1
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Zheng K, Ghosh S, Granick S. Exceptions to Fourier's Law at the Macroscale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320337121. [PMID: 38442154 PMCID: PMC10945759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320337121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The usual basis to analyze heat transfer within materials is the equation formulated 200 years ago, Fourier's law, which is identical mathematically to the mass diffusion equation, Fick's law. Revisiting this assumption regarding heat transport within translucent materials, performing the experiments in vacuum to avoid air convection, we compare the model predictions to infrared-based measurements with nearly mK temperature resolution. After heat pulses, we find macroscale non-Gaussian tails in the surface temperature profile. At steady state, we find macroscale anomalous hot spots when the sample is topographically rough, and this is validated by using two additional independent methods to measure surface temperature. These discrepancies from Fourier's law for translucent materials suggest that internal radiation whose mean-free-path is millimeters interacts with defects to produce small heat sources that by secondary emission afford an additional, non-local mode of heat transport. For these polymer and inorganic glass materials, this suggests unique strategies of heat management design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Zheng
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan44919, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Shankar Ghosh
- Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra400005, India
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan44919, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
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2
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Li JY, Liu F, Xu J, Kim YJ, Kwon OH, Xia B, Wang H, Granick S. The ergodicity question when imaging DNA conformation using liquid cell electron microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314797121. [PMID: 38194452 PMCID: PMC10801859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314797121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Assessing the ergodicity of graphene liquid cell electron microscope measurements, we report that loop states of circular DNA interconvert reversibly and that loop numbers follow the Boltzmann distribution expected for this molecule in bulk solution, provided that the electron dose is low (80-keV electron energy and electron dose rate 1-20 e- Å-2 s-1). This imaging technique appears to act as a "slow motion" camera that reveals equilibrated distributions by imaging the time average of a few molecules without the need to image a spatial ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ye Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing NMR Center, School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing NMR Center, School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ye-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan44919, South Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan44919, South Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan44919, South Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan44919, South Korea
| | - Bin Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing NMR Center, School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Steve Granick
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan44919, South Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan44919, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
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3
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Li Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Stone HA, Pahlavan AA, Granick S. Volatile Droplets on Water are Sculpted by Vigorous Marangoni-Driven Subphase Flow. Langmuir 2023; 39:16272-16283. [PMID: 37948043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The shapes of highly volatile oil-on-water droplets become strongly asymmetric when they are out of equilibrium. The unsaturated organic vapor atmosphere causes evaporation and leads to a strong Marangoni flow in the bath, unlike that previously seen in the literature. Inspecting these shapes experimentally on millisecond and submillimeter time and length scales and theoretically by scaling arguments, we confirm that Marangoni-driven convection in the subphase mechanically stresses the droplet edges to an extent that increases for organic droplets of smaller contact angle and accordingly smaller thickness. The viscous stress generated by the subphase overcomes the thermodynamic Laplace pressure. The oil droplets develop copious regularly spaced fingers, and these fingers develop spike-shaped and branched treelike structures. Unlike this behavior for single-component (surfactant-free) oil droplets, droplets composed of two miscible (surfactant-free) organic liquids develop a rim of the less volatile component along the droplet perimeter, from which jets of monodisperse smaller droplets eject periodically due to the Rayleigh-Plateau instability. When evaporation shrinks droplets to μm size, their shapes fluctuate chaotically, and ellipsoidal shapes rupture into smaller daughter droplets when subphase convection flow pulls them in opposite directions. The shape of the evaporating oil droplets is kneaded and sculpted by vigorous flow in the water subphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitan Li
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yuguang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Amir A Pahlavan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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4
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Huang T, Pan Q, Granick S. Seriously non-thermal thermodynamics. Nat Mater 2023; 22:1281-1282. [PMID: 37891265 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Qi Pan
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Soft and Living Matter, Ulsan, South Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Steve Granick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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5
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Sobolev YI, Dong R, Tlusty T, Eckmann JP, Granick S, Grzybowski BA. Solid-body trajectoids shaped to roll along desired pathways. Nature 2023; 620:310-315. [PMID: 37558849 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, rolling motion is typically associated with cylindrical (for example, car wheels) or spherical (for example, billiard balls) bodies tracing linear paths. However, mathematicians have, for decades, been interested in more exotically shaped solids such as the famous oloids1, sphericons2, polycons3, platonicons4 and two-circle rollers5 that roll downhill in curvilinear paths (in contrast to cylinders or spheres) yet indefinitely (in contrast to cones, Supplementary Video 1). The trajectories traced by such bodies have been studied in detail6-9, and can be useful in the context of efficient mixing10,11 and robotics, for example, in magnetically actuated, millimetre-sized sphericon-shaped robots12,13, or larger sphericon- and oloid-shaped robots translocating by shifting their centre of mass14,15. However, the rolling paths of these shapes are all sinusoid-like and their diversity ends there. Accordingly, we were intrigued whether a more general problem is solvable: given an infinite periodic trajectory, find the shape that would trace this trajectory when rolling down a slope. Here, we develop an algorithm to design such bodies-which we call 'trajectoids'-and then validate these designs experimentally by three-dimensionally printing the computed shapes and tracking their rolling paths, including those that close onto themselves such that the body's centre of mass moves intermittently uphill (Supplementary Video 2). Our study is motivated largely by fundamental curiosity, but the existence of trajectoids for most paths has unexpected implications for quantum and classical optics, as the dynamics of qubits, spins and light polarization can be exactly mapped to trajectoids and their paths16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav I Sobolev
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Jean-Pierre Eckmann
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics Section, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, South Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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6
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Wang H, Xu Z, Mao S, Granick S. Experimental Guidelines to Image Transient Single-Molecule Events Using Graphene Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy. ACS Nano 2022; 16:18526-18537. [PMID: 36256532 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In quest of the holy grail to "see" how individual molecules interact in liquid environments, single-molecule imaging methods now include liquid-phase electron microscopy, whose resolution can be nanometers in space and several frames per second in time using an ordinary electron microscope that is routinely available to many researchers. However, with the current state of the art, protocols that sound similar to those described in the literature lead to outcomes that can differ. The key challenge is to achieve sample contrast under a safe electron dose within a frame rate adequate to capture the molecular process. Here, we present such examples from different systems─synthetic polymer, lipid assembly, DNA-enzyme─in which we have done this using graphene liquid cells. We describe detailed experimental procedures and share empirical experience for conducting successful experiments, starting from fabrication of a graphene liquid cell, to identification of high-quality liquid pockets from desirable shapes and sizes, to effective searching for target sample pockets under electron microscopy, and to discrimination of sample molecules and molecular processes of interest. These experimental tips can assist others who wish to make use of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Spectroscopy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Mao
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Korea, 44919
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea 44919
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7
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Zheng K, Zhang Z, Cao B, Granick S. Biopolymer Filament Entanglement Softens Then Hardens with Shear. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:147801. [PMID: 36240408 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.147801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is unsatisfactory that regarding the problem of entangled macromolecules driven out of equilibrium, experimentally based understanding is usually inferred from the ensemble average of polydisperse samples. Here, confronting with single-molecule imaging this common but poorly understood situation, over a wide range of shear rate we use single-molecule fluorescence imaging to track alignment and stretching of entangled aqueous filamentous actin filaments in a homebuilt rheo-microscope. With increasing shear rate, tube "softening" is followed by "hardening." Physically, this means that dynamical localization first weakens from molecular alignment, then strengthens from filament stretching, even for semiflexible biopolymers shorter than their persistence length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Zheng
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Zitong Zhang
- School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyang Cao
- School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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8
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Park M, Lee K, Granick S. Response of vesicle shapes to dense inner active matter. Soft Matter 2022; 18:6419-6425. [PMID: 35979740 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00781a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We consider experimentally the Takatori-Sahu model of vesicle shape fluctuations induced by enclosed active matter, a model till present tested only in the absence of collective motion because few enclosed bacteria were used to generate the desired active motion (S. C. Takatori and A. Sahu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2020, 124, 158102). Using deformable giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and phase contrast microscopy, we extract the mode-dependence of GUV shape fluctuations when hundreds of E. coli bacteria are contained within each GUV. In the microscope focal plane, patterns of collective bacteria flow include vortex flow, dipolar flow, and chaotic motion, all of which influence the GUV shapes. The Takatori-Sahu model generalizes well to this situation if one considers the moving element to be the experimentally-determined size of the collecively-moving flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeonggon Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, South Korea.
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Kisung Lee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, South Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, South Korea.
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
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9
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Huang T, Granick S. Comment on “Following Molecular Mobility during Chemical Reactions: No Evidence for Active Propulsion” and “Molecular Diffusivity of Click Reaction Components: The Diffusion Enhancement Question”. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13431-13435. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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10
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Huang T, Li B, Wang H, Granick S. Molecules, the Ultimate Nanomotor: Linking Chemical Reaction Intermediates to their Molecular Diffusivity. ACS Nano 2021; 15:14947-14953. [PMID: 34523903 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intellectual community focused on nanomotors has recently become interested in extending these concepts to individual molecules. Here, we study a chemical reaction according to whose mechanism some intermediate species should speed up while others slow down in predictable ways, if the nanomotor hypothesis of boosted diffusion holds. Accordingly, we scrutinize the absolute diffusion coefficient (D) during intermediate steps of the catalytic cycle for the CuAAC reaction (copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click reaction), using proton pulsed field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance to discriminate between the diffusion of various reaction intermediates. We observe time-dependent diffusion that is enhanced for some intermediate molecular species and depressed for those whose size increases owing to complex formation. These findings point to the failure of the conventional Stokes-Einstein equation to fully explain diffusivity during chemical reaction. Without attempting a firm explanation, this paper highlights aspects of the physics of chemical reactions that are imperfectly understood and presents systematic data that can be used to assess hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Bo Li
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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11
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Kolygina DV, Siek M, Borkowska M, Ahumada G, Barski P, Witt D, Jee AY, Miao H, Ahumada JC, Granick S, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Grzybowski BA. Mixed-Charge Nanocarriers Allow for Selective Targeting of Mitochondria by Otherwise Nonselective Dyes. ACS Nano 2021; 15:11470-11490. [PMID: 34142807 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of molecular cargos to specific organelles is of paramount importance for developing precise and effective therapeutics and imaging probes. This work describes a disulfide-based delivery method in which mixed-charged nanoparticles traveling through the endolysosomal tract deliver noncovalently bound dye molecules selectively into mitochondria. This system comprises three elements: (1) The nanoparticles deliver their payloads by a kiss-and-go mechanism - that is, they drop off their dye cargos proximate to mitochondria but do not localize therein; (2) the dye molecules are by themselves nonspecific to any cellular structures but become so with the help of mixed-charge nanocarriers; and (3) the dye is engineered in such a way as to remain in mitochondria for a long time, up to days, allowing for observing dynamic remodeling of mitochondrial networks and long-term tracking of mitochondria even in dividing cells. The selectivity of delivery and long-lasting staining derive from the ability to engineer charge-imbalanced, mixed [+/-] on-particle monolayers and from the structural features of the cargo. Regarding the former, the balance of [+] and [-] ligands can be adjusted to limit cytotoxicity and control the number of dye molecules adsorbed onto the particles' surfaces. Regarding the latter, comparative studies with multiple dye derivatives we synthesized rationalize the importance of polar groups, long alkyl chains, and disulfide moieties in the assembly of fluorescent nanoconstructs and long-lasting staining of mitochondria. Overall, this strategy could be useful for delivering hydrophilic and/or anionic small-molecule drugs difficult to target to mitochondria by classical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Kolygina
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Marta Siek
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Magdalena Borkowska
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Piotr Barski
- ProChimia Surfaces Sp. z o.o., Al Zwycięstwa 96/98 F8, 81-451 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Dariusz Witt
- ProChimia Surfaces Sp. z o.o., Al Zwycięstwa 96/98 F8, 81-451 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Miao
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Carlos Ahumada
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristiana Kandere-Grzybowska
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abstract
Reports of boosted diffusion during chemical and enzymatic reactions have inspired a loyal community of scientists who find them so counterintuitive that they must be artifact. This second Comment on the subject by these authors is about technicalities of how to analyze data we deposited online regarding J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021 12, 2370 and Science 2020 369, 537. Now that their own data is also online, one apparent discrepancy can be resolved: we demonstrate that the authors' data agrees with ours because their first Comment on this subject reported only truncated short-time excerpts of the longer time series they deposited online (zenodo.org/record/4628353). This second Comment adds five additional objections, four of which are too technical to change the qualitative conclusion. The fifth objection errs because it omits recognizing intermediate states of the click reaction during which one reactant complexes with the catalyst to form an object of larger size. Elsewhere we analyzed in great detail the respective influences of boosted diffusion and this hydrodynamic effect (DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.14740563.v1). The factual evidence and reasoning in this Reply strongly support this laboratory's earlier conclusions regarding boosted diffusion during common chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Huang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Huan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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13
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Abstract
We evaluate critically the use of pulsed gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance to measure molecular mobility during chemical reactions. With raw NMR spectra available in a public depository, we confirm the boosted mobility during the click chemical reaction (Wang et al. Science 2020 369, 537-541) regardless of the order of magnetic field gradient (linearly increasing, linearly decreasing, random sequence). We also confirm boosted mobility for the Diels-Alder chemical reaction. The conceptual advantage of the former chemical system is that a constant reaction rate implies a constant catalyst concentration, whereas that of the latter is the absence of a paramagnetic catalyst, precluding paramagnetism as an objection to the measurements. The data and discussion in this paper show the reliability of experiments when one avoids convection, allows decay of nuclear spin magnetization between successive pulses and recovery of its intensity between gradients, and satisfies quasi-steady state during the time window to acquire each datum. Especially important is to make comparisons on the time scale of the actual chemical reaction kinetics. We discuss possible sources of mistaken conclusions that are desirable to avoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Tian Huang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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14
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Abstract
Phase separation is familiar and useful, yet opportunities to manipulate it are surprisingly subtle and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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15
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Wang H, Park M, Dong R, Kim J, Cho YK, Tlusty T, Granick S. Response to Comment on “Boosted molecular mobility during common chemical reactions”. Science 2021; 371:371/6526/eabe8678. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abe8678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Günther et al. report that their control experiment using randomized magnetic field gradient sequences disagreed with findings we had reported using linear gradients. However, we show that measurements in our laboratory are consistent using both methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Myeonggon Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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16
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Yu SM, Li B, Amblard F, Granick S, Cho YK. Adaptive architecture and mechanoresponse of epithelial cells on a torus. Biomaterials 2020; 265:120420. [PMID: 33007611 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Curvature is a geometric feature widely observed in the epithelia and critical to the performance of fundamental biological functions. Understanding curvature-related biophysical phenomena remains challenging partly owing to the difficulty of quantitatively tuning and measuring curvatures of interfacing individual cells. In this study, we prepared confluent wild-type Madin-Darby canine kidney cells on a torus structure presenting positive, zero, and negative Gaussian curvatures with a tubule diameter of 2-7 cells and quantified the mechanobiological characteristics of individual cells. Cells on the torus surface exhibited topological sensing ability both as an individual cell and collective cell organization. Both cell bodies and nuclei, adapted on the torus, exhibited local Gaussian curvature-dependent preferential orientation. The cells on the torus demonstrated significant adjustment in the nuclear area and exhibited asymmetric nuclear position depending on the local Gaussian curvature. Moreover, cells on top of the torus, where local Gaussian curvature is near zero, exhibited more sensitive morphological adaptations than the nuclei depending on the Gaussian curvature gradient. Furthermore, the spatial heterogeneity of intermediate filament proteins related to mechanoresponsive expression of the cell body and nucleus, vimentin, keratin and lamin A, revealed local Gaussian curvature as a key factor of cellular adaptation on curved surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-M Yu
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - B Li
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - F Amblard
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - S Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-K Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Abstract
Particles kicked by external forces to produce mobility distinct from thermal diffusion are an iconic feature of the active matter problem. Here, we map this onto a minimal model for experiment and theory covering the wide time and length scales of usual active matter systems. A particle diffusing in a harmonic potential generated by an optical trap is kicked by programmed forces with time correlation at random intervals following the Poisson process. The model's generic simplicity allows us to find conditions for which displacements are Gaussian (or not), how diffusion is perturbed (or not) by kicks, and quantifying heat dissipation to maintain the non-equilibrium steady state in an active bath. The model reproduces experimental results of tracer mobility in an active bath of swimming algal cells. It can be used as a stochastic dynamic simulator for Brownian objects in various active baths without mechanistic understanding, owing to the generic framework of the protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tae Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea. and Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Govind Paneru
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Department Physics, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-Do 17058, South Korea.
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea. and Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Kyu Pak
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea. and Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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18
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Wang H, Park M, Dong R, Kim J, Cho YK, Tlusty T, Granick S. Boosted molecular mobility during common chemical reactions. Science 2020; 369:537-541. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba8425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mobility of reactants and nearby solvent is more rapid than Brownian diffusion during several common chemical reactions when the energy release rate exceeds a threshold. Screening a family of 15 organic chemical reactions, we demonstrate the largest boost for catalyzed bimolecular reactions, click chemistry, ring-opening metathesis polymerization, and Sonogashira coupling. Boosted diffusion is also observed but to lesser extent for the uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reaction, but not for substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 within instrumental resolution. Diffusion coefficient increases as measured by pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, whereas in microfluidics experiments, molecules in reaction gradients migrate “uphill” in the direction of lesser diffusivity. This microscopic consumption of energy by chemical reactions transduced into mechanical motion presents a form of active matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Myeonggon Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Ruoyu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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19
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Abstract
Micromotors enjoy burgeoning interest but a limitation of their design is to require continuous supply of new fuel. The preponderance of extant micromotors depend, for their motion, on irradiation by light or exposure to acid in their environment. Here we demonstrate a motor that carries its own fuel internally, in this sense representing an analogue, in micron-sized objects, of the internal combustion engine. The fuel is DPCP (diphenylcyclopropenone) microcrystal, a solid-state chemical that after ignition by UV light requires no further irradiation to sustain a chemical reaction that emits carbon monoxide gas that can be used to propel the particle on which this chemical resides. It is loaded asymmetrically onto inexpensive microparticles to produce internally fueled propulsion with speed up to ∼20 μm/s over distances up to 15 times the capsule length in water. Once ignited, the motors maintain their direction of motion and move without need for light to follow their path. Possible strategies to extend the idea beyond the current proof of concept are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kai Lou
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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20
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Lee K, Chommanov G, Jang HS, Granick S. Apparatus to Measure Subnanometer Fluctuation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicle Membranes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:4512-4516. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kisung Lee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Gurban Chommanov
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Jang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Kuo Chen
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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22
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Abstract
Inspired by recent publications doubtful of the FCS technique, we scrutinize how irreversible ("static") and reversible ("dynamic") quenching can influence the interpretation of such data. Textbook presentations often emphasize only how to analyze data in extremes, the absence of quenching or the presence of substantial quenching. Here, we consider intermediate cases where the assessment of photophysics (static quenching, blinking-like triplet-state relaxation) influence on autocorrelation curves can be delicate if dye-labeled objects diffuse on comparably rapid time scales. We used the amino acid, tryptophan, as the quencher. As our example of small-molecule dye that diffuses rapidly, we mix the quencher with the fluorescence dye, Alexa 488. The translational diffusion coefficient, inferred from fit to the standard one-component Fickian diffusion model, speeds up without the loss of quality of fit, but quenching is reflected in the fact that the data become exceptionally noisy. This reflects the bidisperse population of quenched and unquenched dyes when the time scales overlap between the processes of translational diffusion, quenching, and blinking. As our example of the large-molecule dye-labeled object that diffuses relatively slowly, we mixed the quencher with dye-labeled BSA, bovine serum albumin. Diffusion, static quenching, and blinking time scales are now separated. In spite of quenching contribution to the autocorrelation function when the delay time is relatively short, the inferred translational diffusion coefficient now depends weakly on the presence of a quencher. We conclude that when the diffusing molecule is substantially slower to diffuse than the time scale of photophysical processes of the fluorescent dye to which it is attached, the influence of quenching is self-evident and the FCS autocorrelation curves give an appropriate diffusion coefficient if correct fitting functions are chosen in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima Nagamanasa Kandula
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | - Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea.,Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
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23
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Xie Q, Chen X, Wu T, Wang T, Cao Y, Granick S, Li Y, Jiang L. Synthetic asters as elastic and radial skeletons. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4954. [PMID: 31672981 PMCID: PMC6823511 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The radial geometry with rays radiated from a common core occurs ubiquitously in nature for its symmetry and functions. Herein, we report a class of synthetic asters with well-defined core-ray geometry that can function as elastic and radial skeletons to harbor nano- and microparticles. We fabricate the asters in a single, facile, and high-yield step that can be readily scaled up; specifically, amphiphilic gemini molecules self-assemble in water into asters with an amorphous core and divergently growing, twisted crystalline ribbons. The asters can spontaneously position microparticles in the cores, along the radial ribbons, or by the outer rims depending on particle sizes and surface chemistry. Their mechanical properties are determined on single- and multiple-aster levels. We further maneuver the synthetic asters as building blocks to form higher-order structures in virtue of aster-aster adhesion induced by ribbon intertwining. We envision the astral structures to act as rudimentary spatial organizers in nanoscience for coordinated multicomponent systems, possibly leading to emergent, synergistic functions. Nanosystems capable of organisation and the formation of structures are of interest in nanotechnology. Here, the authors report on synthetic asters made of gemini surfactant which are able to position microparticles based on size and chemical composition which can also be organised into higher order structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiao Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xixi Chen
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianli Wu
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiankuo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Department of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Department of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Departments of Chemistry and Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuchao Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, 511443, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lingxiang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Abstract
Two-dimensional sheets are a relatively neglected form of soft matter, interesting because of their capability to deform into the third dimension with little energy cost. Here, we confront colloidal sheets with an abruptly imposed potential tending to produce strings normal to the plane. Experimentally, this is implemented first by using ultrasound-induced acoustic levitation to produce planar sheets and then by abruptly imposing AC electric fields that introduce dipolar interactions. Seeking to identify the microscopic mechanisms underlying the observed collective behavior, we find that the patterns quantified from our fast confocal experimental imaging are reproduced by our Brownian dynamics simulations. We follow the evolution of these patterns, including their structure factor, from start to final steady state, and from successful parametrization we predict simulation phases not yet observed in experiment. The transient-state evolution toward final outcome includes monocrystalline hexagonal lattice, polycrystalline body-centered tetragonal lattice with grain boundaries, interconnected rings, serpentine zigzag chains, and columns vertical to the plane, and a "fat worm" serpentine pattern. To explain the counterintuitive findings presented here, we map dependence on softness of the confining potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Dong
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
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25
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Abstract
We demonstrate a method to prepare giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with biologically-active protein activity, by mixing erythrocyte (red blood cell) membrane extract with phospholipids and growing their mixture in a porous hydrogel matrix. This presents a pathway to retain protein biological activity without prior isolation and purification of the protein, though only the activity of the membrane protein GLUT1 is investigated to date. Using the cascade enzymatic reaction glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase to assay glucose concentration specifically within the GUV interior, we show that glucose is internalized by GLUT1 whereas adding cytochalasin B, a GLUT1 inhibitor, blocks glucose transport. The method presented here operates at biological ionic strength and is both simple and potentially generalizable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sook Jang
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea.
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26
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Yang S, Li B, Wu C, Xu W, Tu M, Yan Y, Huang J, Drechsler M, Granick S, Jiang L. Steering Coacervation by a Pair of Broad-Spectrum Regulators. ACS Nano 2019; 13:2420-2426. [PMID: 30703324 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coacervation is liquid-liquid phase separation ubiquitous in industrial applications and cellular biology. Inspired by cellular manipulation of coacervate droplets such as P granules, we report here a regulatory strategy to manipulate synthetic coacervation in a spatiotemporally controllable manner. Two oppositely charged small molecules are shown to phase separate into coacervate droplets in water as a result of electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic effect, and entropy. We identify a down regulator, β-cyclodextrin, to disrupt the hydrophobic effect, thus dissolving the droplets, and an up regulator, amylase, to decompose β-cyclodextrin, thus restoring the droplets. The regulation kinetics is followed in real time on a single-droplet level, revealing diffusion-limited dissolution and reaction-limited condensation, respectively, taking ∼4 s and 2-3 min. Versatility of this strategy to manipulate the coacervation is demonstrated in two aspects: spatially distributed coacervation in virtue of amylase-grafted hydrogel frameworks and coacervate transportation across membranes and hydrogel networks via a disassemble-to-pass strategy. The current regulatory pairs and strategies are anticipated to be general for a wide variety of synthetic self-assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Bo Li
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chunxian Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Zhongshan 528458 , China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Mei Tu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Yun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Laboratory for Soft-Matter Electron Microscopy , University of Bayreuth , D-95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics , UNIST , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Lingxiang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Sindoro
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringNanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Ave Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living MatterInstitute of Basic Science Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and PhysicsUNIST Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Sindoro
- School of Materials Science & EngineeringNanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Ave Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living MatterInstitute of Basic Science Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and PhysicsUNIST Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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29
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Jee AY, Yanai N, Granick S. Comparing Geometry and Chemistry When Confined Molecules Diffuse in Monodisperse Metal-Organic Framework Pores. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6399-6403. [PMID: 30362354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The monodisperse pore structure of MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) is advantageous for investigating how porosity influences diffusion. Here we report translational and rotational diffusion using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and time-correlated single-photon counting, using the three-dimensional pores of the zeolitic-like metal-organic framework family. We compare the influence of size and electric charge as well as dependence on pore size that we controlled through postsynthetic cation-exchange modifications. Charge-charge interactions with the MOF appeared to produce transient adsorption, manifested as a relatively fast and a slower diffusion process, but diffusants without net electric charge displayed a single diffusion process. Obtained from this family of guest molecules selected to be fluorescent, these findings suggest potentially useful general design rules to predict how pore size, guest size, and host-guest interaction control guest mobility within nanopores. With striking fidelity, diffusion coefficient scales with the ratio of cross-sectional areas of diffusant and host pores when charge is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University y, 744 Moto-oka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V. Tirrell
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guan
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kejia Chen
- Google, Inc., Mountain View, California 94043, USA
| | - Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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32
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Lou K, Wang B, Jee AY, Granick S, Amblard F. Deep line-temporal focusing with high axial resolution and a large field-of-view using intracavity control and incoherent pulse shaping. Opt Lett 2018; 43:4919-4922. [PMID: 30320783 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Line-temporal focusing has been recognized as an elegant strategy that provides two-photon microscopy with an effective means for fast imaging through parallelization, together with an improved resilience to scattering for deep imaging. However, the axial resolution remains sub-optimal, except when using high NA objectives and a small field-of-view. With the introduction of an intracavity control of the spectral width of the femtosecond laser to adaptively fill the back aperture of the objective lens, line-temporal focusing two-photon microscopy is demonstrated to reach near-diffraction-limited axial resolution with a large back-aperture objective lens, and improved immunity to sample scattering. In addition, a new incoherent flattop beam shaping method is proposed which provides a uniform contrast with little degradation of the axial resolution along the focus line, even deep in the sample. This is demonstrated in large volumetric imaging of mouse lung samples.
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33
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Yu SM, Oh JM, Lee J, Lee-Kwon W, Jung W, Amblard F, Granick S, Cho YK. Substrate curvature affects the shape, orientation, and polarization of renal epithelial cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 77:311-321. [PMID: 30006316 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The unique structure of kidney tubules is representative of their specialized function. Because maintaining tubular structure and controlled diameter is critical for kidney function, it is critical to understand how topographical cues, such as curvature, might alter cell morphology and biological characteristics. Here, we examined the effect of substrate curvature on the shape and phenotype of two kinds of renal epithelial cells (MDCK and HK-2) cultured on a microchannel with a broad range of principal curvature. We found that cellular architecture on curved substrates was closely related to the cell type-specific characteristics (stiffness, cell-cell adherence) of the cells and their density, as well as the sign and degree of curvature. As the curvature increased on convex channels, HK-2 cells, having lower cell stiffness and monolayer integrity than those of MDCK cells, aligned their in-plane axis perpendicular to the channel but did not significantly change in morphology. By contrast, MDCK cells showed minimal change in both morphology and alignment. However, on concave channels, both cell types were elongated and showed longitudinal directionality, although the changes in MDCK cells were more conservative. Moreover, substrate curvature contributed to cell polarization by enhancing the expression of apical and basolateral cell markers with height increase of the cells. Our study suggests curvature to be an important guiding principle for advanced tissue model developments, and that curved and geometrically ambiguous substrates can modulate the cellular morphology and phenotype. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In many tissues, such as renal tubules or intestinal villi, epithelial layers exist in naturally curved forms, a geometry that is not reproduced by flat cultures. Because maintaining tubular structure is critical for kidney function, it is important to understand how topographical cues, such as curvature, might alter cell morphology and biological characteristics. We found that cellular architecture on curved substrates was closely related to cell type and density, as well as the sign and degree of the curvature. Moreover, substrate curvature contributed to cell polarization by enhancing the expression of apical and basolateral cell markers with height increase. Our results suggested that substrate curvature might contribute to cellular architecture and enhance the polarization of kidney tubule cells.
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Wang H, Nagamanasa KH, Kim YJ, Kwon OH, Granick S. Longer-Lasting Electron-Based Microscopy of Single Molecules in Aqueous Medium. ACS Nano 2018; 12:8572-8578. [PMID: 30019893 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Use of electron-based microscopy in aqueous media has been held back because aqueous samples tend to suffer from water radiolysis and other chemical degradation caused by the high energy of incident electrons. Here we show that aqueous liquid pockets in graphene liquid cells at room temperature display significantly improved stability when using deuterated water, D2O. Reporting transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments based on common imaging conditions, we conclude that use of D2O outperforms adding radical scavengers to H2O regardless of imaging details; it increases the lifetime of dissolved organic macromolecules by a factor of 2-5, and it delays by even longer the appearance of radiolysis-induced bubbles, by a factor of time up to 10. We quantify statistically the consequences of minimizing the electron voltage and dose and conclude that the D2O environment increases sample longevity without noticeable sacrifice of contrast that is critical for direct imaging of weakly scattering organic macromolecules and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | | | - Ye-Jin Kim
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- Department of Chemistry , UNIST , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | - Oh-Hoon Kwon
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- Department of Chemistry , UNIST , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- Department of Chemistry , UNIST , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
- Department of Physics , UNIST , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea
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35
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Kumar S, Michael IJ, Park J, Granick S, Cho YK. Cloaked Exosomes: Biocompatible, Durable, and Degradable Encapsulation. Small 2018; 14:e1802052. [PMID: 30024108 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes-nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) naturally secreted from cells-have emerged as promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic vehicles, but methods to manipulate them for engineering purposes remain elusive. Among the technical obstacles are the small size and surface complexity of exosomes and the complex processing steps required, which reduce the biocompatibility of currently available methods. The encapsulation of exosomes with a nanofilm of supramolecular complexes of ferric ions (Fe3+ ) and tannic acid is demonstrated here. The resulting natural polyphenol, ≈10 nm thick, protects exosomes from external aggressors such as UV-C irradiation or heat and is controllably degraded on demand. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles can be covalently attached for single-exosome level visualization. To fully exploit their therapeutic potential, chemotherapeutic drug-loaded EVs are functionalized to achieve the targeted, selective killing of cancer cells preferentially over normal cells. This nanofilm not only preserves the native size and chemical makeup of the intrinsic exosomes, but also confers new capabilities for efficient tumor targeting and pH-controlled release of drugs. Demonstrating a scalable method to produce biocompatible, durable, on-demand degradable, and chemically controllable shields for exosome modification and functionalization, the methods introduced here are expected to bring the potential of exosome-based nanomedicine applications closer to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Issac J Michael
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Juhee Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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Striolo A, Kim J, Liz-Marzán L, Tadiello L, Pauly M, Murphy C, Roig A, Gracias D, Xia Y, Reguera J, Mueller A, Critchley K, Brust M, Scarabelli L, Mayer M, Thiele M, Buzza M, Deák A, Bago Rodriguez AM, Kuttner C, Wolf H, Kay E, Stocco A, Portehault D, Mattoussi H, Heatley K, Kumacheva E, González G, Hanske C, Tong W, Tahir MN, Abécassis B, Granick S, Duguet E, Synytska A, Velikov K. Janus and patchy nanoparticles: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2018; 191:117-139. [PMID: 27711897 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd90048h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
We amend the general belief that waves with extended spherical wavefront focus at their center of curvature. Instead, when the spherical symmetry of waves is broken by propagating them through a finite aperture along an average direction, the forward/backward symmetry is broken and the focal volume shifts its center backward along that direction. The extent of this focal shift increases as smaller apertures are used, up to the point that the nominal focal plane is out of focus. Furthermore, the loss of axial symmetry with noncircular apertures causes distinct focal shifts in distinct axial planes, and the resulting astigmatism possibly degrades the axial focusing resolution. Using experiments and simulations, focal shift with noncircular apertures is described for classical and temporal focusing. The usefulness of these conclusions to improve imaging resolution is demonstrated in a high-resolution optical microscopy application, namely line-temporal focusing microscopy. These conclusions follow from fundamental symmetries of the wave geometry and matter for an increasing number of emerging optical techniques. This work offers a general framework and strategy to understand and improve virtually any wave-based application whose efficacy depends on optimal focusing and may be helpful when information is transmitted by waves in applications from electromagnetic communications, to biological and astronomical imaging, to lithography and even warfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lou
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - François Amblard
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea;
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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Abstract
Although dynamic self-assembly, DySA, is a relatively new area of research, the past decade has brought numerous demonstrations of how various types of components - on scales from (macro)molecular to macroscopic - can be arranged into ordered structures thriving in non-equilibrium, steady states. At the same time, none of these dynamic assemblies has so far proven practically relevant, prompting questions about the field's prospects and ultimate objectives. The main thesis of this Review is that formation of dynamic assemblies cannot be an end in itself - instead, we should think more ambitiously of using such assemblies as control elements (reconfigurable catalysts, nanomachines, etc.) of larger, networked systems directing sequences of chemical reactions or assembly tasks. Such networked systems would be inspired by biology but intended to operate in environments and conditions incompatible with living matter (e.g., in organic solvents, elevated temperatures, etc.). To realize this vision, we need to start considering not only the interactions mediating dynamic self-assembly of individual components, but also how components of different types could coexist and communicate within larger, multicomponent ensembles. Along these lines, the review starts with the discussion of the conceptual foundations of self-assembly in equilibrium and non-equilibrium regimes. It discusses key examples of interactions and phenomena that can provide the basis for various DySA modalities (e.g., those driven by light, magnetic fields, flows, etc.). It then focuses on the recent examples where organization of components in steady states is coupled to other processes taking place in the system (catalysis, formation of dynamic supramolecular materials, control of chirality, etc.). With these examples of functional DySA, we then look forward and consider conditions that must be fulfilled to allow components of multiple types to coexist, function, and communicate with one another within the networked DySA systems of the future. As the closing examples show, such systems are already appearing heralding new opportunities - and, to be sure, new challenges - for DySA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The collective mobility of active matter (self-propelled objects that transduce energy into mechanical work to drive their motion, most commonly through fluids) constitutes a new frontier in science and achievable technology. This review surveys the current status of the research field, what kinds of new scientific problems can be tackled in the short term, and what long-term directions are envisioned. We focus on: (1) attempts to formulate design principles to tailor active particles; (2) attempts to design principles according to which active particles interact under circumstances where particle-particle interactions of traditional colloid science are augmented by a family of nonequilibrium effects discussed here; (3) attempts to design intended patterns of collective behavior and dynamic assembly; (4) speculative links to equilibrium thermodynamics. In each aspect, we assess achievements, limitations, and research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
There is mounting evidence that enzyme diffusivity is enhanced when the enzyme is catalytically active. Here, using superresolution microscopy [stimulated emission-depletion fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (STED-FCS)], we show that active enzymes migrate spontaneously in the direction of lower substrate concentration ("antichemotaxis") by a process analogous to the run-and-tumble foraging strategy of swimming microorganisms and our theory quantifies the mechanism. The two enzymes studied, urease and acetylcholinesterase, display two families of transit times through subdiffraction-sized focus spots, a diffusive mode and a ballistic mode, and the latter transit time is close to the inverse rate of catalytic turnover. This biochemical information-processing algorithm may be useful to design synthetic self-propelled swimmers and nanoparticles relevant to active materials. Executed by molecules lacking the decision-making circuitry of microorganisms, antichemotaxis by this run-and-tumble process offers the biological function to homogenize product concentration, which could be significant in situations when the reactant concentration varies from spot to spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Jee
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Sandipan Dutta
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Tsvi Tlusty
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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Abstract
Recent advances in microengineered cell migration platforms are discussed critically with a focus on how cell migration is influenced by engineered tumor microenvironments, the medical relevance being to understand how tumor microenvironments may promote or suppress the progression of cancer. We first introduce key findings in cancer cell migration under the influence of the physical environment, which is systematically controlled by microengineering technology, followed by multi-cues of physico-chemical factors, which represent the complexity of the tumor environment. Recognizing that cancer cells constantly communicate not only with each other but also with tumor-associated cells such as vascular, fibroblast, and immune cells, and also with non-cellular components, it follows that cell motility in tumor microenvironments, especially metastasis via the invasion of cancer cells into the extracellular matrix and other tissues, is closely related to the malignancy of cancer-related mortality. Medical relevance of forefront research realized in microfabricated devices, such as single cell sorting based on the analysis of cell migration behavior, may assist personalized theragnostics based on the cell migration phenotype. Furthermore, we urge development of theory and numerical understanding of single or collective cell migration in microengineered platforms to gain new insights in cancer metastasis and in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eujin Um
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Park JH, Lach S, Polev K, Granick S, Grzybowski BA. Metal-Organic Framework "Swimmers" with Energy-Efficient Autonomous Motility. ACS Nano 2017; 11:10914-10923. [PMID: 29068658 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Placed at a water/air interface, particles of porphyrin-based MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) cut from large-area films display efficient, multiple-use autonomous motility powered by release of solvents incorporated in the MOF matrix and directionality dictated by their shapes. The particles can be refueled multiple times and can achieve speeds of ca. 200 mm·s-1 with high kinetic energy per unit of chemical "fuel" expended (>50 μJ·g-1). Efficiency of motion depends on the nature of the fuel used as well as the microstructure and surface wettability of the MOF surface. When multiple movers are present at the interface, they organize into "open" structures that exhibit collective, time-periodic motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun H Park
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Slawomir Lach
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Konstantin Polev
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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Nagamanasa KH, Wang H, Granick S. Liquid-Cell Electron Microscopy of Adsorbed Polymers. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1703555. [PMID: 28921693 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual macromolecules of polystyrene sulfonate and poly(ethylene oxide) are visualized with nanometer resolution using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of aqueous solutions with and without added salt, trapped in liquid pockets between creased graphene sheets. Successful imaging with 0.3 s per frame is enabled by the sluggish mobility of the adsorbed molecules. This study finds, validating others, that an advantage of this graphene liquid-cell approach is apparently to retard sample degradation from incident electrons, in addition to minimizing background scattering because graphene windows are atomically thin. Its new application here to polymers devoid of metal-ion labeling allows the projected sizes and conformational fluctuations of adsorbed molecules and adsorption-desorption events to be analyzed. Confirming the identification of the observed objects, this study reports statistical analysis of datasets of hundreds of images for times up to 100 s, with variation of the chemical makeup of the polymer, the molecular weight of the polymer, and the salt concentration. This observation of discrete polymer molecules in solution environment may be useful generally, as the findings are obtained using an ordinary TEM microscope, whose kind is available to many researchers routinely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huan Wang
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
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Abstract
Janus particles are colloidal particles with more than a single type of surface chemistry or composition, ranging in size from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers. Like traditional colloids, they are large enough to be observed under optical microscopy in real time and small enough to diffuse by Brownian motion, but their interesting and useful new properties of directional interaction bring new research opportunities to the fields of soft matter and fundamental materials research as well as to applications in other disciplines and in technologies such as electronic paper and other multiphase engineering. In this review, a variety of methods that have been used to synthesize Janus particles are introduced. Following this, we summarize the use of Janus particles as basic units that assemble into novel structures and tune important material properties. The concluding sections highlight some of the technological applications, including recent progress in using Janus particles as microprobes, micromotors, electronic paper, and solid surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST , Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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Mahato P, Yanai N, Sindoro M, Granick S, Kimizuka N. Retraction of “Preorganized Chromophores Facilitate Triplet Energy Migration, Annihilation and Upconverted Singlet Energy Collection”. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8382. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Yang S, Yan Y, Huang J, Petukhov AV, Kroon-Batenburg LMJ, Drechsler M, Zhou C, Tu M, Granick S, Jiang L. Giant capsids from lattice self-assembly of cyclodextrin complexes. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28631756 PMCID: PMC5481833 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins can readily assemble into rigid, crystalline and functional structures such as viral capsids and bacterial compartments. Despite ongoing advances, it is still a fundamental challenge to design and synthesize protein-mimetic molecules to form crystalline structures. Here we report the lattice self-assembly of cyclodextrin complexes into a variety of capsid-like structures such as lamellae, helical tubes and hollow rhombic dodecahedra. The dodecahedral morphology has not hitherto been observed in self-assembly systems. The tubes can spontaneously encapsulate colloidal particles and liposomes. The dodecahedra and tubes are respectively comparable to and much larger than the largest known virus. In particular, the resemblance to protein assemblies is not limited to morphology but extends to structural rigidity and crystallinity—a well-defined, 2D rhombic lattice of molecular arrangement is strikingly universal for all the observed structures. We propose a simple design rule for the current lattice self-assembly, potentially opening doors for new protein-mimetic materials. Designing and synthesizing protein mimetic molecules to form crystalline structures can be a challenge. Here the authors show lattice self-assembly of cyclodextrin complexes into a variety of capsid like structures, such as, lamellae, helical tubes and hollow rhombic dodecahedra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yun Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Andrei V Petukhov
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nano Materials Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loes M J Kroon-Batenburg
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)-Laboratory for Soft-Matter Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Chengcheng Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Tu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lingxiang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Abstract
The key to spontaneous and directed assembly is to encode the desired assembly information to building blocks in a programmable and efficient way. In computer graphics, raster graphics encodes images on a single-pixel level, conferring fine details at the expense of large file sizes, whereas vector graphics encrypts shape information into vectors that allow small file sizes and operational transformations. Here, we adapt this raster/vector concept to a 2D colloidal system and realize 'vector assembly' by manipulating particles on a colloidal monolayer substrate with optical tweezers. In contrast to raster assembly that assigns optical tweezers to each particle, vector assembly requires a minimal number of optical tweezers that allow operations like chain elongation and shortening. This vector approach enables simple uniform particles to form a vast collection of colloidal arenes and colloidenes, the spontaneous dissociation of which is achieved with precision and stage-by-stage complexity by simply removing the optical tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shenyu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Boyce Tsang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Mei Tu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Steve Granick
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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48
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Kumar SK, Kumaraswamy G, Prasad BLV, Bandyopadhyaya R, Granick S, Gang O, Manoharan VN, Frenkel D, Kotov NA. Nanoparticle Assembly:A Perspective and some Unanswered Questions. CURR SCI INDIA 2017. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v112/i08/1635-1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Abstract
We characterize the porosity of hydrogels by imaging the displacement trajectories of embedded tracer particles. This offers the possibility of characterizing the size and projected shape of individual pores as well as direct, real-space maps of heterogeneous porosity and its distribution. The scheme shows that when fluorescent spherical particles treated to avoid specific adsorption are loaded into the gel, their displacement trajectories from Brownian motion report on the size and projected shape in which the pore resides, convoluted by the particle size. Of special interest is how pores and their distribution respond to stimuli. These ideas are validated in agarose gels loaded with latex particles stabilized by adsorbed bovine serum albumin. Gels heated from room temperature produced an increasingly more monodisperse pore size distribution because increasing temperature preferentially enlarges smaller pores, but this was irreversible upon cooling, and shearing agarose gels beyond the yield point destroyed larger pores preferably. The method is considered to be generalizable beyond the agarose system presented here as proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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50
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Yan J, Han M, Zhang J, Xu C, Luijten E, Granick S. Reconfiguring active particles by electrostatic imbalance. Nat Mater 2016; 15:1095-9. [PMID: 27400388 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Active materials represent a new class of condensed matter in which motile elements may collectively form dynamic, global structures out of equilibrium. Here, we present a general strategy to reconfigure active particles into various collective states by introducing imbalanced interactions. We demonstrate the concept with computer simulations of self-propelled colloidal spheres, and experimentally validate it in a two-dimensional (2D) system of metal-dielectric Janus colloids subjected to perpendicular a.c. electric fields. The mismatched, frequency-dependent dielectric responses of the two hemispheres of the colloids allow simultaneous control of particle motility and colloidal interactions. We realized swarms, chains, clusters and isotropic gases from the same precursor particle by changing the electric-field frequency. Large-scale polar waves, vortices and jammed domains are also observed, with the persistent time-dependent evolution of their collective structure evoking that of classical materials. This strategy of asymmetry-driven active self-organization should generalize rationally to other active 2D and three-dimensional (3D) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Ming Han
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Erik Luijten
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, and Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Steve Granick
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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