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Ceger P, Garcia-Reyero Vinas N, Allen D, Arnold E, Bloom R, Brennan JC, Clarke C, Eisenreich K, Fay K, Hamm J, Henry PFP, Horak K, Hunter W, Judkins D, Klein P, Kleinstreuer N, Koehrn K, LaLone CA, Laurenson JP, Leet JK, Lowit A, Lynn SG, Norberg-King T, Perkins EJ, Petersen EJ, Rattner BA, Sprankle CS, Steeger T, Warren JE, Winfield S, Odenkirchen E. Current ecotoxicity testing needs among selected U.S. federal agencies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105195. [PMID: 35660046 PMCID: PMC9623878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
U.S. regulatory and research agencies use ecotoxicity test data to assess the hazards associated with substances that may be released into the environment, including but not limited to industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, food additives, and color additives. These data are used to conduct hazard assessments and evaluate potential risks to aquatic life (e.g., invertebrates, fish), birds, wildlife species, or the environment. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for ecotoxicity tests, the needs and uses for data from tests utilizing animals must first be clarified. Accordingly, the objective of this review was to identify the ecotoxicity test data relied upon by U.S. federal agencies. The standards, test guidelines, guidance documents, and/or endpoints that are used to address each of the agencies' regulatory and research needs regarding ecotoxicity testing are described in the context of their application to decision-making. Testing and information use, needs, and/or requirements relevant to the regulatory or programmatic mandates of the agencies taking part in the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods Ecotoxicology Workgroup are captured. This information will be useful for coordinating efforts to develop and implement alternative test methods to reduce, refine, or replace animal use in chemical safety evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ceger
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Elyssa Arnold
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Raanan Bloom
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Brennan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Carol Clarke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Karen Eisenreich
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Kellie Fay
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jonathan Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Paula F P Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 12100 Beech Forest Rd, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA.
| | - Katherine Horak
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center, 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA.
| | - Wesley Hunter
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, HFV-161, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA.
| | - Donna Judkins
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Patrice Klein
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Kara Koehrn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, 7401M, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Carlie A LaLone
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 8101R, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - James P Laurenson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Jessica K Leet
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center (CERC), Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Scott G Lynn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Teresa Norberg-King
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 8101R, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Edward J Perkins
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Elijah J Petersen
- U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 2089, USA.
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, 10300 Baltimore Ave, BARC-EAST Bldg. 308, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Catherine S Sprankle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, LLC, P.O. Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Thomas Steeger
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Jim E Warren
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1400 Independence Ave. SW, Washington, DC, 20250, USA.
| | - Sarah Winfield
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, HFS-009, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| | - Edward Odenkirchen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, MC7507P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
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Goodchild C, Karouna-Renier NK, Henry PFP, Letcher RJ, Schultz SL, Maddox CM, Bean TG, Peters LE, Palace V, Fernie KJ. Thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in American kestrels following embryonic exposure to the alternative flame retardants, EHTBB and TBPH. Environ Int 2021; 157:106826. [PMID: 34438233 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardant chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) (CAS #: 183658-27-7) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (CAS #: 26040-51-7), have been detected in avian tissues and eggs from remote regions. Exposure to EHTBB and TBPH has been shown to cause oxidative stress and altered thyroid function in rodents and fish, yet no controlled studies have examined potential adverse effects of exposure in birds. Because flame retardants have been detected in wild raptors, we used American kestrels (Falco sparverius) as a model raptor to determine whether in ovo exposure to EHTBB or TBPH affected growth, hatching success, oxidative stress, or thyroid function. We exposed kestrel embryos to nominal concentrations (10, 50, or 100 ng g-1 egg weight) of EHTBB and TBPH via egg-injection on embryonic day 5. Embryonic exposure (~23 d) to EHTBB increased thyroid gland mass, reduced glandular colloid and total thyroxine (T4) in hatchling males and females, whereas deiodinase enzyme activity increased in males but decreased in females. Hatchlings exposed to TBPH in ovo exhibited reduced colloid and increased oxidative stress. Although exposure to EHTBB and TBPH caused several physiological effects (e.g., heart and brain mass), only exposure to 50 ng g-1 EHTBB appeared to reduce hatching success. Our results suggest these flame retardants may be hazardous for predatory birds. Future research should evaluate long-term survival and fitness consequences in birds exposed to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Goodchild
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Paula F P Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Sandra L Schultz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Catherine M Maddox
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Thomas G Bean
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Lisa E Peters
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Vince Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0T4, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
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Mittal K, Henry PFP, Cornman RS, Maddox C, Basu N, Karouna-Renier NK. Sex- and Developmental Stage-Related Differences in the Hepatic Transcriptome of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) Exposed to 17β-Trenbolone. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021; 40:2559-2570. [PMID: 34157788 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can cause transcriptomic changes that may disrupt biological processes associated with reproductive function including metabolism, transport, and cell growth. We investigated effects from in ovo and dietary exposure to 17β-trenbolone (at 0, 1, and 10 ppm) on the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) hepatic transcriptome. Our objectives were to identify differentially expressed hepatic genes, assess perturbations of biological pathways, and examine sex- and developmental stage-related differences. The number of significantly differentially expressed genes was higher in embryos than in adults. Male embryos exhibited greater differential gene expression than female embryos, whereas in adults, males and females exhibited similar numbers of differentially expressed genes (>2-fold). Vitellogenin and apovitellenin-1 were up-regulated in male adults exposed to 10 ppm 17β-trenbolone, and these birds also exhibited indications of immunomodulation. Functional grouping of differentially expressed genes identified processes including metabolism and transport of biomolecules, enzyme activity, and extracellular matrix interactions. Pathway enrichment analyses identified as perturbed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway, cardiac muscle contraction, gluconeogenesis, growth factor signaling, focal adhesion, and bile acid biosynthesis. One of the primary uses of 17β-trenbolone is that of a growth promoter, and these results identify effects on mechanistic pathways related to steroidogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, and metabolism of lipids and proteins. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2559-2570. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittika Mittal
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paula F P Henry
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert S Cornman
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, US
| | - Catherine Maddox
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Fernie KJ, Karouna-Renier NK, Letcher RJ, Schultz SL, Peters LE, Palace V, Henry PFP. Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10-13). Environ Int 2020; 145:106087. [PMID: 32950788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes, shown to bioaccumulate but with unknown effects in wild birds. The present study examined development-related effects of SCCPs on captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) treated in ovo on embryonic day (ED) 5 by injection with technical Chloroparaffin® (C10-13, 55.5% Cl) at environmentally relevant nominal (measured) concentrations of 10 (10), 50 (29) or 100 (97) ng ΣSCCP/g egg ww, and artificially incubated until hatching (ED27-ED29). The SCCP concentrations measured in the yolk sacs of the hatchling kestrels bracketed concentrations reported in the eggs of wild birds. Uptake and deposition of these SCCPs differed between male and female hatchlings, with only males showing differences in SCCP concentrations, being highest in the high-dose males than each of the other male groups. Embryonic exposure to SCCPs suppressed glandular total thyroxine (TT4) (20-33%) and reduced circulating triiodothyronine (TT3) (37-40%) in male hatchlings only when compared to control males, but had no effect on glandular TT3 or circulating TT4 in male or female kestrels. Histological assessments of thyroid glands showed that both sexes experienced significant structural changes indicative of gland activation. These thyroid glandular changes and the variations in SCCP concentrations were related to circulating TT3 in female hatchlings. Hepatic deiodinase enzyme (D1, D2) activities were stable and no SCCP-related changes were observed in hatching success, hatchling size, or immune organ size. However, several of the thyroid function indicators were correlated with hatchling size and smaller bursas and spleens, possibly indirectly through SCCP-induced changes in thyroid function. Because changes in thyroid function were evident at concentrations measured in wild bird eggs, similar changes may occur in wild nestlings. The potential impact of these changes on thyroid-mediated growth and survival in wild birds requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - N K Karouna-Renier
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - R J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - S L Schultz
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - L E Peters
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - V Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0T4, Canada
| | - P F P Henry
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Eng ML, Karouna-Renier NK, Henry PFP, Letcher RJ, Schultz SL, Bean TG, Peters LE, Palace VP, Williams TD, Elliott JE, Fernie KJ. In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part II: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE on hatching success, morphometric and physiological endpoints in American kestrels. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 179:151-159. [PMID: 31035249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-BDBPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTPBE) are both brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that have been detected in birds; however, their potential biological effects are largely unknown. We assessed the effects of embryonic exposure to TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE in a model avian predator, the American kestrel (Falco sparverius). Fertile eggs from a captive population of kestrels were injected on embryonic day 5 (ED5) with a vehicle control or one of three doses within the range of concentrations that have been detected in biota (nominal concentrations of 0, 10, 50 or 100 ng/g egg; measured concentrations 0, 3.0, 13.7 or 33.5 ng TBBPA-BDBPE/g egg and 0, 5.3, 26.8 or 58.1 ng BTBPE/g egg). Eggs were artificially incubated until hatching (ED28), at which point blood and tissues were collected to measure morphological and physiological endpoints, including organ somatic indices, circulating and glandular thyroid hormone concentrations, thyroid gland histology, hepatic deiodinase activity, and markers of oxidative stress. Neither compound had any effects on embryo survival through 90% of the incubation period or on hatching success, body mass, organ size, or oxidative stress of hatchlings. There was evidence of sex-specific effects in the thyroid system responses to the BTBPE exposures, with type 2 deiodinase (D2) activity decreasing at higher doses in female, but not in male hatchlings, suggesting that females may be more sensitive to BTBPE. However, there were no effects of TBBPA-BDBPE on the thyroid system in kestrels. For the BTPBE study, a subset of high-dose eggs was collected throughout the incubation period to measure changes in BTBPE concentrations. There was no decrease in BTBPE over the incubation period, suggesting that BTBPE is slowly metabolized by kestrel embryos throughout their ∼28-d development. These two compounds, therefore, do not appear to be particularly toxic to embryos of the American kestrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Eng
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Paula F P Henry
- U. S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra L Schultz
- U. S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas G Bean
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lisa E Peters
- Riddell Faculty of Earth Environment and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vince P Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
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Eng ML, Williams TD, Fernie KJ, Karouna Renier NK, Henry PFP, Letcher RJ, Elliott JE. In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part I: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE on survival, morphometric and physiological endpoints in zebra finches. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 179:104-110. [PMID: 31026748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) ether (TBBPA-BDBPE) is an additive flame retardant used in polyolefins and polymers. It has been detected in biota, including in avian eggs, yet little is known of its effects. We assessed the pattern of TBBPA-BDBPE concentrations in songbird eggs over the incubation period, and the effects of embryonic exposure to TBBPA-BDBPE in a model songbird species, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). To assess concentrations during embryo development, eggs were injected on the day they were laid with the vehicle control (safflower oil) or 100 ng TBBPA-BDBPE/g egg, and whole egg contents were collected throughout embryonic development on day 0 (unincubated), 5, 10 and 13. To evaluate effects of embryonic exposure to TBBPA-BDBPE, eggs were injected at Hamburger-Hamilton stage 18 (∼80 h after initiation of incubation) with safflower oil only, 10, 50 or 100 ng TBBPA-BDBPE/g egg (albumin injection volume 1 μl/g). Eggs were monitored for hatching success, and nestlings were monitored for growth and survival. At 15 days post-hatch, tissues were collected to assess physiological effects. TBBPA-BDBPE was incorporated into the egg as the embryo developed, and concentrations started declining in late incubation, suggesting biotransformation by the embryo. There were no effects on hatching success, nestling survival, growth, organ somatic indices, or thyroid hormone homeostasis; however, there was evidence that body condition declined in a dose-dependent manner towards the end of the rapid nestling growth phase. This decreased body condition could be a delayed effect of early developmental exposure, or it may be the result of increased exposure to biotransformation products of TBBPA-BDBPE produced over the nestling period, which are predicted to be more bioaccumulative and toxic than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Eng
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paula F P Henry
- U. S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Bean TG, Gross MS, Karouna-Renier NK, Henry PFP, Schultz SL, Hladik ML, Kuivila KM, Rattner BA. Toxicokinetics of Imidacloprid-Coated Wheat Seeds in Japanese Quail ( Coturnix japonica) and an Evaluation of Hazard. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3888-3897. [PMID: 30802040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Birds are potentially exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides by ingestion of coated seeds during crop planting. Adult male Japanese quail were orally dosed with wheat seeds coated with an imidacloprid (IMI) formulation at either 0.9 or 2.7 mg/kg body weight (BW) (∼3 and 9% of IMI LD50 for Japanese quail, respectively) for 1 or 10 days. Quail were euthanized between 1 and 24 h postexposure to assess toxicokinetics. Analysis revealed rapid absorption (1 h) into blood and distribution to the brain, muscle, kidney, and liver. Clearance to below detection limits occurred at both dose levels and exposure durations in all tissues within 24 h. Metabolism was extensive, with 5-OH-IMI and IMI-olefin detected at greater concentrations than IMI in tissues and fecal samples. There was no lethality or overt signs of toxicity at either dose level. Furthermore, no evidence of enhanced expression of mRNA genes associated with hepatic xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative DNA damage, or alterations in concentrations of corticosterone and thyroid hormones was observed. Application of the toxicokinetic data was used to predict IMI residue levels in the liver with reasonable results for some field exposure and avian mortality events. It would appear that some affected species of birds are either consuming larger quantities of seeds or exhibit differences in ADME or sensitivity than predicted by read-across from these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Bean
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Michael S Gross
- U.S. Geological Survey California Water Science Center , Sacramento , California 95819 , United States
| | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent, Wildlife Research Center , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Paula F P Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent, Wildlife Research Center , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Sandra L Schultz
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent, Wildlife Research Center , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey California Water Science Center , Sacramento , California 95819 , United States
| | - Kathryn M Kuivila
- U.S. Geological Survey Oregon Water Science Center , Portland , Oregon 97201 , United States
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent, Wildlife Research Center , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
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8
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Guigueno MF, Karouna-Renier NK, Henry PFP, Peters LE, Palace VP, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ. Sex-specific responses in neuroanatomy of hatchling American kestrels in response to embryonic exposure to the flame retardants bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018; 37:3032-3040. [PMID: 30035332 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), flame retardant components of FireMaster 550® and 600® have been detected in tissues of wild birds. To address the paucity of information regarding potential impacts of flame retardants on the brain, brain volume regions of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were evaluated following in ovo injection at embryonic day 5 with safflower oil or to 1 of 3 doses of either BEH-TEBP (12, 60, or 107 ng/g egg) or EH-TBB (11, 55, or 137 ng/g egg). The doses for both chemicals reflected concentrations reported in wild birds. The volumes of the hippocampus and telencephalon and volumetric differences between left and right hemispheres were measured in hatchlings (embryonic day 28). A sex-specific effect of BEH-TEBP on relative hippocampus volume was evident: the hippocampus was significantly enlarged in high-dose females compared to control females but smaller in low-dose females than the other females. There was no significant effect of EH-TBB on hippocampus volume in female kestrel hatchlings or of either chemical in male hatchlings and no effects of these concentrations of EH-TBB or BEH-TEBP on telencephalon volume or the level of symmetry between the hemispheres of the brain. In sum, embryonic exposure of female kestrels to these BEH-TEBP concentrations altered hippocampus volume, having the potential to affect spatial memory relating to ecologically relevant behavior such as prey capture, predator avoidance, and migration. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3032-3040. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie F Guigueno
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Paula F P Henry
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Peters
- Riddell Faculty of Earth Environment and Resources, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vince P Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario
- Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Guigueno MF, Karouna-Renier NK, Henry PFP, Head JA, Peters LE, Palace VP, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ. Female hatchling American kestrels have a larger hippocampus than males: A link with sexual size dimorphism? Behav Brain Res 2018; 349:98-101. [PMID: 29702178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The brain and underlying cognition may vary adaptively according to an organism's ecology. As with all raptor species, adult American kestrels (Falco sparverius) are sexually dimorphic with females being larger than males. Related to this sexual dimorphism, kestrels display sex differences in hunting and migration, with females ranging more widely than males, suggesting possible sex differences in spatial cognition. However, hippocampus volume, the brain region responsible for spatial cognition, has not been investigated in raptors. Here, we measured hippocampus and telencephalon volumes in American kestrel hatchlings. Female hatchlings had a significantly larger hippocampus relative to the telencephalon and brain weight than males (∼12% larger), although telencephalon volume relative to brain weight and body size was similar between the sexes. The magnitude of this hippocampal sex difference is similar to that reported between male and female polygynous Microtus voles and migratory and non-migratory subspecies of Zonotrichia sparrows. Future research should determine if this sex difference in relative hippocampus volume of hatchling kestrels persists into adulthood and if similar patterns exist in other raptor species, thus potentially linking sex differences in the brain to sex differences of space use of adults in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie F Guigueno
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Canada
| | | | - Paula F P Henry
- United States Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, United States
| | - Jessica A Head
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Canada
| | - Lisa E Peters
- Riddell Faculty of Earth Environment and Resources, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vince P Palace
- International Institute for Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Canada.
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Karouna-Renier NK, Chen Y, Henry PFP, Maddox CM, Sprague DT. Effects on Circulating Steroid Hormones and Gene Expression along the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Adult Japanese Quail Exposed to 17β-Trenbolone across Multiple Generations. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:62-73. [PMID: 28108667 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the androgenic growth promoter 17β-trenbolone (17βTB) on adult Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) exposed across three generations. The F0 generation was exposed after sexual maturity to 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm through feed. The F1 generation was exposed in ovo by maternal transfer and through feed at the same doses as their parents. The F2 generation was exposed in ovo only. Levels of plasma sex steroids, gonadal Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1) mRNA and select brain neuroendocrine peptide mRNAs were measured. In males, testosterone levels did not differ in any generation from those in controls. Estradiol was significantly elevated in 17βTB treated F0 and F1 males. In F0 and F1 females, testosterone was suppressed by 17βTB, whereas estradiol was significantly higher at 40 ppm in F0 and at 10 ppm in F1 females. CYP19A1 expression in F1 males and females increased suggesting a compensatory response to the androgenic effects of 17βTB. Few significant effects were observed in the F2 birds indicating that in ovo exposure had limited effects on the monitored endpoints. Overall, our results confirmed endocrine disrupting effects of dietary 17βTB in Japanese quail but the response was dependent on sex, developmental stage at initiation of exposure, and dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Chen
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.,Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Paula F P Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Catherine M Maddox
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel T Sprague
- U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Beyer WN, Basta NT, Chaney RL, Henry PFP, Mosby DE, Rattner BA, Scheckel KG, Sprague DT, Weber JS. Bioaccessibility tests accurately estimate bioavailability of lead to quail. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016; 35:2311-9. [PMID: 26876015 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hazards of soil-borne lead (Pb) to wild birds may be more accurately quantified if the bioavailability of that Pb is known. To better understand the bioavailability of Pb to birds, the authors measured blood Pb concentrations in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) fed diets containing Pb-contaminated soils. Relative bioavailabilities were expressed by comparison with blood Pb concentrations in quail fed a Pb acetate reference diet. Diets containing soil from 5 Pb-contaminated Superfund sites had relative bioavailabilities from 33% to 63%, with a mean of approximately 50%. Treatment of 2 of the soils with phosphorus (P) significantly reduced the bioavailability of Pb. Bioaccessibility of Pb in the test soils was then measured in 6 in vitro tests and regressed on bioavailability: the relative bioavailability leaching procedure at pH 1.5, the same test conducted at pH 2.5, the Ohio State University in vitro gastrointestinal method, the urban soil bioaccessible lead test, the modified physiologically based extraction test, and the waterfowl physiologically based extraction test. All regressions had positive slopes. Based on criteria of slope and coefficient of determination, the relative bioavailability leaching procedure at pH 2.5 and Ohio State University in vitro gastrointestinal tests performed very well. Speciation by X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrated that, on average, most of the Pb in the sampled soils was sorbed to minerals (30%), bound to organic matter (24%), or present as Pb sulfate (18%). Additional Pb was associated with P (chloropyromorphite, hydroxypyromorphite, and tertiary Pb phosphate) and with Pb carbonates, leadhillite (a lead sulfate carbonate hydroxide), and Pb sulfide. The formation of chloropyromorphite reduced the bioavailability of Pb, and the amendment of Pb-contaminated soils with P may be a thermodynamically favored means to sequester Pb. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2311-2319. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nelson Beyer
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas T Basta
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rufus L Chaney
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula F P Henry
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - David E Mosby
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Barnett A Rattner
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel T Sprague
- US Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - John S Weber
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. P. Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; BARC-East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville MD 20705 USA
| | - G. Michael Haramis
- U.S. Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; BARC-East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville MD 20705 USA
| | - Daniel D. Day
- U.S. Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; BARC-East Building 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville MD 20705 USA
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Converse PE, Kuchta SR, Roosenburg WM, Henry PFP, Haramis GM, King TL. Spatiotemporal analysis of gene flow in Chesapeake Bay Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5864-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Converse
- Department of Biological Sciences; Ohio University; Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Shawn R. Kuchta
- Department of Biological Sciences; Ohio University; Athens OH 45701 USA
- Ohio Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies; Ohio University; Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Willem M. Roosenburg
- Department of Biological Sciences; Ohio University; Athens OH 45701 USA
- Ohio Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies; Ohio University; Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Paula F. P. Henry
- U.S. Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; BARC-East Building 308 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville MD 20705 USA
| | - G. Michael Haramis
- U.S. Geological Survey; Patuxent Wildlife Research Center; BARC-East Building 308 10300 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville MD 20705 USA
| | - Tim L. King
- U.S. Geological Survey; Leetown Science Center; Aquatic Ecology Laboratory; 11649 Leetown Road Kearneysville WV 25430 USA
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Abstract
Several long-term mark recapture studies have been conducted on box turtles (Terrapene c. carolina) providing valuable information on life span, basic demography, home range, and apparent effects of environmental changes on box turtle survival. One of the longest studied populations was first marked in 1942 on the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland, and has been surveyed every 10 years until 1995. The age structure and gender ratio of these turtles in the field may support differential habitat use and survival estimates. A few of the turtles first marked during the 1945 study are still observed throughout the Center. Data collected from turtles marked in the more upland habitats during 1985-2002 indicate a younger age class distribution than that observed in the more protected biota of the bottomland floodplain study area. Extrapolating ages of turtles described in data collected throughout the long-term study, it was estimated that turtles, both males and females, can show reproduction-intent behaviors at ages greater than 54 years old. It is suggested that count data collection be continued on a more frequent cycle, extending over a larger part of the Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F P Henry
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 11510 American Holly Drive, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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