3D printed cinnamon essential oil/banana peel carbon dots loaded corn starch/gelatin bilayer film with enhanced functionality for food packaging application

Using 3D printing technology, a gelatin-polyvinyl alcohol‑carbon dots (GPC) layer+corn starch-polyvinyl alcohol-cinnamon essential oil (CPC) layer active bilayer film with an external barrier function and an internal controlled-release effect was successfully produced for food preservation. The GPC film was provided with potent antioxidant and UV blocking properties by the banana peel carbon dots (CDs). The cinnamon essential oil (CEO) had the strongest interaction with the film matrix at 3% (w/w), causing the CPC film having the lowest surface wettability, good integrity, and lowest crystallinity. The CEO's stability and releasing effectiveness were greatly enhanced by the creation of a bilayer film. At 60% filling rate of the CPC layer, the bilayer film showed the highest CEO retention after drying and the best CEO release performance. Finally, the created active bilayer film was found to significantly improve the sensory quality stability of the spicy essential oil microcapsule powders. It also successfully extended the mangoes' shelf life by delaying browning and rot.

Energy metabolism and respirometry of lambs fed sun or shade dried hays of banana crop residues

We aimed to evaluate the effects of different drying methods for banana residues on the energy metabolism and respirometry of growing lambs. Twenty Santa Inês x Dorper lambs were fed five experimental diets: Tifton 85 grass hay (Control), shade-dried banana leaf hay (LH Shade), shade-dried pseudostem banana hay (PH Shade), sun-dried banana leaf hay (LH Sun), and sun-dried banana pseudostem hay (PH Sun). Nutrient intake and digestibility were assessed in metabolic cages, whereas O2 consumption and CO2, methane, and heat production were measured in a respirometry chamber with animals fed at maintenance and ad libitum levels. Nutrient and energy intake was not influenced by diet. Pseudostem hay had higher apparent digestibility of dry matter (71.5%), organic matter (72.4%), and neutral detergent fiber (58.0%). However, this led to greater energy loss in the form of methane (12.1%). The banana residue hays and drying methods did not alter oxygen consumption, CO2 production, or heat production of animals fed ad libitum or during maintenance. On the other hand, the use of leaf hay resulted in a reduction of 24.7% in enteric methane production of animals fed ad libitum. The inclusion of pseudostem hay is recommended in sheep feedlot diet. This residue provided greater use of DM, however promoted a greater loss of energy in the form of methane, resulting in similar energy consumption. The drying methods did not reduce the availability of nutrients and the sun drying method is recommended, since it is a faster drying method.

Dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma modifies the multiscale structure and functional properties of banana starch

Banana starch has attracted significant attention due to its abundant content of resistant starch. This study aims to compare the multiscale structure and functional properties of banana starch obtained from five cultivated varieties and investigate the impact of dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma (DBD) treatment on these starch characteristics. All five types of natural banana starch exhibited an elliptical and irregular shape, conforming to the CB crystal structure, with a bimodal distribution of branch chain lengths. The resistant starch content ranged from 88.9 % to 94.1 %. Variations in the amylose content, amylopectin branch chain length distribution, and structural characteristics resulted in differences in properties such as gelatinization behavior and sensitivity to DBD treatment. The DBD treatment inflicted surface damage on starch granules, reduced the amylose content, shortened the amylopectin branch chain length, and changed the relative crystallinity to varying degrees. The DBD treatment significantly increased starch solubility and light transmittance. Simultaneously, it resulted in a noteworthy decrease in peak viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy of starch paste. The in vitro digestibility test showed that 76.2 %-86.5 % of resistant starch was retained after DBD treatment. The DBD treatment renders banana starch with reduced viscosity, increased paste transparency, enhanced solubility, and broadens its potential application.

Phytochemical profiling, toxicity studies, wound healing, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Musa paradisiaca L. Musaceae (Plantain) stem extract in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The stem of Musa paradisiaca (plantain) has found application in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation, ulcers and wound injuries.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study investigated the phytochemical composition, toxicity profile, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous Musa paradisiaca stem extract (AMPSE) in rats.

METHODS

Phytochemical analysis of methanol-MPSE was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Acute toxicity testing was carried out through oral administration of a single dose of AMPSE up to 5 g/kg. Four separate groups of rats were used for the subacute toxicity testing (n = 6). Group 1 served as a normal control and did not receive AMPSE, groups 2-4 received AMPSE daily by gavage for 28 days. In the experiments with excision and incision wounds, the rats were treated with 10 w/w AMPS extract. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of AMPSE were assessed using egg albumin-induced paw oedema and acetic acid-induced writhing methods, respectively. For the subacute, anti-inflammatory and analgesic studies, AMPSE was administered to the experimental rats at doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg body weight.

RESULTS

Bioactive compounds identified include β-sitisterol, n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, diethyl sulfate, p-hydroxynorephedrine, phenylephrine, nor-pseudoephedrine, metaraminol, pseudoephedrine and vanillic acid. No signs of toxicity and no deaths were observed in all the groups. For the groups treated with AMPSE for 28 days, a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, sodium, chloride, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed while high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione and superoxide dismutase increased compared to control (p < 0.05). In wound healing experiments, AMPSE showed greater percent wound contraction and wound resistance fracture compared to the povidone-iodine (PI) treated and control groups. Treatment with 900 mg/kg AMPSE resulted in significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to the control.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that AMPSE is not toxic but contains biologically active compounds with hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and wound-healing effects. Treatment of rats with AMPSE has shown that AMPSE has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, lipid-lowering and wound-healing effects, supporting its therapeutic use in ethnomedicine.

Elucidation of techno-functional, structural and rheological characteristics of pectin extracted from the peel of different banana (Musa. spp) varieties

Pectin is a polysaccharide mainly used in food processing industries as an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer and in pharmaceuticals as an excipient, wall material and bio adhesive for improving delivery and efficiency. Raising demand for pectin, pushes to explore unconventional plant-based sources for the extraction of pectin. This work is aimed to explore the possibility of extracting pectin from the peel of banana varieties and to decipher the chemical and techno-functional properties. Among the varieties, Nendran, a plantain banana recorded higher pectin recovery (23.42 %), swelling power (23.10 gg-1), anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content (72.86 %) and emulsifying activity (46.19 %). Pectin from the banana peels exhibited the equivalent weight (g/mol) ranging from 943.40 (var. Bhimkol) to 1282.05 (var. Nendran). Morphological observations revealed that the extracted pectin has fragments with uneven sizes and inter-particle voids in the structure. Banana pectin behaved similar to commercial pectin in terms of rheological, textural and structural profiles. HPLC analysis and NMR spectra confirmed the dominance of galacturonic acid in the banana peel pectins. The study unveiled and opened up the avenues of utilizing banana peel as a complementary biomass for the extraction of pectin which could be used in different industrial applications.

Exploring the effects of enzymatic and thermal treatments on banana starch characteristics

Banana starch has a highly resistant starch (RS) and slow-digested starch (SDS) content, making it attractive as a functional ingredient. Unfortunately, banana starch requires modification processes due to the loss of RS and SDS during gelatinization because of its thermolabile characteristics. This study explores the effect of banana starch modification by enzymatic, heat moisture treatment (HMT) and dual modification (HMT+ enzymatic) on its nutritional (RS, SDS) and functional properties (hydration, structural, gelation, rheological). HMT and dual modifications decrease RS (from 44.62 g/100 g to 16.62 and 26.66 g/100 g, respectively) and increase SDS (from 21.72 g/100 g to 33.91 and 26.95 g/100 g, respectively) in raw starch but induce structural changes that enhance RS (from 3.10 g/100 g to 3.94 and 4.4 g/100 g, respectively) and SDS (from 2.58 g/100 g to 9.58 and 11.48 g/100 g) thermo-resistance in gelled starch. Also, changes in the functional properties of starches were evidenced, such as weaker gels (hardness < 41 g), lower water absorption (<12.35 g/g), high starch solubility (>1.77 g/100 g) and increased gelatinization temperature. Improved gelatinization temperature and RS thermostability resulted from modifications that could expand banana starch applications as a beverage and compote thickener agent.

Effect of Aqueous Extract of Unripe Musa Paradisiaca Linn on Parameters Affecting Reproduction in Rats

OBJECTIVE

Aqueous extract of unripe Musa paradisiaca fruit is commonly used for the treatment of ulcers in eastern Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the acute and subacute effects of an aqueous extract of unripe fruit on male and female fertility in rats.

METHODS

Aqueous extracts obtained by maceration were analyzed for acute and subacute toxicity and for the presence of phytochemical constituents using standard procedures. The extract (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) was administered daily to rats of both sexes for 28 d. Blood samples collected on days 0 and 28 were assessed for follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Testes and ovaries were harvested for histopathological analysis. Sperm were also collected to determine the sperm count and motility.

RESULTS

Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and resins. After an oral dose of up to 5000 mg/kg, there were no deaths in the acute toxicity test. The extract (500 mg/kg) significantly (P < .05) enhanced sperm count and motility relative to the untreated control; significantly (P < .05) reduced SOD, CAT, and glutathione levels, while significantly (P < .05) elevated LH, FSH, and MDA levels in male and female rats. Histological examination revealed significant structural damage to the ovaries.

CONCLUSION

Unripe Musa paradisiaca fruit exhibited an adverse toxicological profile following prolonged administration and caused oxidative stress in rodents.

Influence of chemical modifications on dynamic rheological behaviour, thermal techno-functionalities, morpho-structural characteristics and prebiotic activity of banana starches

Banana starch is explored for its use in food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, in order to improve the techno-functional properties of native banana starch (NS), different chemical modifications namely acid thinning (AT), oxidation (OX), sodium-trimetaphosphate method (STMP), cross linking phosphorylation (CLP), hydroxypropylation (HYP) were employed. Among the modified starches, amylose content was higher in CLP starch and the least was observed in AT. Resistant starch (RS) of HYP (65.38 %) and CLP starches (62.76 %) were significantly higher than other modified starches. Lesser amylose, higher water solubility and lower swelling of AT starch resulted in inferior paste clarity and inability to make a firm gel. Non-Newtonian behaviour of starch gels were observed from static viscosity observations. The dynamic rheological behaviour of the starch gels affirmed the higher gel strength of STMP (0.46) and CLP (0.56) starches. Imperfection and exo-corrosion in starch morphology was observed through SEM and influence of chemicals on the starch structure was elucidated through FTIR and XRD analyses. Except AT starch, modified starches with higher RS resulted in lowering glycemic index (57-69 %). STMP starches recorded highest prebiotic activity score of 0.88. Chemical modifications enable to enhance the functionalities of banana starch and offers potential industrial uses.

Pharmaceutical Assessment of the Impact of the Method of Extraction on the Suitability of Pectin from Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Peels as a Suspending Agent in Oral Liquid Formulations

Natural polymers such as pectin have gained increased utilization in pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors because they are affordable, easily accessible, nontoxic, and chemically modifiable, with the potential to be biodegradable and biocompatible. Musa paradisiaca (plantain) peels make up 30-40% of the overall weight of the fruit. The extraction of pectin from these residues can therefore be viewed as a possible waste of wealth. This study, therefore, focused on evaluating the suspending properties of pectin obtained from Musa paradisiaca (plantain) peels (through acid and alkaline extraction) and presented an alternative suspending agent in the pharmaceutical formulation of suspensions. The unripe peels of Musa paradisiaca were acquired and authenticated at the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana. Pectin was extracted from the peels using both acid and alkaline extraction processes, respectively, characterized, and evaluated for its phytochemical properties. Different concentrations of the acid and alkaline pectin extracts were employed as a suspending agent in paracetamol suspensions, using acacia gum as a standard. The pectin yields obtained were 4.88% and 7.61% for the acid and alkaline extraction processes, respectively, while phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, tannins, saponins, and phenols in both extracts. The alkaline pectin extract recorded higher equivalent weight, degree of esterification, ash content, and crude content than the acid pectin extract, while FTIR identified similar functional groups in both acid and alkaline pectin extracts. The test suspensions reported significant differences (P < 0.05) in flow rates, ease of redispersion, sedimentation volumes, and rates compared with acacia gum. Moreover, when the acid and alkaline pectin extracts were compared, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in sedimentation rates and sedimentation volumes, suggesting that the extraction method may affect suspending properties. Ultimately, the alkaline pectin extract had better suspending properties than the acid pectin extract; however, they both can be used as an alternative to acacia gum as a suspending agent.

Nutritional Composition and Pharmacological Activity of Musa balbisiana Colla Seed: An Insight into Phytochemical and Cellular Bioenergetic Profiling

Musa balbisiana Colla belongs to the family Musaceae which is well-known for its nutritional and pharmacological properties. Here, we have analysed the phytochemical content and evaluated the nutritional, antioxidant, anti-glycation, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition potential. Moreover, for the first time, we have studied the bioenergetic profiles of the bioactive fractions of M. balbisiana seeds extract against oxidative stress-related mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction using XFe24 extracellular flux analyzer. M. balbisiana seeds have high nutritional values with significant levels of carbohydrates, starch, protein, and minerals (Ca, Na, Mg, Cu, Fe, and Zn). Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract of M. balbisiana seeds revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) showed the highest antioxidant, anti-glycation, and phytochemical content as compared to other fractions. Moreover, the EAF showed a lower α-amylase inhibition and a higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Most importantly, our GC-MS analyses of EAF revealed the presence of unique and previously unreported 14 phytochemical compounds. A strong correlation between the biological activities and total phenolic/tannin content was observed. In addition, the bioactive fraction of M. balbisiana seeds (EAF) improved the bioenergetic profiles of free fatty acid-induced oxidative stress with a concomitant increase in ATP production, and respiratory and glycolytic capacity. Altogether, our findings suggest that M. balbisiana seeds can be used as a natural supplement to boost antioxidant levels and combat oxidative stress and non-enzymatic glycation.

Production of glutathione from probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KMH10 using banana peel extract

Glutathione, a tri-peptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) with the thiol group (-SH), is most efficient antioxidative agent in eukaryotic cells. The present study aimed to isolate an efficient probiotic bacterium having the potential to produce glutathione. The isolated strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KMH10 showed antioxidative activity (77.7 ± 2.56) and several other essential probiotic attributes. Banana peel, a waste of banana fruit, is chiefly composed of hemicellulose with various minerals and amino acids. A consortium of lignocellulolytic enzyme was used for the saccharifying banana peel to produce 65.71 g/L sugar to support the optimal glutathione production of 181 ± 4.56 mg/L; i.e., 1.6 folds higher than the control. So, the studied probiotic bacteria could be an effective resource for glutathione; therefore, the stain could be used as natural therapeutics for the prevention/treatment of different inflammation-related gastric ailments and as an effective producer of glutathione using valorized banana waste that has excellent industrial relevance.

Proteasomal degradation of MaMYB60 mediated by the E3 ligase MaBAH1 causes high temperature-induced repression of chlorophyll catabolism and green ripening in banana

Banana (Musa acuminata) fruits ripening at 30 °C or above fail to develop yellow peels; this phenomenon, called green ripening, greatly reduces their marketability. The regulatory mechanism underpinning high temperature-induced green ripening remains unknown. Here we decoded a transcriptional and post-translational regulatory module that causes green ripening in banana. Banana fruits ripening at 30 °C showed greatly reduced expression of 5 chlorophyll catabolic genes (CCGs), MaNYC1 (NONYELLOW COLORING 1), MaPPH (PHEOPHYTINASE), MaTIC55 (TRANSLOCON AT THE INNER ENVELOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLASTS 55), MaSGR1 (STAY-GREEN 1), and MaSGR2 (STAY-GREEN 2), compared to those ripening at 20 °C. We identified a MYB transcription factor, MaMYB60, that activated the expression of all 5 CCGs by directly binding to their promoters during banana ripening at 20 °C, while showing a weaker activation at 30 °C. At high temperatures, MaMYB60 was degraded. We discovered a RING-type E3 ligase MaBAH1 (benzoic acid hypersensitive 1) that ubiquitinated MaMYB60 during green ripening and targeted it for proteasomal degradation. MaBAH1 thus facilitated MaMYB60 degradation and attenuated MaMYB60-induced transactivation of CCGs and chlorophyll degradation. By contrast, MaMYB60 upregulation increased CCG expression, accelerated chlorophyll degradation, and mitigated green ripening. Collectively, our findings unravel a dynamic, temperature-responsive MaBAH1-MaMYB60-CCG module that regulates chlorophyll catabolism, and the molecular mechanism underpinning green ripening in banana. This study also advances our understanding of plant responses to high-temperature stress.

Visualization and metabolome for the migration and distribution behavior of pesticides residue in after-ripening of banana

Exploring the behavior of pesticide residues in fruits is important for effectively applying pesticides and minimizing the risk of pesticide exposure to humans. However, most studies do not consider in situ visual analysis of residues and migration patterns in fresh fruit samples. We investigated the migration patterns of thiram, propamocarb, imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin in fresh bananas based on ambient mass spectrometry imaging, metabolome and transcriptome analysis. The systemic pesticides entered via lateral penetration and vertical migration over time, which began to internally migrate to the inner core after 6 h. The non-systemic pesticide thiram did not enter the interior of the bananas, and remained only in the peel. The transportation rate of the pesticides increased with the decrease of water-octanol partition coefficient and the relative molecular mass. Moreover, the pesticide migrated fast with the increase of banana ripeness. The pesticides significantly enhanced pyruvate kinase, NADP-dependent malic enzyme, and malate synthase activities in the banana peels through carbohydrate metabolism. The banana pulp was also protected against the external toxicity of pesticides by the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. These results can provide guidelines for the appropriate application of pesticides and their safety evaluation.

Functional, Thermal and Structural Properties of Green Banana Flour (cv. Giant Cavendish) by De-astringency, Enzymatic and Hydrothermal Treatments

Green banana fruit with high resistant starch (RS) content has a potential to be a nutraceutical ingredient despite having an unpleasant astringency taste and is yet to be fully explored. In this study, the green banana after de-astringency treatment was employed for flour production, and the resulting flour was subjected to modification by the combined treatments of pullulanase debranching and annealing. The banana flour (BF) and the modified flour (MF) were compared with each other by evaluating their functional, thermal and structural properties. The BF showed a restricted-swelling pasting profile, behaving like a slightly chemically cross-linked starch; the MF exhibited less pronounced changes in pasting behavior with increased solubility and decreased swelling power and dispersed volume fraction at elevated temperatures. As compared with the BF, an enhanced thermal stability of the MF was observed, reflected in the endotherm shifting to higher temperatures with increased enthalpy. The BF displayed a C_A-type polymorph, while the MF comprised a mixture of B- and V-type polymorphs with increased crystallinity. The MF showed an increased molecular order, reflected in an increase in short-range double helical order detected in the starch fingerprint regions of FT-IR spectra, and along with increased crystallinity, underlying its enhanced thermal stability. The modification treatment resulted in irregularly shaped flour particles with a more compact structure as revealed by morphological characters. The results of this study can provide useful information for the development of food products using the modified green banana flour with improved thermal stability and functional properties as a health-promoting ingredient.

A pharmacological perspectives of Musa sapientum peels against lung cancer: An in vitro and in silico study

CONTEXT

The essential role of medicinal plants is studied over 5000 years against the life-threatening diseases such as cancer in developing countries. The more cognizance on molecular mechanism will engender trend to use them efficaciously.

AIMS

To analyze the pharmacological activity of banana peel against lung cancer.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

Banana fruit is a nutritious victuals with proven medicinal properties. The underlying molecular mechanism of phytochemicals present in the banana peel was studied using in vitro and in silico methods to explore an efficacious anticancer drug against lung cancer.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

The petroleum ether extract of Musa sapientum peel is analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, in vitro studies using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and lipid peroxidase assay, and the in silico studies by molecular docking.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED

Microsoft Excel 2010 is used to calculate the mean and standard deviation for the ABTS and lipid peroxidation assay.

RESULTS

The antioxidant activity was found to be 20 µg/ml concentration in ABTS assay and 10 µg/ml concentration in lipid peroxidation assay. The in vitro anticancer activity was inspected using A549 cell lines by MTT assay. Tri cyclo [5,1,0,0 (2, 4) oct 5-ene 5 proponoic acid] 3,3,8,8 tetramethyl was selected as best lead against epidermal growth factor receptor of human based on the energy score calculated using the Auto-dock software.

CONCLUSIONS

This study strongly supports that unexploited banana peels could be used to harvest promising lead molecules against non-small cell lung cancer.

Palmitic acid of Musa Paradisiaca induces apoptosis through caspase-3 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Despite apoptosis processes being conserved, cancer cells have developed mechanisms to inhibit apoptosis by altering anti-apoptotic molecules or inactivating pro-apoptotic. The aim of this study was to determine the palmitic acid of Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum (L) Kunz (MP) stem extracts against human oral squamous cell carcinoma (hOSCC) through caspase-3.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of MP stem were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Computerized models of chemically active compounds were used to predict anticancer activity. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in Artemia salina Leach and hOSCC (OM-1) culture at concentrations 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10 µg/mL respectively. The expression level of caspase-3 on hOSCC was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA).

RESULTS

We found seven chemically active compounds in the ethanol extract and 15 compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of MP stem. The major component was hexadecanoic acid of palmitic acid derivates, and this was predicted to have anticancer activities as apoptosis through caspase-3 stimulants. However, cytotoxicity effects against hOSCC culture were assessed by values of the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15.00 µg/mL for the ethanol extract, and an IC50 of 10.61 µg/mL for the ethyl acetate. There was a significant increase of caspase-3 level on treatment groups compared to control.

CONCLUSIONS

Hexadecanoic acid of MP stem extracts has anticancer activity by inhibiting cell growth of hOSCC culture through caspase-3 stimulants.

An insight into fruit aroma volatilome during postharvest maturation in two popular Musa cultivars of tropics

BACKGROUND

Banana is one of the major global horticultural fruit crops cultivated in the humid tropics and subtropics. Fruit quality and consumer acceptability of any climacteric fruit depend mainly on its postharvest aroma volatile profiles. The present study aimed to profile fruit volatiles status during postharvest storage of two banana cultivars: Kanthali (Musa sp. cv. Kanthali, Kt) and Kacha Kela (Musa sp. cv. Kacha Kela, Kk) from the ABB genome group.

RESULTS

Both cultivars showed differences in the soluble sugar contents, with Kt being higher than Kk. The volatile compounds were profiled from the pulp as emitted, endogenous and glycosyl-bound forms, along with peel-endogenous and whole fruit volatiles during postharvest storage. Both cultivars showed a wide range of variations in volatile aroma pools; nevertheless, esters and aliphatic compounds were found to be the major contributors of fruit volatiles in Kt and Kk, respectively. The pulp-endogenous volatiles served as the major pool, which showed a sharp decline with a corresponding increase of emission. Many volatiles were found to be glycosylated during early postharvest storage, with de-glycosylation occurring with an increase in storage time, resulting in fruit softening and a concurrent supply of sugar bound volatiles towards emission.

CONCLUSION

As a whole, the study outcome provides an overview of fruit volatilome during postharvest storage and suggests a possible inter-linking among the volatile components in the cultivars. It is plausible that the release of aroma volatiles from pulp is mediated via peel, with volatiles accumulating as peel-endogenous volatiles representing the temporary pool reservoir. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comprehensive Review on Banana Fruit Allergy: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Management, and Potential Modification of Allergens through Food Processing

The pulp of the banana fruit is rich in bioactive compounds like dietary fibers, low glycemic carbohydrates, natural sugars, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. These beneficial compounds are responsible for the proper functioning of immune system and enhance prevention against various deadly diseases like cancer, diabetes and heart diseases. Despite having, positive effects, the fruit are recognized as an important source for causing allergy to 0.6% of people in general population and up to 67 and 46% for people with asthma or atopic dermatitis. Fruit allergy is one of the most common food allergies witnessed worldwide. Banana fruit allergy results from the abnormal immune response to the banana proteins soon after its consumption. Symptoms range from oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to the life-threatening anaphylaxis. IgE reactivity of banana is associated with different proteins of which six proteins have been identified as major allergens, viz., Mus a1 (Profilin-actin binding protein), Mus a 2 (Class 1 chitinase), Mus a 3 (Nonspecific lipid transfer protein), Mus a 4 (Thaumatin like protein), Mus a 5 (Beta 1,3 glucanase) and Mus a 6 (Ascorbate peroxidase). This review focuses on pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and different food processing methods to mitigate the allergenicity of banana fruit.

The effect of banana blossom on growth performance, immune response, disease resistance, and anti-hypothermal stress of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Banana (Musa acuminata) blossom contains high nutritional value and bioactive compounds. In this study, Macrobrachium rosenbergii were fed with diets containing banana blossom powder (BBP) at 10 and 20 g kg^-1, hot-banana blossom (BBH) extract at 10 and 20 g kg^-1, and the basal diet for 56 days. The growth performance, physiological response and immune parameters were evaluated. The results showed that a significantly higher percentage weight gain (PWG) and percentage length gain (PLG) in prawns fed with BBH diet. The feed efficiency (FE) significantly increased in prawns fed BBP. The prawn fed both BBH and BBP diet showed higher survival rate than control group. The prawn fed with BBH showed a significant increase in total haemocyte count (THC) and different haemocyte count (DHC), whereas phenoloxidase (PO) activity and respiratory bursts (RBs) significant increase in prawns fed both BBP and BBH diet. Furthermore, M. rosenbergii fed with both BBP and BBH diets showed significantly higher phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency against Lactococcus garvieae infection. At the end of the 56 days of feeding trial, the susceptibility of prawns to L. garvieae infection and hypothermal (18 °C) stress were evaluated. The results showed that prawns fed BBH diets had a significantly higher survival rate against L. garvieae than those of fed with the basal diet. Anti-hypothermal stress was observed in prawns fed both BBP and BBH diets showing no significant difference in haemolymph glucose in prawns subjected to 18 °C and 28 °C, whereas the norepinephrine level in haemolymph of prawns fed with BBH diets subjected to 18 °C was significantly lower than in prawns subjected to 28 °C. In summary, we recommend addition of hot-banana blossom extract to the diet of M. rosenbergii at 20 g kg^-1 to promote growth performance, improve physiological function, enhance immunity, increase anti-hypothermal stress, and to increase resistance against L. gavieae.

Understanding how different modification processes affect the physiochemical, functional, thermal, morphological structures and digestibility of cardaba banana starch

In this study, starch was isolated from cardaba banana starch and was subjected to modification by heat-moisture treatment, citric acid, octenyl succinic anhydride, and sodium hexametaphosphate. Both the native and modified cardaba banana starches were examined for chemical, functional, pasting, thermal, morphological, structural, and antioxidant properties, as well as in vitro starch digestibility. Modification significantly influenced the properties of the cardaba banana starch. Cross-linking treatment improved the water, oil absorption, alkaline hydration capacity, swelling power, solubility and paste clarity of the starch. The final viscosity of the banana starch paste was increased alongside succinic anhydride modification which in turn enhanced the suitability of the starch in the production of high viscous products. Both FTIR spectra and X-ray diffractograms confirmed the starch had a C-type starch which was not affected by modification. Modification led to a decrease in relative crystallinity of the starch with succinylation having the maximum effect. The starch fractions; both SDS and RS significantly increased due to modification while the hydrolysis and glycemic index of the starch were significantly decreased by chemical modification. In conclusion, both physical and chemical modification of cardaba banana starch produced a starch that can serve as functional food or functional food ingredients.

Therapeutic Food Development from Maize Grains, Pulses, and Cooking Banana Fruits for the Prevention of Severe Acute Malnutrition

In children under five years of age, severe acute malnutrition is a complex and challenging problem, especially those living in poor communities. Therefore, this study aimed to formulate ready-to-use therapeutic foods from affordable, locally available cereals, pulses, and banana fruits to overcome the problem of severe acute malnutrition. Maize grains, pulses (soybeans), and cooking banana fruits were ingredients used in formulations of ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF). A completely randomized design was done with two replicates. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. A significant difference existed in the appearance and consistency for RUTF1, RUTF2, and RUTF3 samples (P < 0.05). The study findings revealed that the moisture content varied from 6.7 to 13.4%, energy from 513.2 to 642.41 kcal/100 g, protein from 13.9 to 19.34%%, and crude fat from 24.12 to 35.54%. The calcium content ranged from 225 to 302 g/100 mg, iron from 10.34 to 12.26 g/100 mg, and zinc from 10 to 20 g/100 mg. In this study, the phytate content varied from 314.74 to 369.3 μg/g and crude tannin, from 101.36 to 153.25 μg/g. This study concluded that the ingredients used in the RUTF1, RUTF2, and RUTF3 formulations met the standard ready-to-use therapeutic foods. Therefore, it is important to prescribe ready-to-use dietary supplements made from inexpensive, locally available, and culturally acceptable foods to prevent severe acute malnutrition in infants.

Musa sp. Leaves Extract Ameliorates the Hepato-Renal Toxicities Induced by Cadmium in Mice

Heavy metals intoxication causes several health problems that necessitate finding new protective and therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Musa sp. leaves extract (MLE) on hepato-renal toxicities induced by cadmium (Cd) in male mice. The phytochemical screening, metal chelating activity (MCA), and the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of MLE were determined. Fifty CD-1 male mice were used and intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with MLE (1000 to 5000 mg/kg b.wt) for MLE LD₅₀ determination. Another 50 mice were used for evaluating the effect of MLE on Cd toxicity. Blood samples were collected for hematological, liver, and kidney functions assessments. Liver tissue homogenates were used for determination of oxidant/antioxidant parameters. Liver and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological and molecular investigations. MLE showed potent in vitro antioxidant activities. The MCA and LD₅₀ of the MLE were 75 µg/mL and 3000 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. MLE showed beneficial therapeutic activity against hepato-renal toxicities in Cd-intoxicated mice, evidenced by improving the hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and molecular alterations.

Natural abundance analysis of the role played by 15 N as indicator for the certification of organic-system deriving food

BACKGROUND

The natural abundance of stable isotope ¹⁵ N (δ¹⁵ N) in production systems has emerged as an alternative to distinguish organic products from conventional ones. This study evaluated the use of δ¹⁵ N values recorded for nitrogen fertilizers, soil and plant tissue in order to set the differences between organic and conventional agricultural production systems applied to rice, potatoes, apple and banana crops.

RESULTS

Values of δ¹⁵ N recorded for N sources ranged from +5.58‰ to +18.27‰ and from -3.55‰ to +3.19‰ in organic and synthetic fertilizers, respectively. Values recorded for δ¹⁵ N in food from organic rice, potatoes and banana farms were higher than values recorded for δ¹⁵ N in conventional farms; the same was observed for values recorded for δ¹⁵ N in leaves from the four crops.

CONCLUSION

Results have allowed for differentiation between production systems due to values of δ¹⁵ N recorded in leaves of all crops and food, for rice, potatoes and banana trees. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bio-packaging based on cellulose acetate from banana pseudostem and containing Butia catarinensis extracts

Banana (Musa acuminata) pseudostem cellulose was extracted and acetylated (CA) to prepare membranes with potential use as bio-packages. The CA membrane was embedded by Butia seed (CA-BS) or Butia pulp (CA-BP) extracts obtained from Butia catarinenses (Butia). The produced CA, CA-BS, and CA-BP membranes were evaluated for their physical-chemical, mechanical, thermal, and antibacterial properties. The process for obtaining the cellulose yielded a material with about 92.17% cellulose (DS = 2.85). The purity, cellulose degree acetylation, and the incorporation of Butia extracts into the membranes were confirmed by FTIR. The CA-BS and CA-BP membranes showed a smaller contact angle and higher swelling ratio than the CA membrane. Furthermore, Butia seed or pulp extracts reduced the elastic modulus and deformation at break compared to the CA membrane. The DSC analysis suggested the compatibility between sections and the CA matrix, whereas the TGA analysis confirmed the thermal stability of the membranes. Moreover, less than 1% of the Butia seed and pulp extracts were put into a food simulant media from the membrane. Finally, the CA-BS and CA-BP membranes could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli on their surface, confirming the potential use of these membranes as bio-packaging for food preservation.

Rapid spectroscopic method for quantifying gluten concentration as a potential biomarker to test adulteration of green banana flour

The demand for gluten-free banana flour has led manufactures to enforce strict measures for quality control. A need has arisen for the development of more sensitive and reliable methods to test the quality of green banana flour (GBF). The objective of this study was to develop rapid visible to near-infrared (Vis-NIR) based spectroscopic models to detect gluten concentration, as a biomarker to detect wheat flour adulteration in green banana flour (GBF). Spectroscopic data were acquired using a desktop (FOSS®) Vis-NIR spectroscopy ranging from 400 to 2500 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum. The spectral and reference data were submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) for the development of gluten adulteration detection models. Calibration models were constructed based on a full cross-validation approach, consisting of 51 samples for the calibration set and 21 samples for the test set. PCA scores plot discriminated gluten adulterated and unadulterated GBF samples with 100% accuracy for the first two principal components (PCs). The optimal prediction model was obtained after a combination of baseline (offset and baseline linear correlation) and standard normal variate (SNV) pre-processing technique. This model showed a 94% coefficient of determination of cross-validation (R²_cv) and prediction (R²_p); root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 3.7 mg/kg, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 3.9 mg/kg; and RPD value of 4. This work has demonstrated that Vis-NIRS method is a robust and feasible technology that may be used to ensure the safety of banana flour and that this product stays gluten-free by providing good and reliable gluten detection and quantification prediction models.

Exposure to noise augments behavioral deficits in mice: Protective effect of banana peel extract

The study is aimed to evaluate the protective impact of banana peel extract (BPE) following noise induce behavioral deficits in male mice. Animals were separated into two groups (control and test, 12 in each). Control mice were given drinking water, at the same time test group was given BPE (400 mg/kg; oral administration). Animals have received their respective treatment for 14 days. Mice were subdivided (n=6) into unstressed and stressed groups on day 15. Noise stress was given to the respective group for 4-h. Behavioral activities were monitored 24-h after the 4-h noise stress. Forced-swim-test, Elevated-plus-maze and light-dark-activity-box tests were performed for depression/anxiety-like behaviors respectively. Morris-water-maze assessment was used for memory. After behavioral tests animals were sacrificed and brain was detached for biochemical estimations and histopathological studies. In the present study, BPE produced anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and enhanced memory. Activity of antioxidant enzymes increased while levels of AChE and MDA decreased in BPE treated animals. Histopathological alterations induced by noise stress were also normalized by BPE. It is concluded that supplementation/administration of banana peel has preventive effects against anxiety, depression and memory impairment via its strong antioxidant potential following NS.

Biomimetic Synthesis of Ultrafine Mixed-Valence Metal-Organic Framework Nanowires and Their Application in Electrochemiluminescence Sensing

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) prepared via typical procedures tend to exhibit issues like poor water stability and poor conductivity, which hinder their application in electrochemical sensing. Herein, we report a strategy for the preparation of mixed-valence ultrafine one-dimensional Ce-MOF nanowires based on a micelle-assisted biomimetic route and subsequent investigation into their growth mechanism. The prepared mixed-valence Ce-MOF nanowires exhibited a typical size of ∼50 nm and were found to present good water stability and high conductivity. On this basis, we examined the introduction of these nanowires into the luminol hydrogen peroxide luminescence system and proposed a novel dual-route self-circulating electrochemiluminescence (ECL) catalytic amplification mechanism. Finally, in combination with molecular imprinting, a MOF-based ECL sensor was developed for the detection of trace amounts of imidacloprid in plant-derived foods. This sensor exhibited a linearity of 2-120 nM and a detection limit of 0.34 nM. Thus, we proposed not only a novel route to MOF downsizing but also a facile and robust methodology for the design of a MOF-based molecular imprinting ECL sensor.

Phytotoxicity of Schiekia timida Seed Extracts, a Mixture of Phenylphenalenones

Phenylphenalenones, metabolites found in Schiekia timida (Haemodoraceae), are a class of specialized metabolites with many biological activities, being phytoalexins in banana plants. In the constant search to solve the problem of glyphosate and to avoid resistance to commercial herbicides, this work aimed to investigate the phytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of S. timida seeds. The chemical composition of the seed extract was directly investigated by NMR and UPLC-QToF MS and the pre- and post-emergence phytotoxic effect on a eudicotyledonous model (Lactuca sativa) and a monocotyledonous model (Allium cepa) was evaluated through germination and seedling growth tests. Three concentrations of the extract (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/mL) were prepared, and four replicates for each of them were analyzed. Three major phenylphenalenones were identified by NMR spectroscopy: 4-hydroxy-anigorufone, methoxyanigorufone, and anigorufone, two of those reported for the first time in S. timida. The presence of seven other phenylphenalenones was suggested by the LC-MS analyses. The phenylphenalenone mixture did not affect the germination rate, but impaired radicle and hypocotyl growth on both models. The effect in the monocotyledonous model was statistically similar to glyphosate in the lowest concentration (0.25 mg/mL). Therefore, although more research on this topic is required to probe this first report, this investigation suggests for the first time that phenylphenalenone compounds may be post-emergence herbicides.

Dietary fiber, starch, and sugars in bananas at different stages of ripeness in the retail market

The goal of this work was to evaluate changes in dietary fiber measured by the traditional enzymatic-gravimetric method (AOAC 991.43) and the more recently accepted modified enzymatic-gravimetric method (AOAC 2011.25), mono- and disaccharides, and starch as a function of assessed ripeness in a controlled study of a single lot of bananas and in bananas at the same assessed stages of ripeness from bananas purchased in retail stores, from different suppliers. Sugars, starch, and dietary fiber were analyzed in bananas from a single lot, at different stages of ripeness, and in retail samples at the same assessed stages of ripeness. Mean fiber measured by the traditional enzymatic-gravimetric method (EG) was ~2 g/100g and not affected by ripeness. Mean fiber assessed with the recently modified method (mEG) was ~18 g/100g in unripe fruit and decreased to 4-5 g/100g in ripe and ~2 g/100g in overripe bananas. Slightly ripe and ripe bananas differed by ~1.1 g/100g in the controlled single-lot study but not among retail samples. There was a large increase in fructose, glucose and total sugar going from unripe to ripe with no differences between ripe and overripe. Aside from stage of ripeness, the carbohydrate composition in retail bananas is likely affected by differences in cultivar and post-harvest handling. Results from this study demonstrate the importance of measuring dietary fiber using the mEG approach, developing more comprehensive and sensitive carbohydrate analytical protocols and food composition data, and recognizing the impact of different stages of maturity and ripeness on carbohydrate intake estimated from food composition data.

Diverse Banana Pseudostems and Rachis Are Distinctive for Edible Carbohydrates and Lignocellulose Saccharification towards High Bioethanol Production under Chemical and Liquid Hot Water Pretreatments

Banana is a major fruit crop throughout the world with abundant lignocellulose in the pseudostem and rachis residues for biofuel production. In this study, we collected a total of 11 pseudostems and rachis samples that were originally derived from different genetic types and ecological locations of banana crops and then examined largely varied edible carbohydrates (soluble sugars, starch) and lignocellulose compositions. By performing chemical (H₂SO₄, NaOH) and liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatments, we also found a remarkable variation in biomass enzymatic saccharification and bioethanol production among all banana samples examined. Consequently, this study identified a desirable banana (Refen1, subgroup Pisang Awak) crop containing large amounts of edible carbohydrates and completely digestible lignocellulose, which could be combined to achieve the highest bioethanol yields of 31–38% (% dry matter), compared with previously reported ones in other bioenergy crops. Chemical analysis further indicated that the cellulose CrI and lignin G-monomer should be two major recalcitrant factors affecting biomass enzymatic saccharification in banana pseudostems and rachis. Therefore, this study not only examined rich edible carbohydrates for food in the banana pseudostems but also detected digestible lignocellulose for bioethanol production in rachis tissue, providing a strategy applicable for genetic breeding and biomass processing in banana crops.

Bagging and non-bagging treatment on the dissipation and residue of four mixed application pesticides on banana fruit

BACKGROUND

Bananas are vulnerable to disease and insect pests after producing fruit. In order to increase the yield and produce high-quality fruit, the insecticides and fungicides are mixed and applied 2-3 times on banana, then the fruit is bagged. Buprofezin, imidacloprid, difenoconazole, and pyraclostrobin are widely used on banana. However, there is a lack of research on the effect of fruit bagging on pesticide dissipation and residues on bananas.

RESULTS

A versatile liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with modified QuEChERS sample preparation has been developed for the determination of buprofezin, imidacloprid, difenoconazole, and pyraclostrobin in bananas. The recovery of four pesticides was satisfactory (74.96-98.63%) with reasonable relative standard deviation (≤ 8.78%). In Hainan and Guangzhou, the half-lives of the four pesticides were 4.68-13.9 and 5.63-20.4 days in non-bagged and bagged bananas, respectively. The significance analysis of the half-lives in the two sites showed that the dissipation rates of the three pesticides (imidacloprid, difenoconazole, pyraclostrobin) on whole bananas were significantly decreased by the effect of bagging (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the degradation of half-life of buprofezin under bagging and without bagging (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The high vapor pressure and the non-systemic property cause buprofezin to evaporate and dissipate the fastest among the four studied pesticides. The ultimate residues of four pesticides in bananas are lower than the maximum residue limits in China after three times of mixed applications under bagging or non-bagging. The results provide scientific data for evaluating the safety of four pesticides in banana bagging. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of chemical similarity among rhizome, pseudo stem and leaf of Musa basjoo by UPLC-ELSD fingerprint combined with chemo metrics methods

Rhizoma Musa (the Rhizome of Musa basjoo Sied.et Zucc.) is used as a traditional medical herb of Miao nationality in Guizhou province, in China. It has the efficacy of clearing heat and detoxifying, quenching thirst, diuresis, etc. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that it has hypoglycemic, inhibition of α-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory activity. However, when the rhizomes of Musa basjoo are dug up, the rhizomes are unable regenerate, and the pseudostem and leaf are discarded, which not only pollutes the environment, but also causes a huge waste of herb resources. In this study, a UPLC-ELSD fingerprint analysis with chemometric method was applied for the evaluation of chemical similarity among rhizome, pseudostem and leaf of Musa Basjoo. The results indicated that the combined method could efficiently analyze and compare the chemical similarity among rhizome, pseudostem, and leaf of Musa Basjoo. The proposed method provides the foundation for the resource substitution of the rhizome, pseudostem, and leaf of Musa Basjoo.

Properties of Banana (Cavendish spp.) Starch Film Incorporated with Banana Peel Extract and Its Application

The objective of this study was to develop an active banana starch film (BSF) incorporated with banana peel extract. We compared the film’s properties with commercial wrap film (polyvinyl chloride; PVC). Moreover, a comparison of the quality of minced pork wrapped during refrigerated storage (7 days at ±4 °C) was also performed. The BSF with different concentrations of banana peel extract (0, 1, 3, and 5 (%, w/v)) showed low mechanical properties (tensile strength (TS): 4.43–31.20 MPa and elongation at break (EAB): 9.66–15.63%) and water vapor permeability (3.74–11.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ g mm/sm² Pa). The BSF showed low film solubility (26–41%), but excellent barrier properties to UV light. The BSF had a thickness range of 0.030–0.047 mm, and color attributes were: L* = 49.6–51.1, a* = 0.21–0.43, b* = 1.26–1.49. The BSF incorporated with banana peel extracts 5 (%, w/v) showed the highest radical scavenging activity (97.9%) and inhibitory activity of E. coli O157: H7. The BSF showed some properties comparable to the commercial PVC wrap film. Changes in qualities of minced pork were determined for 7 days during storage at ±4 °C. It was found that thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the sample wrapped with the BSF decreased compared to that wrapped with the PVC. The successful inhibition of lipid oxidation in the minced pork was possible with the BSF. The BSF incorporated with banana peel extract could maintain the quality of minced pork in terms of oxidation retardation.

Isolation and characterization of chitosan from Ugandan edible mushrooms, Nile perch scales and banana weevils for biomedical applications

Of recent, immense attention has been given to chitosan in the biomedical field due to its valuable biochemical and physiological properties. Traditionally, the chief source of chitosan is chitin from crab and shrimp shells. Chitin is also an important component of fish scales, insects and fungal cell walls. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize chitosan from locally available material for potential use in the biomedical field. Chitosan ash and nitrogen contents ranged from 1.55 to 3.5% and 6.6 to 7.0% respectively. Molecular weight varied from 291 to 348KDa. FTIR spectra revealed high degree of similarity between locally isolated chitosan and commercial chitosan with DD ranging from 77.8 to 79.1%. XRD patterns exhibited peaks at 2θ values of 19.5° for both mushroom and banana weevil chitosan while Nile perch scales chitosan registered 3 peaks at 2θ angles of 12.3°, 20.1° and 21.3° comparable to the established commercial chitosan XRD pattern. Locally isolated chitosan exhibited antimicrobial activity at a very high concentration. Ash content, moisture content, DD, FTIR spectra and XRD patterns revealed that chitosan isolated from locally available materials has physiochemical properties comparable to conventional chitosan and therefore it can be used in the biomedical field.

Targeted disruption of pi-pi stacking in Malaysian banana lectin reduces mitogenicity while preserving antiviral activity

Lectins, carbohydrate-binding proteins, have been regarded as potential antiviral agents, as some can bind glycans on viral surface glycoproteins and inactivate their functions. However, clinical development of lectins has been stalled by the mitogenicity of many of these proteins, which is the ability to stimulate deleterious proliferation, especially of immune cells. We previously demonstrated that the mitogenic and antiviral activities of a lectin (banana lectin, BanLec) can be separated via a single amino acid mutation, histidine to threonine at position 84 (H84T), within the third Greek key. The resulting lectin, H84T BanLec, is virtually non-mitogenic but retains antiviral activity. Decreased mitogenicity was associated with disruption of pi-pi stacking between two aromatic amino acids. To examine whether we could provide further proof-of-principle of the ability to separate these two distinct lectin functions, we identified another lectin, Malaysian banana lectin (Malay BanLec), with similar structural features as BanLec, including pi-pi stacking, but with only 63% amino acid identity, and showed that it is both mitogenic and potently antiviral. We then engineered an F84T mutation expected to disrupt pi-pi stacking, analogous to H84T. As predicted, F84T Malay BanLec (F84T) was less mitogenic than wild type. However, F84T maintained strong antiviral activity and inhibited replication of HIV, Ebola, and other viruses. The F84T mutation disrupted pi-pi stacking without disrupting the overall lectin structure. These findings show that pi-pi stacking in the third Greek key is a conserved mitogenic motif in these two jacalin-related lectins BanLec and Malay BanLec, and further highlight the potential to rationally engineer antiviral lectins for therapeutic purposes.

Musa acuminata lectin exerts anti-cancer effects on HeLa and EAC cells via activation of caspase and inhibitions of Akt, Erk, and Jnk pathway expression and suppresses the neoangiogenesis in in-vivo models

In the present study aimed to purify the lectin from the sap of Musa acuminata pseudostem and elucidate the apoptotic and angiogenic molecular mechanism in both in-vitro and in-vivo model. Mannose specific lectin was purified by using mannose affinity column chromatography and analyzed by RP-HPLC, SDS-PAGE, and PAS staining method. Furthermore, the protein was identified by MALDI-MS/MS. MAL effectively agglutinates trypsinized RBCs and showed effective cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines. MAL mitigates the cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and induce apoptosis by altering the expression of apoptotic proteins/mRNA level (Bax and Bcl-2) via caspase 8/9, 3 dependent pathway in both in-vitro and in-vivo. Supporting this, in-vivo EAC tumor mice models prove the efficacy of MAL by inducing cell death and inhibiting the neovessel formation by targeting the MVD, inhibition of VEGF secretion, suppressing the expression of MMPs, HIF-1α, Flt-1, Akt, Jnk, and Erk1/2. More importantly, the MAL treatment leads to effective inhibition of tumor growth and an increase in the survivability of EAC mice. Our study summarizes that the MAL having a significant anticancer potential expressively degenerates the tumor development by inducing apoptosis and suppressing neoangiogenesis.

Antidiabetic potential and high synergistic antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised with Musa Paradisiaca tepal extract

This work investigates the Musa Paradisiaca plant and its tepal extracts. The research findings show that the tepal extracts of M. Paradisiaca contain high phytochemical activity. Hence we can conclude that these plants have a number of beneficial properties. Phytochemical analysis concludes that the plant is rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, and phytosterol. In the current work, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have revealed the antioxidant properties of M. Paradisiaca. The results show that the methanolic extracts of these tepals exhibit antioxidant potential and are also sources of natural antioxidant compounds, though comparatively, AgNPs have shown the best antioxidant activity. This work investigates the link between the ethnopharmacological statements and the bioactive constituents found in M. Paradisiaca toward all probable markers for cervical cancer via in vivo studies and molecular docking, to form a pharmacophore setting for the active target. However, most of the mechanisms of action of herbal medicines are not in total agreement, and the information collected from their traditional remedies over the years must not be neglected. Hence, it is sensible to investigate the options available in herbal medicine for cancer progression. Biosynthesised AgNPs are principally spherical and nanosized. It was also found that tepalmediated AgNPs exhibit excellent antimicrobial efficacy against tested human pathogens. This green method can be used as a better alternative source than the chemical fabrication of nanomaterials and the biosynthesised nanoparticles can be used in antibacterial medicines. The methanolictepal extract of M. Paradisiaca with AgNPs displayed proficient antidiabetic properties in the diabetes rat model and so could have a possible development for medical use in the future.

Characterization of natural cellulosic fibers from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants

The objective of this work is to explore the natural cellulosic fibers extracted from Nendran Banana Peduncle plants. This is the first time, the tests are carried out in the Nendran Banana Peduncle Fiber (NBPF) to measure the properties of the chemical, physical, mechanical, thermal (TGA/DTG), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) furnished in this work. The Weibull distribution analysis was adopted for the analysis of diameter, tensile strength and Young's modulus of the fiber. The XRD analysis for the NBPF shows that the crystallinity index of 53.3%and crystallinity size of 4.72 nm. Thermogravimetric analysis depicted that NBPF can withstand thermally up to 356 °C. FT-IR results proved the existence of different chemical compositions and their corresponding functional groups. AFM analysis revealed the surface of the fiber found as rough. From the results, it is concluded that NBPF utilized as a polymer matrix composite for manufacturing light load automotive components and construction equipment.

Potentials of Musa Species Fruits against Oxidative Stress-Induced and Diet-Linked Chronic Diseases: In Vitro and In Vivo Implications of Micronutritional Factors and Dietary Secondary Metabolite Compounds

Nutritional quality and the well-being of the body system are directly linked aspects of human survival. From the unborn foetus to adulthood, the need for sustainable access to micronutrient-rich foods is pertinent and the global consumption of banana and plantain fruits, in effect, contributes to the alleviation of the scourge of malnutrition. This review is particularly aimed at evaluating the pharmacological dimensions through the biological mechanisms of Musa fruits in the body, which represent correlations with their constituent micronutrient factors and dietary polyphenolic constituents such as minerals, vitamin members, anthocyanins, lutein, α-,β- carotenes, neoxanthins and cryptoxanthins, epi- and gallo catechins, catecholamines, 3-carboxycoumarin, β-sitosterol, monoterpenoids, with series of analytical approaches for the various identified compounds being highlighted therein. Derivative value-products from the compartments (flesh and peel) of Musa fruits are equally highlighted, bringing forth the biomedicinal and nutritional relevance, including the potentials of Musa species in dietary diversification approaches.

Leaf transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy is recorded in the intraleaf C, H and O isotope patterns of leaf organic matter

RATIONALE

Quantitatively relating ¹³ C/¹² C, ² H/¹ H and ¹⁸ O/¹⁶ O ratios of plant α-cellulose and ² H/¹ H of n-alkanes to environmental conditions and metabolic status should ideally be based on the leaf, the plant organ most sensitive to environmental change. The fact that leaf organic matter is composed of isotopically different heterotrophic and autotrophic components means that it is imperative that one be able to disentangle the relative heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions to leaf organic matter.

METHODS

We tackled this issue by two-dimensional sampling of leaf water and α-cellulose, and specific n-alkanes from greenhouse-grown immature and mature and field-grown mature banana leaves, taking advantage of their large areas and thick waxy layers. Leaf water, α-cellulose and n-alkane isotope ratios were then characterized using elemental analysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) or gas chromatography IRMS. A three-member (heterotrophy, autotrophy and photoheterotrophy) conceptual linear mixing model was then proposed for disentangling the relative contributions of the three trophic modes.

RESULTS

We discovered distinct spatial leaf water, α-cellulose and n-alkane isotope ratio patterns that varied with leaf developmental stages. We inferred from the conceptual model that, averaged over the leaf blade, only 20% of α-cellulose in banana leaf is autotrophically laid down in both greenhouse-grown and field-grown banana leaves, while approximately 60% and 100% of n-alkanes are produced autotrophically in greenhouse-grown and field-grown banana leaves, respectively. There exist distinct lateral (edge to midrib) gradients in autotrophic contributions of α-cellulose and n-alkanes.

CONCLUSIONS

Efforts to establish quantitative isotope-environment relationships should take into account the fact that the evaporative leaf water ¹⁸ O and ² H enrichment signal recorded in autotrophically laid down α-cellulose is significantly diluted by the heterotrophically formed α-cellulose. The δ² H value of field-grown mature banana leaf n-alkanes is much more sensitive than α-cellulose as a recorder of the growth environment. Quantitative isotope-environment relationship based on greenhouse-grown n-alkane δ² H values may not be reliable.

Lipidomic Changes in Banana (Musa cavendish) during Ripening and Comparison of Extraction by Folch and Bligh-Dyer Methods

Banana (Musa cavendish) is one of the most popular fruits globally and is an important foodstuff in many regions, attributed to its high nutritional value. Contrast to its high consumption volume, relatively little research has been conducted on banana lipidome. In this study, two classic lipid extraction methods, Folch and Bligh-Dyer, were compared for studying the banana lipidome in both the peel and pulp by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Lipidomic profiles were also investigated to understand the changes of lipid molecules during three ripening stages (unripe, ripe, and overripe), and differences in lipids from different origins were also compared. This study suggested that although both Folch and Bligh-Dyer methods allow lipidome investigation, the latter demonstrated advantage in rendering higher extraction efficiency for the majority of lipid molecules in banana samples, particularly in the pulp. In peel, there were differences in the trends of each lipid classes at various stages of maturity, while the majority of lipid classes in pulp reached the highest levels with reduced desaturation at ripe stage, consistent with previous studies. Moreover, the lipidomic profiles of bananas in different habitats differed significantly according to partial least-squares discriminant analysis. This study for the first time provided comprehensive atlas of lipidomic changes of Musa cavendish during maturity and in different origins. These findings will facilitate better understanding of biochemical changes in banana and offer new tools for food chemical analyses in the understanding of mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism.

Biorefinery of Biomass of Agro-Industrial Banana Waste to Obtain High-Value Biopolymers

On a worldwide scale, food demand is increasing as a consequence of global population growth. This makes companies push their food supply chains' limits with a consequent increase in generation of large amounts of untreated waste that are considered of no value to them. Biorefinery technologies offer a suitable alternative for obtaining high-value products by using unconventional raw materials, such as agro-industrial waste. Currently, most biorefineries aim to take advantage of specific residues (by either chemical, biotechnological, or physical treatments) provided by agro-industry in order to develop high-value products for either in-house use or for sale purposes. This article reviews the currently explored possibilities to apply biorefinery-known processes to banana agro-industrial waste in order to generate high-value products out of this residual biomass source. Firstly, the Central and Latin American context regarding biomass and banana residues is presented, followed by advantages of using banana residues as raw materials for the production of distinct biofuels, nanocellulose fibers, different bioplastics, and other high-value products Lastly, additional uses of banana biomass residues are presented, including energy generation and water treatment.

Comparative and Correlational Evaluation of the Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Musa sinensis L. and Musa paradisiaca L. Fruit Compartments (Musaceae)

Secondary metabolites and their biological activity have pharmacological relevance in the prevention and therapeutic management of disease, including the facilitation of normal physiological processes through biochemical mechanisms. In this study, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity were evaluated quantitatively on the acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of the flesh, and peel, as well as the boiled peel extract compartments of Musa sinensis L. and Musa paradisiaca L. fruits. Total phenol, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents were estimated and measured spectrophotometrically. The free radical scavenging antioxidant capacity of the extracts was tested on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ethanol), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay models. Correlation between phytoconstituents and antioxidant activity was analysed using Pearson's coefficient. The results showed varying amounts of phytochemicals in the solvent extracts of the flesh and peel, including the boiled peel extract of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca. All acetone extracts of M. sinensis flesh, M. paradisiaca flesh, and M. paradisiaca peel had the highest phytochemical contents, with the exception of the ethanol extract of M. sinensis peel which had the highest phenol content; just as on the overall scale, the peel compartments had generally higher phytochemical profiles than the soft flesh in both fruits. The boiled peel extracts of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca had the highest ABTS (0.03 mg/mL) and DPPH (0.03 mg/mL) activity. Ferric reducing power (FRAP) was the highest in the ethanol extracts of M. sinensis flesh and peel, and M. paradisiaca flesh, while it was the highest in the acetone extract of M. paradisiaca at the peak concentration used (0.1 mg/mL). There was a significant negative correlation between the total phenol and flavonoid contents of M. sinensis flesh with its DPPH radical scavenging activity and proanthocyanidin content of M. paradisiaca flesh with its DPPH radical scavenging activity. The correlation outcomes indicate that none of the phytochemical constituents solely affected antioxidant activity; instead, a combination of the polyphenolic constituents contributed to antioxidant activity. This study shows the therapeutic potentials of the flesh and, importantly, the peel of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca fruits on the basis of the polyphenolic constitution against free radicals and oxidative stress.

Improved Viability of Microencapsulated Probiotics in a Freeze-Dried Banana Powder During Storage and Under Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract

Freeze-dried banana powder represents an ideal source of nutrients and has not yet been used for probiotic incorporation. In this study, microencapsulation by freeze drying of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei was made using whey protein isolate (WPI), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and their combination (WPI + FOS) at ratio (1:1). Higher encapsulation yield was found for (WPI + FOS) microspheres (98%). Further, microcapsules of (WPI + FOS) were used to produce a freeze-dried banana powder which was analyzed for bacterial viability under simulated gastrointestinal fluid (SGIF), stability during storage at 4 °C and 25 °C, and chemical and sensory properties. Results revealed that (WPI + FOS) microcapsules significantly increased bacteria stability in the product over 30 days of storage at 4 °C averaging (≥ 8.57 log CFU/g) for L. acidophilus and (≥ 7.61 log CFU/g) for L. Casei as compared to free cells. Bacteria encapsulated in microspheres (WPI + FOS) were not significantly affected by the SGIF, remaining stable up to 7.05 ± 0.1 log CFU/g for L.acidophilus and 5.48 ± 0.1 log CFU/g for L.casei after 90 min of incubation at pH 2 compared to free cells which showed minimal survival. Overall, encapsulated probiotics enriched freeze-dried banana powders received good sensory scores; they can therefore serve as safe probiotics food carriers.

Enhanced thermal stability of green banana starch by heat-moisture treatment and its ability to reduce body fat accumulation and modulate gut microbiota

The physicochemical properties (including morphology, pasting, and thermal properties) of resistant starch (RS) in green banana starch were analyzed after the heat-moisture treatment in the presence of citric acid (CAHMT) at different temperatures. Moreover, this study evaluated whether the administration of CAHMT banana starch could reduce body fat accumulation and modulate gut microbiota. Our results demonstrated that the CAHMT process (90 °C) resulted in a higher retention (80.9%) and thermal stability of RS, alteration in the crystalline structure of starch from B-type to A-type, and increased solubility (27.9-fold) and gelatinization temperatures (from 66.26-78.89 °C to 81.48-92.11 °C). A reduction in swelling power (-57.7%) and a loss of pasting viscosity were also noted. Even after a 30 min boil, the retention rate of residual RS (CAHMT at 90 °C) was up to 50% (4.3-fold higher than the control). Rats fed the CAHMT banana starch resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower total visceral fat (-18.1%) and Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio as well as higher total fecal short chain fatty acids. The CAHMT process at 90 °C enhanced the thermal stability of banana RS allowing a wider range of applications in functional foods.

Antidiabetic activity of Musa x paradisiaca extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and chemical characterization by HPLC-DAD-MS

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Musa x paradisiaca L. inflorescence, known as banana blossom or banana heart, is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extracts and fractions prepared from the bracts and flowers of Musa x paradisiaca in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and to chemically characterize the extracts.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Standard aqueous extracts of the flowers, bracts, and their fractions were prepared and their chemical composition was determined tentatively by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). Changes in fasting glycemia and oral glucose tolerance were evaluated in STZ-induced diabetic rats (n = 8) treated with aqueous extracts of Musa x paradisiaca (200 mg/kg) for 20 days.

RESULTS

Chemical analyses detected 21 compounds and 17 metabolites were identified, among which were glycosylated and acetylated phenylpropanoids of p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid, as well as a glycosylated flavonol and anthocyanins. Following 15 days of treatment, the bract aqueous extracts and the methanolic fraction of the flower had significant effects on the glycemic profile after glucose load in diabetic rats as compared with the untreated diabetic group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the present study show the antidiabetic potential of extracts of the flowers and bracts of M. x paradisiaca.

Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activity of Different Plant Parts of Banana (Musa spp.)

Chikungunya and yellow fever virus cause vector-borne viral diseases in humans. There is currently no specific antiviral drug for either of these diseases. Banana plants are used in traditional medicine for treating viral diseases such as measles and chickenpox. Therefore, we tested selected banana cultivars for their antiviral but also cytotoxic properties. Different parts such as leaf, pseudostem and corm, collected separately and extracted with four different solvents (hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water), were tested for in vitro antiviral activity against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and yellow fever virus (YFV). Extracts prepared with acetone and ethanol from leaf parts of several cultivars exhibited strong (EC₅₀ around 10 μg/mL) anti-CHIKV activity. Interestingly, none of the banana plant extracts (concentration 1–100 µg/mL) were active against EV71. Activity against YFV was restricted to two cultivars: Namwa Khom–Pseudostem–Ethanol (5.9 ± 5.4), Namwa Khom–Corm–Ethanol (0.79 ± 0.1) and Fougamou–Corm–Acetone (2.5 ± 1.5). In most cases, the cytotoxic activity of the extracts was generally 5- to 10-fold lower than the antiviral activity, suggesting a reasonable therapeutic window.

Antiviral activity of native banana lectin against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) are responsible for major economic losses of livestock worldwide, making their eradication an important objective of veterinary research. Vaccines against these infectious agents are commercially available but have some limitations due to the specific features of these viral agents. The development of new antiviral drugs is therefore essential. Native banana lectin (BanLec) is a lectin isolated from banana fruit (Musa acuminata) and has a high affinity for mannose glycans found in several viral envelopes. The inhibitory properties of this lectin against several viruses has already been demonstrated. The aim of this work was therefore to test the antiviral and virucidal activities of BanLec against BVDV-1 and BoHV-1. Its antiviral activity was assessed by measuring the viral titer and viability of susceptible Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cells (MDBK) treated with BanLec before and after viral infection. The virucidal properties of BanLec were determined by preincubation of the lectin with the viruses, followed by measurement of the viral load in exposed cells. Treatment with 25 μg/mL BanLec resulted in high levels of inhibition against BVDV-1 (99.98%) and BoHV-1 (99.68%) without affecting cell viability, demonstrating promising potential as an antiviral agent.

A green biochar/iron oxide composite for methylene blue removal

Adsorbents that effectively remove dye substances from industrial effluents are needed for the protection of human health and the natural environment. However, adsorbent manufacture is associated with secondary environmental impacts. In this study, a green biochar/iron oxide composite was produced using a facile approach involving banana peel extract and FeSO₄. The modified biochar's capacity to adsorb methylene blue (MB) was considerably enhanced (Langmuir Q_max of 862 mg/g for MB when C₀ = 500 mg/L, pH = 6.1, T =313 K) compared to the unmodified banana peel biochar, and exhibited good performance for a wide range of pH values (pH 2.05-9.21). The Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second-order kinetic model accurately describe the adsorption process. The material properties and corresponding adsorption mechanisms were investigated by various experimental techniques. Enhanced MB adsorption by the biochar/iron oxide composite is attributed to increased electronic attraction to MB molecules, as evidenced by XPS analysis. High adsorption capacity was retained after 5 regeneration cycles. This study suggests that biochar can be modified by a green synthesis approach to produce biochar/iron oxide composite with good MB removal capacity.

Evaluating the presence of pesticides in bananas: An integrative review

INTRODUCTION

Pesticides are organic compounds widely used in modern agriculture, being relevant for helping plantations and increasing food production. The banana, a fruit with oriental origin, stands out for being widely produced in tropical and subtropical regions which, like other matrices, is susceptible to pest action. This review aims to evaluate the presence of pesticides in bananas according to Brazilian, European and Codex legislation.

METHODS

Four databases, ScienceDirect, SciELO, PubMed and Springer, were used to find relevant articles in the literature addressing methods for the determination of pesticide residues in bananas using the terms "banana", "chromatography", "pesticides" and "determination". The search stages included reading abstracts and titles, reading the full text, extracting data and analyzing data from eligible articles. The search was restricted to original research articles published in English from 2008 to 2018.

RESULTS

404 articles were found from the initial research, with only 15 studies being considered eligible for this review. Mass spectrometry is the most widely used detection technique. 5 articles were seen to use a multiresidue method to analyze only bananas (pulp), and from these, only 2 studies used methods to analyze the pulp and peel. The articles analyzed 172 samples, with 59.3% of these being conducted in Europe, 32.5% being conducted in Asia and only 8.1% in South America. A total of 79.1%, 32.4% and 42.6% of samples were unsatisfactory according to the Brazilian, European and Codex legislation, respectively, with these samples being contaminated with pesticide residues.

CONCLUSION

This review presents the scarcity of articles aimed at identifying pesticide residues in bananas and the urgency of checking the quality of the fruit that reaches the population. The MRLs allowed by different legislations have clear divergences that do not ensure the lowest concentration values that guarantee consumer safety.