, Inuvik, NWT, Canada
| | - Lisa Loseto
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | - Edda A Mutter
- Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Todd O'Hara
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | - Martin Robards
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | | | - Merran Smith
- Council of Yukon First Nations, Whitehorse, YT, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sühring R, Baak JE, Letcher RJ, Braune BM, de Silva A, Dey C, Fernie K, Lu Z, Mallory ML, Avery-Gomm S, Provencher JF. Co-contaminants of microplastics in two seabird species from the Canadian Arctic. Environ Sci Ecotechnol 2022; 12:100189. [PMID: 36157344 PMCID: PMC9500368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Through ingestion and subsequent egestion, Arctic seabirds can bioaccumulate microplastics at and around their colony breeding sites. While microplastics in Arctic seabirds have been well documented, it is not yet understood to what extent these particles can act as transport vehicles for plastic-associated contaminants, including legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), trace metals, and organic additives. We investigated the occurrence and pattern of organic and inorganic co-contaminants of microplastics in two seabird species from the Canadian Arctic - northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). We found that fulmars had higher levels of plastic contamination and emerging organic compounds (known to be plastic additives) than kittiwakes, whereas higher concentrations of legacy POPs were found in kittiwakes than the fulmars. Furthermore, fulmars, the species with the much larger foraging range (∼200 km), had higher plastic pollution and overall contaminant burdens, indicating that birds may be acting as long-range transport vectors for plastic-associated pollution. Our results suggest a potential connection between plastic additive contamination and plastic pollution burdens in the bird stomachs, highlighting the importance of treating plastic particles and plastic-associated organic additives as co-contaminants rather than separate pollution issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Sühring
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly known as Ryerson University), 350 Victoria St, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
- Corresponding author.
| | - Julia E. Baak
- Department of Natural Resource Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Robert J. Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Birgit M. Braune
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Amila de Silva
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Cody Dey
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Kim Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zhe Lu
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Mark L. Mallory
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Stephanie Avery-Gomm
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Jennifer F. Provencher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Raven Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kong R, Yang C, Huang K, Han G, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Application of agricultural pesticides in a peak period induces an abundance decline of metazoan zooplankton in a lake ecosystem. Water Res 2022; 224:119040. [PMID: 36099761 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of pesticides has been recognized as a major stressor in fresh water ecosystems in terms of the losses of services and population declines and extinctions. However, information on the adverse effects of pesticides on zooplankton communities under natural field conditions are still lacking, although zooplankton is quite sensitive to most of pesticides in laboratory studies. In this study, a natural lake ecosystem (Liangzi Lake) was used to determine the relationship between pesticide contamination and abundance decline of metazoan zooplankton. In August 2020, the comprehensive trophic level indexes and the abundance of phytoplankton in the 14 sampling sites of Liangzi Lake were comparable, but the abundance of metazoan zooplankton showed significant variations across two orders of magnitude. These results suggested that other factors, such as pesticide contamination, might be responsible for the variations of metazoan zooplankton community. Furthermore, the responsible pesticides were screened, and totally 29 pesticides were obtained. Finally, five pesticides were identified to provide more than 99.4% toxic contributions and chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin were two main causal agents. These results were further supported by laboratory exposure experiments using D. magna and field study in November 2020, where the concentrations of the 29 pesticides were strongly decreased and the abundance of metazoan zooplankton was comparable across the 14 sites of Liangzi Lake. Taken together, this work provided an evidence that the contamination of pesticides might be responsible for the abundance decline of metazoan zooplankton in a natural freshwater ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Kong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunxiang Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guixin Han
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morris AD, Wilson SJ, Fryer RJ, Thomas PJ, Hudelson K, Andreasen B, Blévin P, Bustamante P, Chastel O, Christensen G, Dietz R, Evans M, Evenset A, Ferguson SH, Fort J, Gamberg M, Grémillet D, Houde M, Letcher RJ, Loseto L, Muir D, Pinzone M, Poste A, Routti H, Sonne C, Stern G, Rigét FF. Temporal trends of mercury in Arctic biota: 10 more years of progress in Arctic monitoring. Sci Total Environ 2022; 839:155803. [PMID: 35561904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trend analysis of (total) mercury (THg) concentrations in Arctic biota were assessed as part of the 2021 Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Mercury Assessment. A mixed model including an evaluation of non-linear trends was applied to 110 time series of THg concentrations from Arctic and Subarctic biota. Temporal trends were calculated for full time series (6-46 years) and evaluated with a particular focus on recent trends over the last 20 years. Three policy-relevant questions were addressed: (1) What time series for THg concentrations in Arctic biota are currently available? (2) Are THg concentrations changing over time in biota from the Arctic? (3) Are there spatial patterns in THg trends in biota from the Arctic? Few geographical patterns of recent trends in THg concentrations were observed; however, those in marine mammals tended to be increasing at more easterly longitudes, and those of seabirds tended to be increasing in the Northeast Atlantic; these should be interpreted with caution as geographic coverage remains variable. Trends of THg in freshwater fish were equally increasing and decreasing or non-significant while those in marine fish and mussels were non-significant or increasing. The statistical power to detect trends was greatly improved compared to the 2011 AMAP Mercury Assessment; 70% of the time series could detect a 5% annual change at the 5% significance level with power ≥ 80%, while in 2011 only 19% met these criteria. Extending existing time series, and availability of new, powerful time series contributed to these improvements, highlighting the need for annual monitoring, particularly given the spatial and temporal information needed to support initiatives such as the Minamata Convention on Mercury. Collecting the same species/tissues across different locations is recommended. Extended time series from Alaska and new data from Russia are also needed to better establish circumarctic patterns of temporal trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Morris
- Northern Contaminants Program, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, 15 Eddy Street, 14th floor, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H4, Canada.
| | - Simon J Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat, The Fram Centre, Box 6606 Stakkevollan, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rob J Fryer
- Marine Scotland, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en bois, France
| | | | - Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Marlene Evans
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | | | - Steven H Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | | | - David Grémillet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en bois, France; Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Lisa Loseto
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Poste
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gary Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), University of Manitoba, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Esparza I, Elliott KH, Choy ES, Braune BM, Letcher RJ, Patterson A, Fernie KJ. Mercury, legacy and emerging POPs, and endocrine-behavioural linkages: Implications of Arctic change in a diving seabird. Environ Res 2022; 212:113190. [PMID: 35367428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arctic species encounter multiple stressors including climate change and environmental contaminants. Some contaminants may disrupt hormones that govern the behavioural responses of wildlife to climatic variation, and thus the capacity of species to respond to climate change. We investigated correlative interactions between legacy and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs), mercury (Hg), hormones and behaviours, in thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) (N = 163) breeding in northern Hudson Bay (2016-2018). The blood profile of the murres was dominated by methylmercury (MeHg), followed by much lower levels of sum (∑) 35 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethylene (DDE), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) BDE-47, -99 and BDE-100; all other measured organochlorine pesticides and replacement brominated flame retardants had low concentrations if detected. Inter-annual variations occurred in MeHg, circulating triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and the foraging behaviours of the murres, identified using GPS-accelerometers. Compared to the 50-year mean date (1971-2021) for 50% of sea-ice coverage in Hudson Bay, sea-ice breakup was 1-2 weeks earlier (2016, 2017) or comparable (2018). Indeed, 2017 was the earliest year on record. Consistent with relationships identified individually between MeHg and total T3, and T3 and foraging behaviour, a direct interaction between these three parameters was evident when all possible interactions among measured chemical pollutants, hormones, and behaviours of the murres were considered collectively (path analysis). When murres were likely already stressed due to early sea-ice breakup (2016, 2017), blood MeHg influenced circulating T3 that in turn reduced foraging time underwater. We conclude that when sea-ice breaks up early in the breeding season, Hg may interfere with the ability of murres to adjust their foraging behaviour via T3 in relation to variation in sea-ice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Esparza
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road Ste, Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Kyle H Elliott
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road Ste, Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Emily S Choy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road Ste, Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Birgit M Braune
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Allison Patterson
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road Ste, Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road Ste, Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
McKinney MA, Chételat J, Burke SM, Elliott KH, Fernie KJ, Houde M, Kahilainen KK, Letcher RJ, Morris AD, Muir DCG, Routti H, Yurkowski DJ. Climate change and mercury in the Arctic: Biotic interactions. Sci Total Environ 2022; 834:155221. [PMID: 35427623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has led to profound alterations of the Arctic environment and ecosystems, with potential secondary effects on mercury (Hg) within Arctic biota. This review presents the current scientific evidence for impacts of direct physical climate change and indirect ecosystem change on Hg exposure and accumulation in Arctic terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms. As the marine environment is elevated in Hg compared to the terrestrial environment, terrestrial herbivores that now exploit coastal/marine foods when terrestrial plants are iced over may be exposed to higher Hg concentrations. Conversely, certain populations of predators, including Arctic foxes and polar bears, have shown lower Hg concentrations related to reduced sea ice-based foraging and increased land-based foraging. How climate change influences Hg in Arctic freshwater fishes is not clear, but for lacustrine populations it may depend on lake-specific conditions, including interrelated alterations in lake ice duration, turbidity, food web length and energy sources (benthic to pelagic), and growth dilution. In several marine mammal and seabird species, tissue Hg concentrations have shown correlations with climate and weather variables, including climate oscillation indices and sea ice trends; these findings suggest that wind, precipitation, and cryosphere changes that alter Hg transport and deposition are impacting Hg concentrations in Arctic marine organisms. Ecological changes, including northward range shifts of sub-Arctic species and altered body condition, have also been shown to affect Hg levels in some populations of Arctic marine species. Given the limited number of populations and species studied to date, especially within Arctic terrestrial and freshwater systems, further research is needed on climate-driven processes influencing Hg concentrations in Arctic ecosystems and their net effects. Long-term pan-Arctic monitoring programs should consider ancillary datasets on climate, weather, organism ecology and physiology to improve interpretation of spatial variation and time trends of Hg in Arctic biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada.
| | - John Chételat
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Samantha M Burke
- Minnow Aquatic Environmental Services, Guelph, ON N1H 1E9, Canada
| | - Kyle H Elliott
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, QC H2Y 5E7, Canada
| | - Kimmo K Kahilainen
- Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, FI-16900 Lammi, Finland
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Adam D Morris
- Northern Contaminants Program, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, Gatineau, QC J8X 2V6, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - David J Yurkowski
- Arctic Aquatic Research Division, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun Q, Qian Z, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yi X, Kong R, Cheng S, Man J, Zheng L, Huang J, Su G, Letcher RJ, Giesy JP, Liu C. Occurrence and translocation of ustiloxins in rice false smut-occurred paddy fields, Hubei, China. Environ Pollut 2022; 307:119460. [PMID: 35568292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ustiloxin A (UA) and ustiloxin B (UB), two major mycotoxins produced by the pathogen of rice false smut (RFS) during rice cultivation, have attracted increasing attentions due to their potential health risks. However, limited data are available about their occurrence and fate in paddy fields and contamination profiles in rice. In this study, a field study was performed to investigate the occurrence and translocation of UA and UB in RFS-occurred paddies. For the first time to our knowledge, we reported a ubiquitous occurrence of the two ustiloxins in the paddy water (range: 0.01-3.46 μg/L for UA and <0.02-1.15 μg/L for UB) and brown rice (range: 0.09-154.08 μg/kg for UA and <0.09-23.57 μg/kg for UB). A significant positive correlation was observed between ustiloxin levels in paddy water and brown rice (rs = 0.48-0.79, p < 0.01). The occurrence of ustiloxin uptake in water-rice system was also evidenced by the rice exposure experiment, suggesting paddy water might be an important source for ustiloxin accumulation in rice. These results suggested that the contamination of ustiloxins in rice might occur widely, which was supported by the significantly high detection frequencies of UA (96.6%) and UB (62.4%) in polished rice (149 samples) from Hubei Province, China. The total concentrations of ustiloxins in the polished rice samples collected from Hubei Province ranged from <20.7 ng/kg (LOD) to 55.1 μg/kg (dry weight). Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential risks of ustiloxin exposure in the environment and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhisong Qian
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shiyang Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Man
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Choy ES, Elliott KH, Esparza I, Patterson A, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ. Potential disruption of thyroid hormones by perfluoroalkyl acids in an Arctic seabird during reproduction. Environ Pollut 2022; 305:119181. [PMID: 35378199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arctic marine ecosystems are experiencing rapid change, such as ocean warming and enhanced pollutants. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) arriving via long-range transport have been detected in Arctic wildlife, including seabirds which are considered sentinels of marine ecosystem health. There is evidence that PFAA exposure leads to the disruption of thyroid hormones (THs), such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which play important roles in metabolism, incubation, and thermoregulation in seabirds. Here, we investigated relationships between PFAAs and THs [total T4 (TT4), free T4 (FT4), total T3 (TT3) and free T3 (FT3)] in blood plasma collected from 63 thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) at a colony located in northern Hudson Bay (2016-2018). We then tested if PFAAs and TH levels were related to fitness-associated reproductive traits, such as body mass and hatch dates. PFUdA, PFOS, and PFTrDA were the dominant PFAAs in murre blood, accounting for approximately 77% of ∑PFAA. Females had higher PFAAs than males, possibly due to higher trophic feeding. While FT3 increased with PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFDoA, PFTeDA, ∑PFCA7, and ∑PFAA in murres, TT3 decreased with PFOS, PFDoA, and PFTeDA in males, but not females, suggesting thyroid disruption. TT3 increased with body mass, whereas several long-chain PFAAs were negatively correlated with body mass. Negative relationships between PFNA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA, and ∑PFAA with hatch dates may be the result of a disruption in incubation behaviour, resulting in earlier hatch dates. Consequently, TT3 concentrations were highest in males and females in 2018, a year in which PFAAs were lowest and hatch dates were delayed relative to 2017. As an Arctic seabird experiencing several indirect effects of climate change, the interaction of PFAAs on thyroid activity may cause additional stress to murres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Choy
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Kyle H Elliott
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ilse Esparza
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Allison Patterson
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada; Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dietz R, Letcher RJ, Aars J, Andersen M, Boltunov A, Born EW, Ciesielski TM, Das K, Dastnai S, Derocher AE, Desforges JP, Eulaers I, Ferguson S, Hallanger IG, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Heimbürger-Boavida LE, Hoekstra PF, Jenssen BM, Kohler SG, Larsen MM, Lindstrøm U, Lippold A, Morris A, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nielsen NH, Peacock E, Pinzone M, Rigét FF, Rosing-Asvid A, Routti H, Siebert U, Stenson G, Stern G, Strand J, Søndergaard J, Treu G, Víkingsson GA, Wang F, Welker JM, Wiig Ø, Wilson SJ, Sonne C. A risk assessment review of mercury exposure in Arctic marine and terrestrial mammals. Sci Total Environ 2022; 829:154445. [PMID: 35304145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There has been a considerable number of reports on Hg concentrations in Arctic mammals since the last Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) effort to review biological effects of the exposure to mercury (Hg) in Arctic biota in 2010 and 2018. Here, we provide an update on the state of the knowledge of health risk associated with Hg concentrations in Arctic marine and terrestrial mammal species. Using available population-specific data post-2000, our ultimate goal is to provide an updated evidence-based estimate of the risk for adverse health effects from Hg exposure in Arctic mammal species at the individual and population level. Tissue residues of Hg in 13 species across the Arctic were classified into five risk categories (from No risk to Severe risk) based on critical tissue concentrations derived from experimental studies on harp seals and mink. Exposure to Hg lead to low or no risk for health effects in most populations of marine and terrestrial mammals, however, subpopulations of polar bears, pilot whales, narwhals, beluga and hooded seals are highly exposed in geographic hotspots raising concern for Hg-induced toxicological effects. About 6% of a total of 3500 individuals, across different marine mammal species, age groups and regions, are at high or severe risk of health effects from Hg exposure. The corresponding figure for the 12 terrestrial species, regions and age groups was as low as 0.3% of a total of 731 individuals analyzed for their Hg loads. Temporal analyses indicated that the proportion of polar bears at low or moderate risk has increased in East/West Greenland and Western Hudson Bay, respectively. However, there remain numerous knowledge gaps to improve risk assessments of Hg exposure in Arctic mammalian species, including the establishment of improved concentration thresholds and upscaling to the assessment of population-level effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rune Dietz
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Jon Aars
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | | | - Andrei Boltunov
- Marine Mammal Research and Expedition Centre, 36 Nahimovskiy pr., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Erik W Born
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Krishna Das
- Freshwater and Oceanic sciences Unit of reSearch (FOCUS), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Sam Dastnai
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andrew E Derocher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Environmental Studies and Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Steve Ferguson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | | | - Lars-Eric Heimbürger-Boavida
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stephen Gustav Kohler
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Realfagbygget, E2-128, Gløshaugen, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin M Larsen
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulf Lindstrøm
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, Institute of Marine Research, FRAM Centre, NO-9007 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anna Lippold
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Adam Morris
- Northern Contaminants Program, Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, 15 Eddy Street, 14th floor, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H4, Canada
| | - Jacob Nabe-Nielsen
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nynne H Nielsen
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Elizabeth Peacock
- USGS Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508-4626, USA
| | - Marianna Pinzone
- Department of Environmental Studies and Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Heli Routti
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstr. 6, DE-25761 Büsum, Germany
| | - Garry Stenson
- Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, Department DFO-MPO, 80 EastWhite Hills vie, St John's A1C 5X1, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Gary Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 586Wallace Bld, 125 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T, 2N2, Canada
| | - Jakob Strand
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gabriele Treu
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisli A Víkingsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 586Wallace Bld, 125 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T, 2N2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Welker
- University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage 99508, United States; University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland; University of the Arctic, Rovaniemi 96460, Finland
| | - Øystein Wiig
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon J Wilson
- Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat, Box 6606 Stakkevollan, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Ecoscience, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen S, Wu J, Li M, Sun Q, Gong Z, Letcher RJ, Liu C. A high-throughput screening assay for identification of chemicals with liver tumor promoting potential using a transgenic zebrafish line. Chemosphere 2022; 297:134169. [PMID: 35245594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditional high-throughput methods for identification of chemicals with liver tumor promotion potentials are based on established cancer cell lines, and rapid and cost-effective high-throughput screening assays in whole organisms are presently lacking. In this study, a transgenic zebrafish liver cancer model was employed to develop a method that could be used to identify chemicals with liver tumor promotion effect quickly and accurately. The method consisted of three parts, including exposure preparation, exposure process and image acquisition. In brief, after chemical exposure for 7 days, 96-well plate exposure system for zebrafish larvae was assessed by microplate reader. Then, the liver cancer promoting potential chemicals were evaluated by field area and field average intensity of fluorescence. The results were further validated by conducting histopathological examination. Our data demonstrated that the high-throughput screening assay developed in this study was reproducible and could be used to rapidly screen chemicals with liver tumor promoting potentials by using tris-(2-chloropropyl)-phosphate (TDCIPP) as a positive control. Furthermore, some other positive chemicals found in previous studies and environmental compounds were assessed using the established method. Results indicated that 86.7% of the positive chemicals and five environmental compounds out of seventeen compounds could enhance liver tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun Q, Liu H, Zhang Y, Yi X, Kong R, Cheng S, Man J, Zheng L, Huang J, Su G, Letcher RJ, Giesy JP, Liu C. Global distribution of ustiloxins in rice and their male-biased hepatotoxicity. Environ Pollut 2022; 301:118992. [PMID: 35157931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ustiloxins, a group of bioactive metabolites produced by the pathogen of rice false smut (RFS), have emerged as ubiquitous contaminants in RFS-occurred paddy fields and could accumulate in rice. Nevertheless, the prevalence of ustiloxins in rice and exposure risks of humans are limited. In this study, concentrations of ustiloxin A (UA) and ustiloxins B (UB), which are two predominant ustiloxins, were measured in 240 rice samples from China and 72 rice samples from 12 other counties. The detection rates (DRs) of UA and UB were 82.1% and 49.3%, respectively, and their concentrations in rice ranged from below detection limit (LOD: 0.22 μg/kg) to 85.96 μg/kg dw. Furthermore, for the first time, we reported the occurrence of UA (DR = 22.8%) in urine collected from residues of Enshi city, China. Urinary UA were significantly correlated with the activities of alanine aminotransferase in male, and this male-biased hepatotoxicity was further confirmed in mice exposure experiment. This study for the first time reported the widespread geographical distribution of ustiloxins in rice, as well as emphasized the occurrence of internal exposure and potential health risk in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shiyang Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Man
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Morris AD, Braune BM, Gamberg M, Stow J, O'Brien J, Letcher RJ. Temporal change and the influence of climate and weather factors on mercury concentrations in Hudson Bay polar bears, caribou, and seabird eggs. Environ Res 2022; 207:112169. [PMID: 34624268 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Temporal trends of mercury in Arctic wildlife are inconsistent within and between species and are often insignificant, which limits data interpretation. Recent multivariate analyses have shown that weather and climate factors (e.g. temperatures, sea ice conditions) are related to total Hg (THg) concentrations in wildlife tissues, though relatively few studies have explored these relationships. The present study compared time series of THg concentrations in liver of polar bear (Ursus maritimus, 2007/08-2015/16), eggs of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia, 1993-2015) and kidney of caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus, 2006-2015) from the Hudson Bay region of Canada and statistically modelled THg over time with available climate and weather data. Significant temporal trends of THg concentrations were not detected in any species. However, in multivariate models that included time-lagged sea ice freeze up dates, THg concentrations increased 4.4% yr-1 in Qamanirjuaq caribou. Sea ice conditions were also related to THg levels in polar bear liver but not those in eggs of murres, though year was not a signifcant factor. Greater precipitation levels one to two years prior to sampling were associated with greater THg concentrations in polar bears and caribou, likely due to greater deposition, flooding and discharge from nearby wetlands and rivers. Time-lagged Arctic and/or North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO) indices also generated significant, inverse models for all three species, agreeing with relationships in other time series of similar length. The magnitude and direction of many relationships were affected by season, duration of time-lags, and the length of the time series. Our findings support recent observations suggesting that temporal studies monitoring Hg in Arctic wildlife should consider including key climatic or weather factors to help identify consistent variables of influence and to improve temporal analyses of THg time series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Morris
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Birgit M Braune
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Mary Gamberg
- Gamberg Consulting, Box 11267, Whitehorse, YT, Y1A 2J2, Canada.
| | - Jason Stow
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N6, Canada.
| | - Jason O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smythe TA, Su G, Bergman Å, Letcher RJ. Metabolic transformation of environmentally-relevant brominated flame retardants in Fauna: A review. Environ Int 2022; 161:107097. [PMID: 35134713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, production trends of the flame retardant (FR) industry, and specifically for brominated FRs (BFRs), is for the replacement of banned and regulated compounds with more highly brominated, higher molecular weight compounds including oligomeric and polymeric compounds. Chemical, biological, and environmental stability of BFRs has received some attention over the years but knowledge is currently lacking in the transformation potential and metabolism of replacement emerging or novel BFRs (E/NBFRs). For articles published since 2015, a systematic search strategy reviewed the existing literature on the direct (e.g., in vitro or in vivo) non-human BFR metabolism in fauna (animals). Of the 51 papers reviewed, and of the 75 known environmental BFRs, PBDEs were by far the most widely studied, followed by HBCDDs and TBBPA. Experimental protocols between studies showed large disparities in exposure or incubation times, age, sex, depuration periods, and of the absence of active controls used in in vitro experiments. Species selection emphasized non-standard test animals and/or field-collected animals making comparisons difficult. For in vitro studies, confounding variables were generally not taken into consideration (e.g., season and time of day of collection, pollution point-sources or human settlements). As of 2021 there remains essentially no information on the fate and metabolic pathways or kinetics for 30 of the 75 environmentally relevant E/BFRs. Regardless, there are clear species-specific and BFR-specific differences in metabolism and metabolite formation (e.g. BDE congeners and HBCDD isomers). Future in vitro and in vivo metabolism/biotransformation research on E/NBFRs is required to better understand their bioaccumulation and fate in exposed organisms. Also, studies should be conducted on well characterized lab (e.g., laboratory rodents, zebrafish) and commonly collected wildlife species used as captive models (crucian carp, Japanese quail, zebra finches and polar bears).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Thomas PJ, Eickmeyer DC, Eccles KM, Kimpe LE, Felzel E, Brouwer A, Letcher RJ, Maclean BD, Chan LHM, Blais JM. Paleotoxicity of petrogenic and pyrogenic hydrocarbon mixtures in sediment cores from the Athabasca oil sands region, Alberta (Canada). Environ Pollut 2022; 292:118271. [PMID: 34627963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the economic benefits of the oil and gas industry in Northern Alberta, significant concerns exist regarding the impacts of increased oil production on the environment and human health. Several studies have highlighted increases in the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and other hydrocarbons in the atmosphere, water, soil and sediments, plants, wildlife and fish in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) as a result of oil sands industrial activity. Sediment cores can provide information on the temporal trends of contaminants to the environment and provide important baseline information when monitoring data are absent. Here we combined analytical chemistry and a mammalian cell-based bioassay in dated lake sediment cores to assess paleotoxicity in freshwater systems in the AOSR. Sediment intervals were radiometrically dated and subsequently analysed for PACs. PAC extracts from select dated intervals were used in cell-based bioassays to evaluate their endocrine disrupting properties. We demonstrated spatial and temporal variability in the PAC composition of sediment cores around the AOSR with some of the highest concentrations of PACs detected near oil sands industrial activity north of Fort McMurray (AB) in La Saline Natural Area. Recent sediment had positive enrichment factors across most PAC analytes at this site with heavier pyrogenic compounds such as benz(a)anthracene/chrysene and benzofluoranthene/benzopyrene dominating. Our study is the first to link chemical analysis of sediment cores with biological effect assessments of endocrine activity showing feasibility of extending the usefulness of sediment cores in monitoring programs interested in complex mixture assessments. While we observed no spatial or temporal differences in ERα mediated signaling, AhR CALUX results mirrored those of the chemical analysis, demonstrating the utility of coupling biological effects assessments to historical reconstructions of contaminant inputs to the natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J Thomas
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David C Eickmeyer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kristin M Eccles
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Linda E Kimpe
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emiel Felzel
- BioDetection Systems, Science Park 406, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Brouwer
- BioDetection Systems, Science Park 406, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Bruce D Maclean
- Maclean Environmental Consulting (for Mikisew Cree First Nation), 812 Jubilee Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3L 1P9, Canada
| | - Laurie H M Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jules M Blais
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Goodchild C, Karouna-Renier NK, Henry PFP, Letcher RJ, Schultz SL, Maddox CM, Bean TG, Peters LE, Palace V, Fernie KJ. Thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in American kestrels following embryonic exposure to the alternative flame retardants, EHTBB and TBPH. Environ Int 2021; 157:106826. [PMID: 34438233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardant chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) (CAS #: 183658-27-7) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (CAS #: 26040-51-7), have been detected in avian tissues and eggs from remote regions. Exposure to EHTBB and TBPH has been shown to cause oxidative stress and altered thyroid function in rodents and fish, yet no controlled studies have examined potential adverse effects of exposure in birds. Because flame retardants have been detected in wild raptors, we used American kestrels (Falco sparverius) as a model raptor to determine whether in ovo exposure to EHTBB or TBPH affected growth, hatching success, oxidative stress, or thyroid function. We exposed kestrel embryos to nominal concentrations (10, 50, or 100 ng g-1 egg weight) of EHTBB and TBPH via egg-injection on embryonic day 5. Embryonic exposure (~23 d) to EHTBB increased thyroid gland mass, reduced glandular colloid and total thyroxine (T4) in hatchling males and females, whereas deiodinase enzyme activity increased in males but decreased in females. Hatchlings exposed to TBPH in ovo exhibited reduced colloid and increased oxidative stress. Although exposure to EHTBB and TBPH caused several physiological effects (e.g., heart and brain mass), only exposure to 50 ng g-1 EHTBB appeared to reduce hatching success. Our results suggest these flame retardants may be hazardous for predatory birds. Future research should evaluate long-term survival and fitness consequences in birds exposed to these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Goodchild
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Paula F P Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Sandra L Schultz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Catherine M Maddox
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Thomas G Bean
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Lisa E Peters
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Vince Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0T4, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu Y, Gong S, Ye L, Li J, Liu C, Chen D, Fang M, Letcher RJ, Su G. Organophosphate (OP) diesters and a review of sources, chemical properties, environmental occurrence, adverse effects, and future directions. Environ Int 2021; 155:106691. [PMID: 34146766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of the continual phase-outs of toxic halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), there has been an increasing demand for organophosphate esters (OPEs) in global FR markets. OPE-FRs have largely been identified as OP triesters, which have a basic chemical structure of O = P(OR)3. In addition to OP triesters, OPEs can refer to another class of related substances, namely, OP diesters that have a typical chemical structure of O = P(OR)2(OH)). OP diesters are known as biotic or abiotic degradation products of OP triesters. In recent years, environmental scientists have proven that OP diesters widely exist in a variety of environmental matrices and biotic samples around the world, implying the potential risks from OP diester exposure to biota and humans in the environment. Here, we have reviewed the scientific literature for studies involving OP diesters and up to the end of 2020. The aim of the present review is to assess the present understanding of the physicochemical properties, sources (industrial production and degradation), environmental occurrence of OP diesters, and adverse effects to exposed organisms. Based on the literature in the Web of Science core collection, we found that at least 23 OP diesters have been reported as contaminants in various environments or as degradation products of OP triesters. The physicochemical properties of OP diesters vary depending on their specific chemical structures. OP diesters containing halogen atoms and aryl groups seem to be more persistent (with greater estimated half-life (t1/2) values) in environmental matrices. There were multiple sources of OP diesters, including industrial production and biotic or abiotic degradation from OP triesters. Specifically, we found that ten OP diesters are produced somewhere in the world, and the total annual output was estimated to be 17,050 metric tons (this number is underestimated due to the limitation of the available information). In addition, the wide application of OP triesters worldwide makes the degradation of OP triesters another critical source of OP diesters to the environment and to organisms. Current monitoring studies have demonstrated that some OP diesters were detectable in the human body (via both blood and urine samples), indoor dust, wastewater, or sewage sludge worldwide. The highest concentrations of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) in human urine have been reported as high as 727 ng/mL (children (aged 0-5 years) urine samples from Australia). In addition, adverse effects following direct or indirect exposure to 11 OP diesters in organisms (including animals, bacteria, and algae) have been reported, and the recorded adverse outcomes following exposure to OP diesters included developmental toxicity, alteration of gene expression, and disturbance of nuclear receptor activity. Biomonitoring studies regarding human samples have frequently reported statistically significant associations between the concentrations of OP diesters and markers of human health (mainly related to reproductive toxicity). Finally, on the basis of current knowledge on OP diesters, we propose prospects for related research directions in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Y, Yi X, Huang K, Sun Q, Kong R, Chen S, Liang C, Li M, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Reduces Growth Hormone Expression via Binding to Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptors and Inhibits the Growth of Crucian Carp. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:8108-8118. [PMID: 34062063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) has commonly been used as an additive flame retardant and frequently detected in the aquatic environment and in biological samples worldwide. Recently, it was found that exposure to TDCIPP inhibited the growth of zebrafish, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, 5 day-old crucian carp (Carassius auratus) larvae were treated with 0.5, 5, or 50 μg/L TDCIPP for 90 days; the effect on growth was evaluated; and related molecular mechanisms were explored. Results demonstrated that 5 or 50 μg/L TDCIPP treatment significantly inhibited the growth of crucian carp and downregulated the expression of growth hormones (ghs), growth hormone receptor (ghr), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1). Molecular docking, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that TDCIPP could bind to the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor protein of crucian carp and disturb the stimulation of growth hormone releasing hormone to the expression of ghs, resulting in the decrease of the mRNA level of gh1 and gh2 in pituitary cells. Our findings provide new perceptions into the molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity of TDCIPP in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengqian Liang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun J, Letcher RJ, Waugh CA, Jaspers VLB, Covaci A, Fernie KJ. Influence of perfluoroalkyl acids and other parameters on circulating thyroid hormones and immune-related microRNA expression in free-ranging nestling peregrine falcons. Sci Total Environ 2021; 770:145346. [PMID: 33736417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to certain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) can have considerable effects on the endocrine and immune systems, although such effects remain largely uncharacterized in wildlife. Using an apex avian predator, we investigated possible relationships of thyroid hormones (THs), specifically free (F) and total (T) thyroxine (FT4; TT4) and triiodothyronine (FT3; TT3), and the expression of an immune-related microRNA biomarker (i.e., miR-155), with the concentrations of 11 PFAAs in nestling peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Nestling peregrines (n = 56; usually two chicks of each sex per nest) were blood sampled when 23 ± 4 days old in urban and rural regions of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin (Ontario, Canada) in 2016 and 2018. The circulating concentrations of several PFAAs were significantly associated with THs and estimated thyroid gland activity (TT3:TT4; FT3:FT4), including PFHxS (FT3; FT3:FT4), PFDS (TT3; TT3:TT4), PFOA (TT4; FT3:FT4), PFTeDA (TT4; FT3:FT4), PFHxDA (TT4; TT3:TT4) and ΣPFCAs (TT4). Our novel evaluation of miR-155 in peregrine nestlings identified significantly negative relationships of plasma miR-155 counts with PFHxS and PFOA concentrations, indicating potential down-regulation of miR-155 expression and impaired immunity. Several PFAA homologues significantly predicted the variation in THs and miR-155 in conjunction with year (e.g., inter-annual differences in weather, ambient temperature, rainfall), region (urban/rural), nestling age, and/or diet (trophic position; δ15N), which suggests that multiple environmental and biological stressors, including PFAA exposure, influenced thyroid activity and immune function in these nestlings. Further research is warranted to identify the mechanisms and additional impacts of PFAA-related thyroid and immune disruption on the growth, development, and health risks in developing birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, CN-510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, K1A 0H3 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney A Waugh
- Environmental Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Veerle L B Jaspers
- Environmental Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, BE-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, L7S 1A1 Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sonne C, Dietz R, Jenssen BM, Lam SS, Letcher RJ. Emerging contaminants and biological effects in Arctic wildlife. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:421-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
36
|
Remili A, Letcher RJ, Samarra FIP, Dietz R, Sonne C, Desforges JP, Víkingsson G, Blair D, McKinney MA. Individual Prey Specialization Drives PCBs in Icelandic Killer Whales. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:4923-4931. [PMID: 33760582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interindividual variation in prey specialization is an essential yet overlooked aspect of wildlife feeding ecology, especially as it relates to intrapopulation variation in exposure to toxic contaminants. Here, we assessed blubber concentrations of an extensive suite of persistent organic pollutants in Icelandic killer whales (Orcinus orca). Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in blubber were >300-fold higher in the most contaminated individual relative to the least contaminated, ranging from 1.3 to 428.6 mg·kg-1 lw. Mean PCB concentrations were 6-to-9-fold greater in individuals with a mixed diet including marine mammals than in fish specialist individuals, whereas males showed PCB concentrations 4-fold higher than females. Given PCBs have been identified as potentially impacting killer whale population growth, and levels in mixed feeders specifically exceeded known thresholds, the ecology of individuals must be recognized to accurately forecast how contaminants may threaten the long-term persistence of the world's ultimate marine predator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Remili
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Filipa I P Samarra
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, 202 Hafnarfjörđur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde DK-4000, Denmark
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Gislí Víkingsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, 202 Hafnarfjörđur, Iceland
| | - David Blair
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3 V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kong R, Sun Q, Cheng S, Fu J, Liu W, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Uptake, excretion and toxicity of titanate nanotubes in three stains of free-living ciliates of the genus Tetrahymena. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 233:105790. [PMID: 33662879 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The potential exposure of titanate nanotubes (TNTs) to wildlife and humans may occur as a result of increased use and application as functional nanomaterials. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the pathways of uptake and excretion of TNTs and their toxicity in cells. In this study, three strains of the Tetrahymena genus of free-living ciliates, including a wild type strain (SB210) and two mutant strains (SB255: mucocyst-deficient; NP1: temperature-sensitive "mouthless''), were used to study the pathways of uptake and excretion and evaluate the cytotoxicity of TNTs. The three Tetrahymena strains were separately exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/L of TNTs, and cells were collected at different time points for quantification of intracellular TNTs (e.g., 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min) and evaluation of cytotoxicity (12 and 24 h). TNT contents in NP1 and SB255 were greater or comparable to the contents in SB210 while exposure to 10 mg/L TNTs in 120 min. Furthermore, exposure to 10 mg/L TNTs for 24 h caused greater decreases in cell density of NP1 (38.2 %) and SB255 (36.8 %) compared with SB210 (26.5 %) and upregulated the expression of caspase 15 in SB210. Taken together, our results suggested that TNT uptake by pinocytosis and excretion by exocytosis in Tetrahymena, and the exposure could cause cytotoxicity which can offer novel insights into the accumulation kinetics of nanotubes and even nanomaterials in single cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shiyang Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Changde, 415000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Marteinson SC, Bodnaryk A, Fry M, Riddell N, Letcher RJ, Marvin C, Tomy GT, Fernie KJ. A review of 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane in the environment and assessment of its persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Environ Res 2021; 195:110497. [PMID: 33232751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Following the ban of many historically-used flame retardants (FRs), numerous replacement chemicals have been produced and used in products, with some being identified as environmental contaminants. One of these replacement flame retardants is 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)-cyclohexane (DBE-DBCH; formerly abbreviated as TBECH), which to date has not been identified for risk assessment and potential regulation. DBE-DBCH technical mixtures consist largely of α- and β-diastereomers with trace amounts of γ- and δ-DBE-DBCH. The α- and β-isomers are known contaminants in various environmental media. While current global use and production volumes of DBE-DBCH are unknown, recent studies identified that DBE-DBCH concentrations were among the highest of the measured bromine-based FRs in indoor and urban air in Europe. Yet our mass balance fugacity model and modeling of the physical-chemical properties of DBE-DBCH estimated only 1% partitioning to air with a half-life of 2.2 d atmospherically. In contrast, our modeling characterized DBE-DBCH adsorbing strongly to suspended particulates in the water column (~12%), settling onto sediment (2.5%) with minimal volatilization, but with most partitioning and adsorbing strongly to soil (~85%) with negligible volatilization and slow biodegradation. Our modeling further predicted that organisms would be exposed to DBE-DBCH through partitioning from the dissolved aquatic phase, soil, and by diet, and given its estimated logKow (5.24) and a half-life of 1.7 d in fish, DBE-DBCH is expected to bioaccumulate into lipophilic tissues. Low concentrations of DBE-DBCH are commonly measured in biota and humans, possibly because evidence suggests rapid metabolism. Yet toxicological effects are evident at low exposure concentrations: DBE-DBCH is a proven endocrine disruptor of sex and thyroid hormone pathways, with in vivo toxic effects on reproductive, metabolic, and other endpoints. The objectives of this review are to identify the current state of knowledge concerning DBE-DBCH through an evaluation of its persistence, potential for bioaccumulation, and characterization of its toxicity, while identifying areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Anjelica Bodnaryk
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark Fry
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicole Riddell
- Wellington Laboratories, 345 Southgate Dr., Guelph, ON, N1G 3M5, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gewurtz SB, Tardif G, Power M, Backus SM, Dove A, Dubé-Roberge K, Garron C, King M, Lalonde B, Letcher RJ, Martin PA, McDaniel TV, McGoldrick DJ, Pelletier M, Small J, Smyth SA, Teslic S, Tessier J. Bisphenol A in the Canadian environment: A multimedia analysis. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755:142472. [PMID: 33059142 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical that has been identified by some jurisdictions as an environmental concern. In 2010, Canada concluded that this substance posed a risk to the environment and human health, and implemented actions to reduce its concentrations in the environment. To support these activities, a multimedia analysis of BPA in the Canadian environment was conducted to evaluate spatial and temporal trends, and to infer mechanisms influencing the patterns. BPA was consistently detected in wastewater and biosolids across Canadian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in landfill leachate. In addition, BPA concentrations were significantly higher in surface water downstream compared to upstream of WWTPs in three of five urban areas evaluated. However, application of biosolids to Canadian agricultural fields did not contribute to elevated BPA concentrations in soil, earthworms, and European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) plasma one and two years post-treatment. Spatial trends of BPA concentrations in surface water and sediment are influenced by human activity, with higher concentrations typically found downstream of industrial sources and WWTPs in urban areas. BPA was detected in bird plasma at locations impacted by WWTPs and landfills. However, spatial trends in birds were less clear and may have been confounded by metabolic biotransformation. In terms of temporal trends, BPA concentrations in surface water decreased significantly at 10 of 16 monitoring sites evaluated between 2008 and 2018. In contrast, recent temporal trends of BPA in six sediment cores were variable, which may be a result of biotransformation of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A to BPA. Overall, our study provides evidence that Government of Canada actions have been generally successful in reducing BPA concentrations in the Canadian environment. Our results indicate that long-term monitoring programs using surface water are more effective than other media for tracking and understanding future environmental trends of BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Gewurtz
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Geneviève Tardif
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Monique Power
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Sean M Backus
- Strategic Policy Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Alice Dove
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Karine Dubé-Roberge
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Christine Garron
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 2N6, Canada
| | - Martha King
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Benoit Lalonde
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 2N6, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Pamela A Martin
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tana V McDaniel
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Daryl J McGoldrick
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Magella Pelletier
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montréal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Jeff Small
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Steven Teslic
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Judith Tessier
- Environmental Protection Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yuan S, Liang C, Li W, Letcher RJ, Liu C. A comprehensive system for detection of behavioral change of D. magna exposed to various chemicals. J Hazard Mater 2021; 402:123731. [PMID: 33254763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and comprehensive method, based on D. magna swimming behavior, for toxicity assessment of environmental chemicals. Firstly, D. magna swimming in several chambers with different diameters were compared to determine the most suitable container, and then baseline behaviors during light/dark periods as well as reactions to light/dark switching and vibration stimulation were determined. Secondly, after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of the selected 42 typical chemicals, which were classified into heavy metals, pesticides, fungicides and flame retardants, the alterations in the swimming parameters were evaluated. Our results indicated the 48-well plate was the most suitable chamber for behavioral monitoring of D. magna, and specific responsive patterns of D. magna neonates to light/dark switching and vibration stimulation were observed. The results of the behavioral assays of chemicals suggested that D. magna was the most sensitive to methylmercury-chloride and then to abamectin and chlorpyrifos. The three chemicals at several to dozens of ng/L significantly changed swimming behaviors of D. magna. Furthermore, the alteration in the behavioral parameters (average swimming speed, etc.) induced by the selected chemicals could be ascribed to various modes of actions, confirming the reliability and practicability of the monitoring method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengqian Liang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Engineering Research Centre of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chu S, Letcher RJ. Identification and characterization of serum albumin covalent adduct formed with atrazine by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1163:122503. [PMID: 33388526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study developed an analytical technique to investigate the possible covalent adduct formation of albumin with the herbicide atrazine, and to characterize the protein modifications in vitro using liquid chromatography separation coupled with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Tandem mass spectrum analysis (MS/MS) with collision induced dissociation (CID) revealed the specific sites of rat, human and bovine serum albumin adduct with atrazine. The formation of b-ion, y-ion series in MS/MS showed a covalent adduct with an addition mass of 179.1 Da located on Cys-34 of serum albumin from rats, human and bovine. This clearly indicated that the chemical group C8H13N5 forms an adduct with Cys-34 despite the sequences differences between of rat, human and bovine serum albumin. To confirm the method reliability, concentration-dependent and time-dependent formation of adducts between serum albumins and atrazine were also investigated. Our results confirmed that atrazine can directly react with Cys-34 of serum albumin and form covalent adducts without prior metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3 Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3 Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fernie KJ, Karouna-Renier NK, Letcher RJ, Schultz SL, Peters LE, Palace V, Henry PFP. Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10-13). Environ Int 2020; 145:106087. [PMID: 32950788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes, shown to bioaccumulate but with unknown effects in wild birds. The present study examined development-related effects of SCCPs on captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) treated in ovo on embryonic day (ED) 5 by injection with technical Chloroparaffin® (C10-13, 55.5% Cl) at environmentally relevant nominal (measured) concentrations of 10 (10), 50 (29) or 100 (97) ng ΣSCCP/g egg ww, and artificially incubated until hatching (ED27-ED29). The SCCP concentrations measured in the yolk sacs of the hatchling kestrels bracketed concentrations reported in the eggs of wild birds. Uptake and deposition of these SCCPs differed between male and female hatchlings, with only males showing differences in SCCP concentrations, being highest in the high-dose males than each of the other male groups. Embryonic exposure to SCCPs suppressed glandular total thyroxine (TT4) (20-33%) and reduced circulating triiodothyronine (TT3) (37-40%) in male hatchlings only when compared to control males, but had no effect on glandular TT3 or circulating TT4 in male or female kestrels. Histological assessments of thyroid glands showed that both sexes experienced significant structural changes indicative of gland activation. These thyroid glandular changes and the variations in SCCP concentrations were related to circulating TT3 in female hatchlings. Hepatic deiodinase enzyme (D1, D2) activities were stable and no SCCP-related changes were observed in hatching success, hatchling size, or immune organ size. However, several of the thyroid function indicators were correlated with hatchling size and smaller bursas and spleens, possibly indirectly through SCCP-induced changes in thyroid function. Because changes in thyroid function were evident at concentrations measured in wild bird eggs, similar changes may occur in wild nestlings. The potential impact of these changes on thyroid-mediated growth and survival in wild birds requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - N K Karouna-Renier
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - R J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - S L Schultz
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - L E Peters
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - V Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0T4, Canada
| | - P F P Henry
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sun J, Letcher RJ, Eens M, Covaci A, Fernie KJ. Perfluoroalkyl acids and sulfonamides and dietary, biological and ecological associations in peregrine falcons from the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, Canada. Environ Res 2020; 191:110151. [PMID: 32882236 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large, diverse group of chemicals and several perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are known environmental contaminants. Wildlife exposure to PFAAs and precursors has been shown, but less is known regarding replacements such as shorter-chain PFAS. In the present study, exposure to a suite of PFAAs and associations with dietary, biological and ecological factors were investigated in populations of a sentinel apex species - the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus). Nestling blood (n = 57) and sibling eggs (n = 9) were sampled in 2016 and 2018 from nests in rural and urban regions across the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin, Canada. PFSAs (perfluorinated sulfonic acids) including PFHxS, PFOS, and PFDS were detected in most egg and plasma samples, whereas 11 PFCAs (perfluorinated carboxylic acids; C5-C14, C16) compared to eight PFCAs (C8-C14, C16) were detected in most eggs and plasma, respectively. Shorter-chain C8-C10 PFCAs were more dominant in plasma and longer-chain C12-C14 PFCAs in eggs, but profiles were similar for PFOS, PFDS, PFUdA and PFHxDA. The exposure to PFAAs in peregrine falcons is likely mediated by dietary factors such as foraging location (δ13C and δ34S) and trophic position (δ15N) given the associations observed in eggs and nestling plasma, respectively. Moreover, significant relationships were observed for circulating ΣPFCAs and region (rural/urban), and nestling body condition after adjusting for sampling year and dietary tracers, suggesting that compared to rural nestlings, urban nestlings may be more exposed to ΣPFCAs and prone to their potential physiological impacts. Our findings highlight the importance of integrating dietary, biological and ecological factors when studying PFAS exposure in birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Sun
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, CN-510632, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, BE-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, K1A 0H3, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, BE-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, BE-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, L7S 1A1, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dominique M, Letcher RJ, Rutter A, Langlois VS. Comparative review of the distribution and burden of contaminants in the body of polar bears. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:32456-32466. [PMID: 32556983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Historical (or legacy) contaminants, such as metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs; e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) have been measured in circumpolar subpopulations of polar bears, especially from Hudson Bay, East Greenland, and Svalbard, but substantially less is currently known about new and/or emerging contaminants such as polychlorinated naphthalenes, current-use pesticides, organotins, and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is an apex Arctic predator that accumulates high levels of bioaccumulative POPs and mercury (Hg), but there is currently no comprehensive profiling of the present knowledge on contaminants in tissue and body compartments in polar bears. Based on current literature reports and data, and including archived museum samples (as far back as the 1300s) and up to 2018, the aim of this review is to utilize available data to examine the comparative distribution and burden of mainly lipophilic contaminants in kidney, liver, fat, and other body compartments, such as milk, blood, and brain. Highlight outcomes from this review include the following: (1) the kidneys are one of the most important tissue depots of contaminants in polar bears; (2) there is a critical lack of data concerning the presence of metals of concern (other than Hg); and (3) there currently are no data available on the concentrations of many newer and emerging contaminants, such as PACs, which is especially relevant given the increasing oil and gas development in regions, such as the Beaufort Sea (Canada). Additionally, given the vulnerability of polar bear populations worldwide, there is a need to develop non-invasive approaches to monitor contaminant exposure in polar bears.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Dominique
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Rutter
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie S Langlois
- Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Québec City, QC, Canada.
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Ecotoxicogenomics and Endocrine Disruption, Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Smythe TA, Mattioli LC, Letcher RJ. Distribution behaviour in body compartments and in ovo transfer of flame retardants in North American Great Lakes herring gulls. Environ Pollut 2020; 262:114306. [PMID: 32163809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) continue to be an environmental concern. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, herring gulls (Larus argentatus) are an important wildlife sentinel species, although very little information is available regarding the body distribution (limited to e.g. liver and blood) of these contaminants and in relation to depuration via in ovo transfer. Maternal transfer rates and distribution were presently determined in six body compartments from eight female, Great Lakes herring gulls and separate egg compartments from their entire clutch. Among the 25 PBDEs and 23 non-PBDE HFRs assessed, only six PBDE congeners (BDE-47/99/100/153/154/209), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and Dechlorane Plus (syn- and anti-DDC-CO) were frequently detectable and quantifiable. Σ6BDE concentrations were an order of magnitude greater than non-PBDE HFR concentrations, and were greatest in the adipose (9641 ± 2436 ng/g ww), followed by egg yolk (699 ± 139 ng/g ww) > muscle (332 ± 545 ng/g ww) > liver (221 ± 65 ng/g ww) > plasma (85.4 ± 20.4 ng/g ww) > brain (54.6 ± 10.6 ng/g ww) > red blood cells (RBCs; 23.5 ± 5.6 ng/g ww) > albumen (7.3 ± 1.3 ng/g ww). Σ2DDC-CO and HBCDD were frequently below the method limit of quantification in the brain, RBCs, plasma, and albumen. Additionally, novel methoxylated-polybrominated diphenoxybenzene contaminants were detected and quantified in herring gull tissues and eggs. The primary difference in PBDE congener profiles was the resistance of both BDE-153 and -154 towards accumulation in the brain, and a corresponding increase in BDE-209 accumulation, which may suggest congener-specific differences in crossing the blood-brain barrier in herring gulls. Maternal transfer rates of PBDEs and non-PBDE HFRs were low (∼4.7 and ∼2.9 % respectively), suggesting that in ovo transfer is not a significant mode of depuration for these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Lisa C Mattioli
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Letcher RJ, Chu S, Smyth SA. Side-chain fluorinated polymer surfactants in biosolids from wastewater treatment plants. J Hazard Mater 2020; 388:122044. [PMID: 31955025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of the main components in Scotchgard™ fabric protector products (pre-2002 and post-2002; side-chain fluorinated polymer surfactants, S1 and S2, respectively) were detected in biosolids samples from twenty pan-Canadian wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Based on mass spectrometric analysis, S1 and S2 can be named as side-chain perfluorooctane sulfonamide-urethane polymer and side-chain perfluorobutane sulfonamide-urethane polymer, respectively. S1 (with C8F17 side-chain) concentrations ranged from 1.08-105 ng/g d.w. and S2 (with C4F9 side-chain) concentrations ranged from 37.5-2051 ng/g d.w., which were much higher than that of other commonly monitored perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). S1 and S2 concentrations were significantly correlated (p < 0.001; r2 = 0.6142) indicating similar source origins. A negative linear correlation was observed (p < 0.05) between concentrations of S1 (or S2) with the volume of WWTP treated wastewater per day per person (m3/person/day). The total concentration of 22 other PFAS ranged from 4.93 to 92.6 ng/g d.w., and approximately thirty times lower than S1 and S2 concentrations. The calculated elemental fluorine concentrations of ƩFS1&S2 were generally much higher than the sum of the other PFAS. PFAS concentrations in biosolids are likely underestimated without consideration of S1 and S2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Shaogang Chu
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Shirley-Anne Smyth
- Emerging Priorities Division, Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Meng W, Li J, Shen J, Deng Y, Letcher RJ, Su G. Functional Group-Dependent Screening of Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) and Discovery of an Abundant OPE Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl Phosphate in Indoor Dust. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:4455-4464. [PMID: 32100996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing scientific interest in environmental pollution and the effect on public health caused by organophosphate esters (OPEs). Using liquid chromatography coupled to a hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer, a novel, robust, and untargeted screening strategy for the identification of novel OPEs in indoor dust samples was presently developed based on the characteristic molecular fragmentation pathways, and 12 previously reported OPEs and six previously unrecognized OPEs were detected in the combined extracts of indoor dust samples, collected in Nanjing, eastern China. One of the six detected OPEs, bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (BEHPP), was identified by comparison of unique LC and MS characteristics with a synthesized pure standard. Accurate concentrations of BEHPP were determined in n = 50 individual indoor dust samples with 100% detection frequency with a median concentration range of 50-1530 ng/g dry weight, which were generally greater or at least comparable to traditional OPEs, that is, triphenyl phosphate and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), in the same dust samples. Statistically significant, positive correlations were found for log-transformed concentrations of BEHPP versus EHDPP (r2 = 0.7884, p < 0.0001), and BEHPP versus tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (r2 = 0.4054, p < 0.0001), suggesting their similar commercial applications and sources in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jinyou Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yirong Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangzhou 510045, P. R. China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen S, Gong Z, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Promotion effect of liver tumor progression in male kras transgenic zebrafish induced by tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 191:110220. [PMID: 31991394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A previous study reported that exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) could promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in female HCC model zebrafish. Due to the existence of gender disparity in the development of HCC between females and males, whether the promotion effect of TDCIPP still exists in male HCC model zebrafish remains unclear. In this study, Tg(fabp10:rtTA2s-M2; TRE2:EGFP-krasG12V), referred as kras transgenic zebrafish which was shown to be an inducible liver tumor model, was applied as experimental model to assess the promotion potential of TDCIPP for HCC in males. In brief, kras males were exposed to 20 mg/L doxycycline (DOX), 0.3 mg/L TDCIPP and a binary mixture of 20 mg/L DOX with 0.3 mg/L TDCIPP, and after exposure liver size, histopathology and transcriptional profiles of liver from these treatments were examined. With the involvement of TDCIPP, the liver size was significantly increased and the lesion of hepatocyte became more aggressive. Furthermore, expressions of genes involved in DNA replication and inflammatory response were simultaneously up-regulated in the treatment of TDCIPP compared with the solvent control and in the treatment of the binary mixture of the two chemicals compared to the single DOX treatment. Overall, our results suggested that TDCIPP had promotion effect on the progression of liver tumor in kras males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hanas AK, Guigueno MF, Fernie KJ, Letcher RJ, Ste-Marie Chamberland F, Head JA. Assessment of the effects of early life exposure to triphenyl phosphate on fear, boldness, aggression, and activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) chicks. Environ Pollut 2020; 258:113695. [PMID: 31841763 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is an organophosphate ester (OPE) used as a flame retardant (FR) and plasticizer. TPHP has previously been shown to disrupt behaviour in fish and mammals, but to our knowledge, this is the first study on the behavioural effects of TPHP in birds. Early life stage Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were exposed to nominal doses of 0 ng/g (vehicle-control), 5 ng/g (low dose), 50 ng/g (mid dose), and 100 ng/g (high dose) TPHP, both as embryos (via air cell injection prior to incubation) and as chicks (via daily gavage until 5 days post-hatch). The low dose reflects TPHP levels recorded in wild avian eggs, but actual environmental exposure levels may be higher given that TPHP is known to be rapidly metabolized in birds. We previously reported that the chicks exposed to TPHP in this study experienced reduced growth and resting metabolic rate, and sex-specific changes in thyroid function. The current study focuses on behavioural endpoints. We found that high-TPHP chicks exhibited less neophobia than vehicle-controls, and low-TPHP chicks exhibited more aggression towards conspecifics. No differences were observed in the responses of Japanese quail chicks to activity or tonic immobility (fear response) tests. These data add weight of evidence to previous findings suggesting that TPHP, among other OPEs, can disrupt ecologically-relevant behaviours in exposed vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Hanas
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mélanie F Guigueno
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada; Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada; Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | | | - Jessica A Head
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Marteinson S, Guigueno MF, Fernie KJ, Head JA, Chu S, Letcher RJ. Uptake, Deposition, and Metabolism of Triphenyl Phosphate in Embryonated Eggs and Chicks of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:565-573. [PMID: 31756765 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The toxicokinetics of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in vivo including the uptake, deposition, and biotransformation into the metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) is presently reported in embryonated eggs and chicks of Japanese quail. Quail were dosed with TPHP at 3 concentrations by air cell egg injection on embryonic day 0, followed by daily oral dosing after chicks hatched (5 d). Vehicle-only exposed controls were also used. In dosed eggs, only 33% of the TPHP remained 2 d after injection (no hepatic development); after 10 d (post-hepatogenesis), only 2% remained. The estimated TPHP half-lives in the eggs ranged from 1.1 to 1.8 d for the 3 dosed groups. In all exposed eggs and chicks, DPHP significantly increased with dose (0.001 < p < 0.044). It appears that DPHP is an important metabolite in quail, making up 41 to 74% of all metabolites formed in embryonated eggs. In chicks, at medium and high doses, DPHP concentrations significantly exceeded those of TPHP (p ≤ 0.007), making up 67 and 76% of the total burden, respectively. Our findings suggest that rapid TPHP metabolism occurred in chicks and embryonated quail eggs but that this may vary with the age of the embryonated egg and the stage of embryo development, which should be considered when evaluating concentrations of TPHP and DPHP measured in eggs of wild birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:565-573. © 2019 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Marteinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie F Guigueno
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica A Head
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Shaogang Chu
- Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|