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Murayama MA, Shimizu J, Miyabe C, Yudo K, Miyabe Y. Chemokines and chemokine receptors as promising targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100869. [PMID: 36860872 PMCID: PMC9968812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that commonly causes inflammation and bone destruction in multiple joints. Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, play important roles in RA development and pathogenesis. Biological therapies targeting these cytokines have revolutionized RA therapy. However, approximately 50% of the patients are non-responders to these therapies. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to identify new therapeutic targets and therapies for patients with RA. In this review, we focus on the pathogenic roles of chemokines and their G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in RA. Inflamed tissues in RA, such as the synovium, highly express various chemokines to promote leukocyte migration, tightly controlled by chemokine ligand-receptor interactions. Because the inhibition of these signaling pathways results in inflammatory response regulation, chemokines and their receptors could be promising targets for RA therapy. The blockade of various chemokines and/or their receptors has yielded prospective results in preclinical trials using animal models of inflammatory arthritis. However, some of these strategies have failed in clinical trials. Nonetheless, some blockades showed promising results in early-phase clinical trials, suggesting that chemokine ligand-receptor interactions remain a promising therapeutic target for RA and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Department of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Miyabe
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yudo
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshishige Miyabe
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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He T, Sun S. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with COX-2 silence and TGF-β3 overexpression in rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 410:112945. [PMID: 34838812 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), especially genetically modified MSCs, have become a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through modulating immune responses. However, most MSCs used in the treatment of RA are modified based on a single gene. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of human BMSCs (hBMSCs) with COX-2 silence and TGF-β3 overexpression in the treatment of RA in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS hBMSCs were cotransfected with shCOX-2 and TGF-β3 through lentiviral vector delivery. After SPIO-Molday ION Rhodamine-B™ (MIRB) labeling, lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs, lenti-shCOX2 hBMSCs, lenti-TGF-β3 hBMSCs, hBMSCs without genetic modification, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were injected into the knee joint of rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). The diameter of the knee joint and soft-tissue swelling score (STS) were recorded, and the levels of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated by ELISA. Clinical 3.0T MR imaging (MRI) was used to track the distribution and dynamic migration of hBMSCs in the joint. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assays were conducted to localize labeled hBMSCs and assess the alteration of synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cartilage damage. RESULTS COX-2 silencing and TGF-β3 overexpression in hBMSCs were confirmed through real-time PCR and Western blot analyses. Reduced joint diameter, soft-tissue swelling (STS) score, and PGE2, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression were detected 4 weeks after injection of MIRB-labeled lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs into the joint in rabbits with AIA. Eight weeks after hBMSC injection, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, improved hyperplasia of the synovial lining, recovered cartilage damage, and increased matrix staining were observed in joints injected with lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs and lenti-shCOX2 hBMSCs. Slight synovial hyperplasia, no surface fibrillation, and strong positive expression of collagen II staining in chondrocytes and cartilage matrix were detected in the joints 12 weeks after injection of lenti-shCOX2-TGF-β3 hBMSCs. In addition, hBMSCs were detected by MRI imaging throughout the process of hBMSC treatment. CONCLUSION Intra-articular injection of hBMSCs with COX-2 silence and TGFβ3 overexpression not only significantly inhibited joint inflammation and synovium hyperplasia, but also protected articular cartilage at the early stage. In addition, intra-articular injection of hBMSCs with COX-2 silence and TGFβ3 overexpression promoted chondrocyte and matrix proliferation. This study provides an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of RA using genetically modified hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China; Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, 264400, China
| | - Shui Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China.
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Brown TT, Yuhas K, Mayer KH, Landovitz RJ, Marzinke MA, Hendrix CW, Chen YQ, Klingman KL, Chege W, Mccauley MB, Gulick RM, Wilkin TJ. Bone changes with candidate PrEP regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and/or maraviroc and/or emtricitabine in US men and women: HPTN 069/ACTG A5305. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 77:500-506. [PMID: 34791296 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been associated with decreases in bone mineral density (BMD), but the bone effects of other non-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate candidate PrEP regimens are not well described. METHODS The HPTN 069/ACTG A5305 study randomized 406 US cisgender men and transgender women, and 188 cisgender women at risk for HIV infection to one of four double-blinded regimens: (i) maraviroc; (ii) maraviroc + emtricitabine; (iii) maraviroc + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; or (iv) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + emtricitabine. BMD was measured in a subset of participants at the lumbar spine (LS) and hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at baseline and 48 weeks. Percentage change in LS and hip BMD was compared between the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate- and non-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing arms by Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and multiple linear regression adjusting for sex, race and baseline BMI. RESULTS At baseline (n = 307), the median age was 33 years, 56% male and 43% black. At the hip, the median percentage change in BMD at 48 weeks was -1.05% in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate arms and 0.0% in the non-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate arms (between group P = 0.001). No interaction by sex was observed. The median percentage change in LS BMD was not different between arms. CONCLUSIONS Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing PrEP was associated with significantly greater bone loss compared with maraviroc ± emtricitabine PrEP at the hip, but not the LS. The BMD changes at the hip were similar in magnitude in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd T Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Krista Yuhas
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Raphael J Landovitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles,, CA 90025, USA
| | - Mark A Marzinke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Craig W Hendrix
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ying Q Chen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen L Klingman
- HIV Research Branch, Therapeutics Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wairimu Chege
- Clinical Prevention Research Branch, Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roy M Gulick
- Department of Medicine, Weill, Cornell, Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy J Wilkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill, Cornell, Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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4
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Huang J, Fu X, Chen X, Li Z, Huang Y, Liang C. Promising Therapeutic Targets for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686155. [PMID: 34305919 PMCID: PMC8299711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic poly-articular chronic autoimmune joint disease that mainly damages the hands and feet, which affects 0.5% to 1.0% of the population worldwide. With the sustained development of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), significant success has been achieved for preventing and relieving disease activity in RA patients. Unfortunately, some patients still show limited response to DMARDs, which puts forward new requirements for special targets and novel therapies. Understanding the pathogenetic roles of the various molecules in RA could facilitate discovery of potential therapeutic targets and approaches. In this review, both existing and emerging targets, including the proteins, small molecular metabolites, and epigenetic regulators related to RA, are discussed, with a focus on the mechanisms that result in inflammation and the development of new drugs for blocking the various modulators in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuekun Fu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Miyabe Y, Miyabe C, Iwai Y, Luster AD. Targeting the Chemokine System in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Vasculitis. JMA J 2020; 3:182-192. [PMID: 33150252 PMCID: PMC7590389 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2020-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrest of circulating leukocytes and subsequent diapedesis is a fundamental component of inflammation. In general, the leukocyte migration cascade is tightly regulated by chemoattractants, such as chemokines. Chemokines, small secreted chemotactic cytokines, as well as their G-protein-coupled seven transmembrane spanning receptors, control the migratory patterns, positioning and cellular interactions of immune cells. Increased levels of chemokines and their receptors are found in the blood and within inflamed tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and vasculitis. Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions regulate the recruitment of leukocytes into tissue, thus contributing in important ways to the pathogenesis of RA and vasculitis. Despite the fact that blockade of chemokines and chemokine receptors in animal models have yielded promising results, human clinical trials in RA using inhibitors of chemokines and their receptors have generally failed to show clinical benefits. However, recent early phase clinical trials suggest that strategies blocking specific chemokines may have clinical benefits in RA, demonstrating that the chemokine system remains a promising therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases, such as RA and vasuculitis and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshishige Miyabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Miyabe
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iwai
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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6
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Elemam NM, Hannawi S, Maghazachi AA. Role of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:43-56. [PMID: 32211348 PMCID: PMC7074856 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s243636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases and a prototypic inflammatory disease, affecting the small joints of the hands and feet. Chemokines and chemokine receptors play a critical role in RA pathogenesis via immune cells recruitment. Several chemokines and chemokine receptors are abundant in the peripheral blood and in the local inflamed joints of RA. Furthermore, synthetic and biologics disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs have been reported to affect chemokines expression. Thus, many studies have focused on targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors, where some have shown positive promising results. However, most of the chemokine blockers in human trials of RA treatment displayed some failures that can be attributed to several reasons in their structures and binding affinities. Nevertheless, targeting chemokines will continue to be under development, in order to improve their therapeutic potentials in RA and other autoimmune diseases. In this review we provide an up-to-date knowledge regarding the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in RA with an emphasis on their activities on immune cells. We also discussed the effects of drugs targeting those molecules in RA. This knowledge might provide impetus for developing new therapeutic modalities to treat this chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- College of Medicine and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suad Hannawi
- Ministry of Health and Prevention, Department of Rheumatology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- College of Medicine and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Chemokines in rheumatic diseases: pathogenic role and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:731-746. [PMID: 31705045 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, a family of small secreted chemotactic cytokines, and their G protein-coupled seven transmembrane spanning receptors control the migratory patterns, positioning and cellular interactions of immune cells. The levels of chemokines and their receptors are increased in the blood and within inflamed tissue of patients with rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions control the recruitment of leukocytes into tissue, which are central to the pathogenesis of these rheumatic diseases. Although the blockade of various chemokines and chemokine receptors has yielded promising results in preclinical animal models of rheumatic diseases, human clinical trials have, in general, been disappointing. However, there have been glimmers of hope from several early-phase clinical trials that suggest that sufficiently blocking the relevant chemokine pathway might in fact have clinical benefits in rheumatic diseases. Hence, the chemokine system remains a promising therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases and requires further study.
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8
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Choi EW, Kim S. Relationships between Cytokine Levels and Disease Parameters during the Development of a Collagen-induced Arthritis Model in Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). Comp Med 2019; 69:228-239. [PMID: 31068244 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-18-000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis research, NHP models of collagen-induced arthritis are important because these species share many immunologic and pathologic features with humans. In addition, serum levels of various cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been studied as immune markers for disease prediction, early diagnosis, and effective therapeutic management. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in cytokine levels that occur during the development of collagen-induced arthritis in female cynomolgus macaques (n = 8) and to assess the relationships between these changes and various disease parameters. Blood samples were collected weekly before (week 0) and after (weeks 1 through 7) immunization with type II collagen; clinicopathologic and cytokine data from those samples and other clinical parameters were used in correlation analysis. Serum levels of IFN γ, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and IL6 showed significant changes after generation of collagen-induced arthritis. IFNγ levels showed a strong negative correlation with body weight (an indicator of general body condition), and CCL2 and IL6 showed moderate negative correlation with body weight. Serum IL6 levels showed moderate positive correlation with the soft tissue swelling score and strong positive correlation with serum C-reactive protein levels in our NHP model of collagen-induced arthritis. In addition, serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 3 increased significantly after inoculation with type II collagen and showed a moderate positive correlation with serum levels of C-reactive protein, IL6, and IL15. These results suggest close correlations between various cytokines and disease parameters in NHP models of rheumatoid arthritis. These cytokines therefore potentially could be used as markers for monitoring the efficacy of novel treatments in NHP models of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Wha Choi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea, and GenNBio, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Therapeutic effects of anti-CD154 antibody in cynomolgus monkeys with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2135. [PMID: 29391506 PMCID: PMC5794761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is one major chronic inflammatory systemic autoimmune disease. The CD154-CD40 interactions play a critical role in the regulation of immune responses and the maintenance of autoimmunity. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether anti-CD154 antibody treatment show positive effects on immunomodulation and clinical improvement of sustained severe rheumatoid arthritis in cynomolgus monkeys. Arthritis was induced using chicken type II collagen (CII) and arthritic monkey were divided into control and anti-CD154 treatment groups based on their concentrations of anti-CII antibodies on week 7 post-immunization. Blood and tissue samples were collected on week 16 post-immunization. Anti-CD154 antibody treatment improved arthritis and movement, and significantly decreased the numbers of proliferating B cells and the serum levels of anti-type II collagen antibody and sCD154 compared with non-treatment group. Further anti-CD154 antibody treatment significantly decreased the percentage of CD4+ cells and the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells and significantly increased the percentage of CD8+ cells and effector memory CD8+ cells in peripheral blood. We have shown for the first time in a nonhuman primate model of RA that CD154 blockade has beneficial effects. This study might be valuable as preclinical data of CD154 blockade in nonhuman primate models of severe rheumatoid arthritis.
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11
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Pharmacological opportunities to control inflammatory diseases through inhibition of the leukocyte recruitment. Pharmacol Res 2016; 112:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Bevaart L, Aalbers CJ, Vierboom MPM, Broekstra N, Kondova I, Breedveld E, Hauck B, Wright JF, Tak PP, Vervoordeldonk MJ. Safety, Biodistribution, and Efficacy of an AAV-5 Vector Encoding Human Interferon-Beta (ART-I02) Delivered via Intra-Articular Injection in Rhesus Monkeys with Collagen-Induced Arthritis. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2016; 26:103-12. [PMID: 26086763 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2015.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies to assess biodistribution, safety, and initial efficacy of ART-I02, an adeno-associated type 5 (rAAV5) vector expressing human interferon β (hIFN-β), were performed in a total of 24 rhesus monkeys with collagen-induced arthritis. All monkeys were naïve or showed limited neutralizing antibody (Nab) titers to AAV5 at the start of the study. Animals were injected with a single intra-articular dose of ART-I02 or placebo, consisting of 3.2×10(13) vg (Dose A=maximum feasible dose), 4.58×10(12) vg (Dose B), or placebo in the first affected finger joint, the ipsilateral knee, and ankle joint at the same time point. Animals were monitored for clinical parameters and well-being with a maximum of 4 weeks, with the option that the severity of arthritis could necessitate an earlier time point of sacrifice. No adverse events were noted after injection of ART-I02. No abnormalities were observed after histological evaluation of all organs. At both dose levels, immunohistochemical staining indicated expression of hIFN-β. In animals injected with Dose A, we observed stabilization or a reduction in swelling in the finger joint in which vector was administered. The highest copy numbers of vector DNA were detected in synovial tissue of the injected joint and the draining lymph node of the injected knee. High titers of Nab to rAAV5 were observed at the end of the study. Five monkeys developed an rAAV5-specific T-cell response. Two monkeys developed Nab to hIFN-β. In conclusion, intra-articular injection of ART-I02 was well-tolerated and did not induce adverse events. After administration of Dose A of ART-I02, we observed a beneficial effect on joint swelling, substantiated by decreased histological inflammation and bone erosion scores. A GMP vector for clinical application has been manufactured and is currently being tested in GLP rodent studies, with the aim to move forward to a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline J Aalbers
- 1 Arthrogen B.V., Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands .,2 Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam , 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Michel P M Vierboom
- 3 Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk 2288 GH, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivanela Kondova
- 3 Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk 2288 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Elia Breedveld
- 3 Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre , Rijswijk 2288 GH, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Hauck
- 4 Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - J Fraser Wright
- 4 Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul Peter Tak
- 1 Arthrogen B.V., Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands .,2 Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam , 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet J Vervoordeldonk
- 1 Arthrogen B.V., Amsterdam 1105 BA, The Netherlands .,2 Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam , 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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Xu Y, Chu N, Qiu X, Gober HJ, Li D, Wang L. The interconnected role of chemokines and estrogen in bone metabolism. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:433-444. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingping Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University
| | - Nan Chu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
| | - Xuemin Qiu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University
| | | | - Dajin Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University
| | - Ling Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University
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Szekanecz Z, Koch AE. Successes and failures of chemokine-pathway targeting in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 12:5-13. [PMID: 26607389 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors are involved in leukocyte recruitment and angiogenesis underlying the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Numerous chemokines, along with both conventional and atypical cell-surface chemokine receptors, are found in inflamed synovia. Preclinical studies carried out in animal models of arthritis involving agents targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors have yielded promising results. However, most human trials of treatment of RA with antibodies and synthetic compounds targeting chemokine signalling have failed to show clinical improvements. Chemokines can have overlapping actions, and their activities can be altered by chemical modification or proteolytic degradation. Effective targeting of chemokine pathways must take acount of these properties, and can also require high levels of receptor occupancy by therapeutic agents to prevent signalling. CCR1 is a promising target for chemokine-receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei Str 98, Debrecen, H-4004, Hungary
| | - Alisa E Koch
- University of Michigan Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Mellado M, Martínez-Muñoz L, Cascio G, Lucas P, Pablos JL, Rodríguez-Frade JM. T Cell Migration in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:384. [PMID: 26284069 PMCID: PMC4515597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in joints, associated with synovial hyperplasia and with bone and cartilage destruction. Although the primacy of T cell-related events early in the disease continues to be debated, there is strong evidence that autoantigen recognition by specific T cells is crucial to the pathophysiology of rheumatoid synovitis. In addition, T cells are key components of the immune cell infiltrate detected in the joints of RA patients. Initial analysis of the cytokines released into the synovial membrane showed an imbalance, with a predominance of proinflammatory mediators, indicating a deleterious effect of Th1 T cells. There is nonetheless evidence that Th17 cells also play an important role in RA. T cells migrate from the bloodstream to the synovial tissue via their interactions with the endothelial cells that line synovial postcapillary venules. At this stage, selectins, integrins, and chemokines have a central role in blood cell invasion of synovial tissue, and therefore in the intensity of the inflammatory response. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms involved in T cell attraction to the joint, the proteins involved in their extravasation from blood vessels, and the signaling pathways activated. Knowledge of these processes will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism by which the systemic immune response causes local joint disorders and will help to provide a molecular basis for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Graciela Cascio
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pilar Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
| | - José L Pablos
- Grupo de Enfermedades Inflamatorias y Autoinmunes, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital , Madrid , Spain
| | - José Miguel Rodríguez-Frade
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones , Madrid , Spain
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Bevaart L, Aalbers CC, Vierboom M, Broekstra N, Kondova I, Breedveld E, Hauck B, Wright F, Tak PP, Vervoordeldonk MJ. SAFETY, BIODISTRIBUTION, AND EFFICACY OF AN AAV-5 VECTOR ENCODING HUMAN INTERFERON-BETA (ART-I02) DELIVERED VIA INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION IN RHESUS MONKEYS WITH COLLAGEN-INDUCED ARTHRITIS. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2015. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Takebe K, Rai M, Schmidt E, Sandell L. The chemokine receptor CCR5 plays a role in post-traumatic cartilage loss in mice, but does not affect synovium and bone. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:454-61. [PMID: 25498590 PMCID: PMC4341917 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) has been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis and several inflammatory diseases, where its blockade resulted in reduced joint destruction. However, its role in modulating cartilage and bone changes in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) has not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated changes in articular cartilage, synovium and bone in a post-traumatic OA model using CCR5-deficient (CCR5(-/-)) mice. METHOD Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) was performed on the right knee of 10-week old CCR5(-/-) and C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice to induce post-traumatic OA. The contralateral left knee served as sham-operated control. Knee joints were analyzed at 4-, 8- and 12-weeks after surgery to evaluate cartilage degeneration and synovitis by histology, and bone changes via micro-CT. RESULTS Our findings showed that CCR5(-/-) mice exhibited significantly less cartilage degeneration than WT mice at 8- and 12-weeks post-surgery. CCR5(-/-) mice showed some altered bone parameters 18- and 22-weeks of age, but body size and weight were not affected. The effect of CCR5-ablation was insignificant at all time points post-surgery for synovitis and for bone parameters such as bone volume/total volume, connectivity density index (CDI), structure model index (SMI), subchondral bone plate thickness, and trabecular bone number, thickness and spacing. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CCR5(-/-) mice developed less cartilage degeneration, which may indicate a potential protective role of CCR5-ablation in cartilage homeostasis. There were no differences in bone or synovial response to surgery suggesting that CCR5 functions primarily in cartilage during the development of post-traumatic OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Takebe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - M.F. Rai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - E.J. Schmidt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - L.J. Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: L.J. Sandell, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center Washington University School of Medicine at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, 425 S. Euclid Ave. Campus Box 8233, St. Louis MO, 63110, United States. Tel: 1-314-454-7800; Fax: 1-314-454-5900
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Duan H, Yang P, Fang F, Ding S, Xiao W. CCR5 small interfering RNA ameliorated joint inflammation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:258-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cook D, Brown D, Alexander R, March R, Morgan P, Satterthwaite G, Pangalos MN. Lessons learned from the fate of AstraZeneca's drug pipeline: a five-dimensional framework. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:419-31. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liu Z, Bethunaickan R, Sahu R, Brenner M, Laragione T, Gulko PS, Davidson A. The Multiple Chemokine-Binding Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Glycoprotein G (BHV1gG) Inhibits Polymorphonuclear Cell but Not Monocyte Migration into Inflammatory Sites. Mol Med 2013. [DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ji Y, Shu M, Lin Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Hu Y, Lin Z. Combined 3D-QSAR modeling and molecular docking study on azacycles CCR5 antagonists. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rogers JL, Serafin DS, Timoshchenko RG, Tarrant TK. Cellular targeting in autoimmunity. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013; 12:495-510. [PMID: 23054625 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many biologic agents that were first approved for the treatment of malignancies are now being actively investigated and used in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjogren's syndrome. The relatively recent advance of selective immune targeting has significantly changed the management of autoimmune disorders and in part can be attributed to the progress made in understanding effector cell function and their signaling pathways. In this review, we will discuss the recent FDA-approved biologic therapies that directly target immune cells as well as the most promising investigational drugs affecting immune cell function and signaling for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rogers
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
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Vierboom M, Breedveld E, Kondova I, 't Hart BA. The significance of non-human primates as preclinical models of human arthritic disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:299-310. [PMID: 23480265 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The broad immunological gap between inbred SPF-raised strains of mice and rats and the diverse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patient population limits the predictive value of the existing disease models for clinical success of new therapies, in particular for those using highly specific biologicals. OBJECTIVE This review argues that because of their closer immunological and physiological proximity to patients, disease models in non-human primates (NHPs) may bridge this gap and help reduce the failure of many (± 80%) new therapies in clinical trials. In various research areas, NHPs are an accepted intermediate between disease models in rodents and the ultimate introduction for clinical use in patients. However, with the exception of transplantation, this is not the case for immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, such as RA, although useful preclinical models are being developed. METHOD The validity and use of the rhesus monkey model of collagen-induced arthritis as a preclinical RA model is reviewed. The discussion comprises present genetic and immunological aspects, biomarkers, and an overview of published preclinical therapy evaluations. CONCLUSION It is time to consider the use of NHPs with a greater evolutionary proximity to humans as models for preclinical evaluation of new human-specific drugs for arthritic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vierboom
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Immunobiology, PO Box 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands +31 15 284 2500 ; +31 15 284 2600 ;
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Jonker M, Wubben J, Haanstra K, Vierboom M, 't Hart B. Comparative analysis of inflammatory infiltrates in collagen-induced arthritis, kidney graft rejection and delayed-type hypersensitivity in non-human primates. Inflamm Res 2012; 62:181-94. [PMID: 23064655 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-human primates are immunologically closely related to humans providing relevant models of inflammatory disorders often used to evaluate new immunomodulating therapies. The aim of the study was to compare inflammatory infiltrates of acute graft rejection (AR) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions as the latter model may serve as a less invasive animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue samples of AR, CIA and DTH were obtained from rhesus monkeys used in several pre-clinical studies. The infiltrate composition was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The infiltrates in AR consisted of T cells, macrophages and B cells. The presence of lymphoid structures in AR suggested ongoing intragraft immune activation. The synovia of CIA contained predominantly macrophages and few T cells. The DTH infiltrates were dominated by T cells when the challenged was ovalbumin (OVA) and by macrophages when the challenge was tetanus toxoid (TT). CONCLUSIONS The histology of AR resembles aspects of DTH to OVA while that of CIA showed similarities of the DTH to TT. The DTH reaction could serve as a model to study immunomodulating drugs for acute rejection and the acute inflammatory phase of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Jonker
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, PO BOX 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pease
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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Han SW, Sa KH, Kim SI, Lee SI, Park YW, Lee SS, Yoo WH, Soe JS, Nam EJ, Lee J, Park JY, Kang YM. CCR5 gene polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for radiographic severity of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 80:416-23. [PMID: 22924548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor [C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5)] is expressed on diverse immune effecter cells and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study sought to determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CCR5 gene and their haplotypes were associated with susceptibility to and severity of RA. Three hundred fifty-seven patients with RA and 383 healthy unrelated controls were recruited. Using a pyrosequencing assay, we examined four polymorphisms -1118 CTAT(ins) (/del) (rs10577983), 303 A>G (rs1799987), 927 C>T (rs1800024), and 4838 G>T (rs1800874) of the CCR5 gene, which were distributed over the promoter region as well as the 5' and 3' untranslated regions. No significant difference in the genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of the four selected SNPs was observed between RA patients and controls. CCR5 polymorphisms of -1118 CTAT(del) (P = 0.012; corrected P = 0.048) and 303 A>G (P = 0.012; corrected P = 0.048) showed a significant association with radiographic severity in a recessive model, and, as a result of multivariate logistic regression analysis, were found to be an independent predictor of radiographic severity. When we separated the erosion score from the total Sharp score, the statistical significance of CCR5 polymorphisms showed an increase; -1118 CTAT(ins) (/del) (P = 0.007; corrected P = 0.028) and 303 A>G (P = 0.007; corrected P = 0.028). Neither SNPs nor haplotypes of the CCR5 gene showed a significant association with joint space narrowing score. These results indicate that genetic polymorphisms of CCR5 are an independent risk factor for radiographic severity denoted by modified Sharp score, particularly joint erosion in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Kitahara K, Kusunoki N, Takahashi H, Tsuchiya K, Kawai S. Tacrolimus down-regulates chemokine expressions on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts: screening by a DNA microarray. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Association analysis of the CCL3L1 copy number locus by paralogue ratio test in Norwegian rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls. Genes Immun 2012; 13:579-82. [PMID: 22785612 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping of multiallelic copy number variants (CNVs) is technically difficult and can lead to inaccurate conclusions. This is reflected by inconsistent results published for the CNV C-C chemokine ligand 3-like 1 (CCL3L1) and its contribution to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility. In order to draw robust conclusions about CCL3L1 involvement in RA, we have performed association analysis (CNVtools) using genotyping by the paralogue ratio test of a Norwegian RA case-control material (N=1877). We also analyzed the associations after stratification for anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) status. Clear clusters representing specific copy number classes were evident, but significant differential bias was observed resulting in a systematic trend toward slightly higher apparent copy number for cases relative to controls. Controlling for bias revealed no significant differences in copy number distribution either between all patients and controls, or after ACPA stratification. Our results do not support involvement of the CCL3L1 CNV in RA susceptibility.
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Allegretti M, Cesta MC, Garin A, Proudfoot AE. Current status of chemokine receptor inhibitors in development. Immunol Lett 2012; 145:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kirsch AH, Riegelbauer V, Tagwerker A, Rudnicki M, Rosenkranz AR, Eller K. The mTOR-inhibitor rapamycin mediates proteinuria in nephrotoxic serum nephritis by activating the innate immune response. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F569-75. [PMID: 22696604 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00180.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin (Rapa) is an immunosuppressant used to prevent rejection in recipients of renal transplants. Its clinical use is limited by de novo onset or exacerbation of preexisting proteinuria. In the present study, Rapa administration was started 14 days after induction of murine nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS) to study glomerular effects of this mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. Glomeruli were laser-microdissected, and real-time PCR was performed to assess effects on glomerular cells and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed to confirm mRNA data on the protein level. Compared with nephritic control animals, Rapa-treated mice developed significantly increased albuminuria. This was accompanied by a more prominent glomerular infiltration by CD4(+) T cells and macrophages. Glomerular mRNA expression profiling revealed increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β and their cognate macrophage-associated receptors CCR2 and CCR5 in the Rapa-treated animals. Furthermore, there were elevated glomerular transcription levels of the regulatory T cell phenotype transcription factor Foxp3. No differences in the glomerular expression of the podocyte marker nephrin or the endothelial cell marker CD31 were observed on the mRNA or protein level. In conclusion, our data indicate that Rapa-induced proteinuria in NTS is a result of the activation of the innate immune system rather than a direct toxicity to podocytes or glomerular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Kirsch
- Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Vierboom M, Breedveld E, 't Hart BA. New drug discovery strategies for rheumatoid arthritis: a niche for nonhuman primate models to address systemic complications in inflammatory arthritis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:315-25. [PMID: 22458503 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.666523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the tremendous advances made in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is still excess mortality observed in RA patients, which is mainly caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD). Altered lipid metabolism plays a major role in the etiology of CVD. A second common complication observed in RA patients is anemia. Both conditions are serious, reduce quality of life and are undertreated. AREAS COVERED The authors postulate that there is a specific niche for nonhuman primate models of inflammatory arthritis to address these systemic complications that occur in RA. Furthermore, the authors postulate that these nonhuman primate models are a useful platform to unveil the mechanisms underlying dyslipidemia and anemia, which are responsible for the manifestation of these complications. EXPERT OPINION The presence of currently untreated systemic complications of RA, such as dyslipidemia and anemia, provides interesting opportunities to include these in the preclinical evaluation of new therapies. In the selection of relevant models for the evaluation of new treatments for RA or the identification of new targets for therapy, we postulate that nonhuman primates should be considered as a valid preclinical model. Because of their closer immunological and physiological proximity to humans, these models in nonhuman primates can be valuable for studying disease-related aspects that cannot be addressed in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Vierboom
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Department of Immunobiology, PO BOX 3306, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Cumming JG, Tucker H, Oldfield J, Fielding C, Highton A, Faull A, Wild M, Brown D, Wells S, Shaw J. Balancing hERG affinity and absorption in the discovery of AZD5672, an orally active CCR5 antagonist for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1655-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Fleishaker DL, Garcia Meijide JA, Petrov A, Kohen MD, Wang X, Menon S, Stock TC, Mebus CA, Goodrich JM, Mayer HB, Zeiher BG. Maraviroc, a chemokine receptor-5 antagonist, fails to demonstrate efficacy in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R11. [PMID: 22251436 PMCID: PMC3392799 DOI: 10.1186/ar3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine whether maraviroc, a human CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist, is safe and effective in the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in patients on background methotrexate (MTX). METHODS This phase IIa study comprised two distinct components: an open-label safety study of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of MTX in the presence of maraviroc, and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept (POC) component. In the PK component, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive maraviroc 150 or 300 mg twice daily (BID) for four weeks. In the POC component, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive maraviroc 300 mg BID or placebo for 12 weeks. Patients were not eligible for inclusion in both components. RESULTS Sixteen patients were treated in the safety/PK component. Maraviroc was well tolerated and there was no evidence of drug-drug interaction with MTX. One hundred ten patients were treated in the POC component. The study was terminated after the planned interim futility analysis due to lack of efficacy, at which time 59 patients (38 maraviroc; 21 placebo) had completed their week 12 visit. There was no significant difference in the number of ACR20 responders between the maraviroc (23.7%) and placebo (23.8%) groups (treatment difference -0.13%; 90% CI -20.45, 17.70; P = 0.504). The most common all-causality treatment-emergent adverse events in the maraviroc group were constipation (7.8%), nausea (5.2%), and fatigue (3.9%). CONCLUSIONS Maraviroc was generally well tolerated over 12 weeks; however, selective antagonism of CCR5 with maraviroc 300 mg BID failed to improve signs and symptoms in patients with active RA on background MTX. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00427934.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona L Fleishaker
- Pfizer Inc, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, St, Louis, MO, 63017, and Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340 USA.
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Koelink PJ, Overbeek SA, Braber S, de Kruijf P, Folkerts G, Smit MJ, Kraneveld AD. Targeting chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory diseases: an extensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:1-18. [PMID: 21839114 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The traffic of the different types of immune cells is an important aspect in the immune response. Chemokines are soluble peptides that are able to attract cells by interaction with chemokine receptors on their target cells. Several different chemokines and receptors exist enabling the specific trafficking of different immune cells. In chronic inflammatory disorders there is abundance of immune cells present at the inflammatory site. This review focuses on the role of chemokine receptors in chronic inflammatory disorders of the lungs, intestine, joints, skin and nervous system and the potential of targeting these receptors as therapeutic intervention in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim J Koelink
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Why CCR2 and CCR5 blockade failed and why CCR1 blockade might still be effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21772. [PMID: 21747955 PMCID: PMC3128605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to provide more insight into the question as to why blockade of CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 may have failed in clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, using an in vitro monocyte migration system model. Methodology/Principal Findings Monocytes from healthy donors (HD; n = 8) or from RA patients (for CCR2 and CCR5 antibody n = 8; for CCR1 blockade n = 13) were isolated from peripheral blood and pre-incubated with different concentrations of either anti-CCR1, anti-CCR2, or anti-CCR5 blocking antibodies (or medium or isotype controls). In addition, a small molecule CCR1 antagonist (BX471) was tested. Chemotaxis was induced by CCL2/MCP-1 (CCR2 ligand), CCL5/RANTES (CCR1 and CCR5 ligand), or by a mix of 5 RA synovial fluids (SFs), and cellular responses compared to chemotaxis in the presence of medium alone. Anti-CCR2 antibody treatment blocked CCL2/MCP-1-induced chemotaxis of both HD and RA monocytes compared to isotype control. Similarly, anti-CCR5 antibody treatment blocked CCL5/RANTES-induced chemotaxis of RA monocytes. While neither CCR2 nor CCR5 blocking antibodies were able to inhibit SF-induced monocyte chemotaxis, even when both receptors were blocked simultaneously, both anti-CCR1 antibodies and the CCR1 antagonist were able to inhibit SF-induced monocyte chemotaxis. Conclusions/Significance The RA synovial compartment contains several ligands for CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 as well as other chemokines and receptors involved in monocyte recruitment to the site of inflammation. The results suggest that CCR2 and CCR5 are not critical for the migration of monocytes towards the synovial compartment in RA. In contrast, blockade of CCR1 may be effective. Conceivably, CCR1 blockade failed in clinical trials, not because CCR1 is not a good target, but because very high levels of receptor occupancy at all times may be needed to inhibit monocyte migration in vivo.
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Kraneveld AD, Braber S, Overbeek S, de Kruijf P, Koelink P, Smit MJ. Chemokine Receptors in Inflammatory Diseases. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xue CB, Chen L, Cao G, Zhang K, Wang A, Meloni D, Glenn J, Anand R, Xia M, Kong L, Huang T, Feng H, Zheng C, Li M, Galya L, Zhou J, Shin N, Baribaud F, Solomon K, Scherle P, Zhao B, Diamond S, Emm T, Keller D, Contel N, Yeleswaram S, Vaddi K, Hollis G, Newton R, Friedman S, Metcalf B. Discovery of INCB9471, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable CCR5 Antagonist with Potent Anti-HIV-1 Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:483-7. [PMID: 24900235 DOI: 10.1021/ml1001536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify a CCR5 antagonist as an HIV-1 entry inhibitor, we designed a novel series of indane derivatives based on conformational considerations. Modification on the indane ring led to the discovery of compound 22a (INCB9471) that exhibited high affinity for CCR5, potent anti-HIV-1 activity, high receptor selectivity, excellent oral bioavailability, and a tolerated safety profile. INCB9471 has entered human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Biao Xue
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Lihua Chen
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Ganfeng Cao
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Ke Zhang
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Anlai Wang
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - David Meloni
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Joseph Glenn
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Rajan Anand
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Michael Xia
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Ling Kong
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Taisheng Huang
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Hao Feng
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Changsheng Zheng
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Mei Li
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Laurine Galya
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Jiacheng Zhou
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Niu Shin
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Fredric Baribaud
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Kim Solomon
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Peggy Scherle
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Bitao Zhao
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Tom Emm
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Douglas Keller
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Nancy Contel
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Kris Vaddi
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Gregory Hollis
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Robert Newton
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Steven Friedman
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Brian Metcalf
- Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station E336, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
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Abstract
Based on increasing knowledge on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), more and more potential therapeutics have been developed. To evaluate their therapeutic efficacy, safety and toxicity, appropriate animal models are required. Although rodent models of RA have been extensively used for preclinical evaluation, the differences between rodents and humans limit their usability for some species-specific therapeutics. Therefore, autoimmune arthritis developed in a non-human primate with essential hallmarks of RA will be an alternative model for preclinical studies.
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Vierboom MPM, Breedveld E, Kondova I, 't Hart BA. Collagen-induced arthritis in common marmosets: a new nonhuman primate model for chronic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R200. [PMID: 20977720 PMCID: PMC2991037 DOI: 10.1186/ar3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an ever-increasing need for animal models to evaluate efficacy and safety of new therapeutics in the field of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Particularly for the early preclinical evaluation of human-specific biologicals targeting the progressive phase of the disease, there is a need for relevant animal models. In response to this requirement we set out to develop a model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in a small-sized nonhuman primate species (300 to 400 g at adult age); that is, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). METHODS Twenty-two animals divided into three experiments were immunized with collagen type II (CII) of either bovine or chicken origin with different immunization strategies. The animals were analyzed for clinical manifestation of arthritis, hematology and clinical chemistry, immunological responses against CII and histopathological features of the arthritis. RESULTS Clinically manifest arthritis was observed in almost 100% (21 out of 22) of the animals. Fifty percent of the animals developed semi-acute CIA while the other 50% displayed a more chronic disease. Both cellular (CD3/CD4 and CD3/CD8) and humoral responses (IgM and IgG) against CII were involved in the development of the disease. Besides mild histopathological changes in bone and cartilage, severe inflammation in extraarticular tissues like periosteum and subcutaneous tissues was observed. CONCLUSIONS This new model in marmosets more closely resembles chronic RA with respect to the chronic disease course and pathomorphological presentation than the more acute monophasic and destructive CIA model in macaques. This model can therefore fill a niche in preclinical testing of new human specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel P M Vierboom
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Cytokines and chemokines in neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:268436. [PMID: 20617145 PMCID: PMC2896663 DOI: 10.1155/2010/268436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric syndromes of systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a life-threatening disorder and early diagnosis and proper treatment are critical in the management of this neuropsychiatric manifestations in lupus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG), neuropsychological tests, and lumbar puncture are clinical used for the diagnosis of NPSLE. In addition to these tests, cytokine and chemokine levels in CSF have been reported as useful diagnostic marker of NPSLE. Based on the number of recently published studies, this review overviewed the roles of cytokines and chemokines in NPSLE.
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Zhao Q. Dual targeting of CCR2 and CCR5: therapeutic potential for immunologic and cardiovascular diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:41-55. [PMID: 20360402 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1009671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A cardinal feature of inflammation is the tissue recruitment of leukocytes, a process that is mediated predominantly by chemokines via their receptors on migrating cells. CCR2 and CCR5, two CC chemokine receptors, are important players in the trafficking of monocytes/macrophages and in the functions of other cell types relevant to disease pathogenesis. This review provides a brief overview of the biological actions of CCR2 and CCR5 and a comprehensive summary of published data that demonstrate the involvement of both receptors in the pathogenesis of immunologic diseases (RA, CD, and transplant rejection) and cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis and AIH). In light of the potential for functional redundancy of chemokine receptors in mediating leukocyte trafficking and the consequent concern over insufficient efficacy offered by pharmacologically inhibiting one receptor, this review presents evidence supporting dual targeting of CCR2 and CCR5 as a more efficacious strategy than targeting either receptor alone. It also examines potential safety issues associated with such dual targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Zhao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Andrade I, Taddei SRA, Garlet GP, Garlet TP, Teixeira AL, Silva TA, Teixeira MM. CCR5 down-regulates osteoclast function in orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 2009; 88:1037-41. [PMID: 19828893 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509346230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During orthodontic tooth movement, there is local production of chemokines and an influx of leukocytes into the periodontium. CCL5 plays an important role in osteoclast recruitment and activation. This study aimed to investigate whether the CCR5-receptor influences these events and, consequently, orthodontic tooth movement. An orthodontic appliance was placed in wild-type mice (WT) and CCR5-deficient mice (CCR5(-/-)). The expression of mediators involved in bone remodeling was evaluated in periodontal tissues by Real-time PCR. The number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts and the expression of cathepsin K, RANKL, and MMP13 were significantly higher in CCR5(-/-). Meanwhile, the expression of two osteoblastic differentiation markers, RUNX2 and osteocalcin, and that of bone resorption regulators, IL-10 and OPG, were lower in CCR5(-/-). Analysis of the data also showed that CCR5(-/-) exhibited a greater amount of tooth movement after 7 days of mechanical loading. The results suggested that CCR5 might be a down-regulator of alveolar bone resorption during orthodontic movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Andrade
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar 500, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Vergunst CE, van de Sande MGH, Lebre MC, Tak PP. The role of chemokines in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 34:415-25. [PMID: 16393761 DOI: 10.1080/03009740500439159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The directed movement of immune cells is highly dependent on the chemokine network. Chemokines are key molecules early in the embryogenesis of lymph nodes and throughout adult life, where they regulate immune responses against pathogens. Although immune cells are best known for expressing chemokine receptors, through which they can respond to matching chemokines, endothelial cells also express chemokine receptors. The directed movement of endothelial cells facilitates angiogenesis. In chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chemokines are abundantly present at the site of inflammation and form a group of potential therapeutic targets. Some agents that block chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction are already under clinical investigation. The expression of chemokine receptors has also been found in cell types other than immune cells and endothelial cells. Chondrocytes, for instance, express several chemokine receptors. Elucidating their function may provide new insights into joint degradation in RA as well as in other conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Vergunst
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Rossol M, Pierer M, Arnold S, Keysser G, Burkhardt H, Baerwald C, Wagner U. Negative association of the chemokine receptor CCR5 d32 polymorphism with systemic inflammatory response, extra-articular symptoms and joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R91. [PMID: 19538721 PMCID: PMC2714147 DOI: 10.1186/ar2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chemokines and their receptors control immune cell migration during infections as well as in autoimmune responses. A 32 bp deletion in the gene of the chemokine receptor CCR5 confers protection against HIV infection, but has also been reported to decrease susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The influence of this deletion variant on the clinical course of this autoimmune disease was investigated. Methods Genotyping for CCR5d32 was performed by PCR and subsequent electrophoretic fragment length determination. For the clinical analysis, the following extra-articular manifestations of RA were documented by the rheumatologist following the patient: presence of rheumatoid nodules, major organ vasculitis, pulmonary fibrosis, serositis or a Raynaud's syndrome. All documented CRP levels were analyzed retrospectively, and the last available hand and feet radiographs were analyzed with regards to the presence or absence of erosive disease. Results Analysis of the CCR5 polymorphism in 503 RA patients and in 459 age-matched healthy controls revealed a significantly decreased disease susceptibility for carriers of the CCR5d32 deletion (Odds ratio 0.67, P = 0.0437). Within the RA patient cohort, CCR5d32 was significantly less frequent in patients with extra-articular manifestations compared with those with limited, articular disease (13.2% versus 22.8%, P = 0.0374). In addition, the deletion was associated with significantly lower average CRP levels over time (median 8.85 vs. median 14.1, P = 0.0041) and had a protective effect against the development of erosive disease (OR = 0.40, P = 0.0047). Intriguingly, homozygosity for the RA associated DNASE2 -1066 G allele had an additive effect on the disease susceptibility conferred by the wt allele of CCR5 (OR = 2.24, P = 0.0051 for carrier of both RA associated alleles) Conclusions The presence of CCR5d32 significantly influenced disease susceptibility to and clinical course of RA in a German study population. The protective effect of this deletion, which has been described to lead to a decreased receptor expression in heterozygous patients, underlines the importance of chemokines in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rossol
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Dhami H, Fritz CE, Gankin B, Pak SH, Yi W, Seya MJ, Raffa RB, Nagar S. The chemokine system and CCR5 antagonists: potential in HIV treatment and other novel therapies. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009; 34:147-60. [PMID: 19250135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the recognition of human acquired immune deficiency syndrome, numerous classes of pharmacologic therapeutics have been developed to manage the disease. Current therapy includes co-administration of combinations of drugs classified by their mechanism of action as 'transcriptase inhibitors', 'protease inhibitors', 'integrase inhibitors' and the more recent 'fusion inhibitors'. This review focuses on the chemokine system and the recognition of chemokine receptors as targets for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy. The FDA-approved chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc (Selzentry) is discussed in detail, along with another compound vicriviroc, currently in clinical trials. The mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and current status of research on CCR5 antagonists is described. Further, potential therapeutic uses of these agents other than anti-HIV therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dhami
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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The role of chemokines in controlling granulomatous inflammation in Schistosoma mansoni infection. Acta Trop 2008; 108:135-8. [PMID: 18514159 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of low-molecular-weight cytokines that were initially described for their chemoattractant activity. It is now clear chemokines have several other activities that modulate immune processes. Chemokines appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. The role of chemokines and their receptors in mediating granulomatous inflammation induced by Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens presented in particulate manner have been studied in detail. Much less is known of the role of chemokines in mediating inflammation during the course of S. mansoni infection. Our studies in mice suggest a relevant role for the chemokine CCL3 and the receptor CCR5 in the pathogenesis of experimental S. mansoni infection. Absence of CCL3 is associated with decrease in granuloma size, fibrosis and parasite load. In humans, levels of CCL3 in plasma associate with disease severity and may be useful for diagnostic purposes. In contrast, absence of CCR5 is associated with enhanced lethality, granuloma size and fibrosis. It is suggested that the balance of chemokine production and chemokine receptor activation are important determinants of the fate of infection in experimental animals and humans.
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Dahl ME, Berson A, Lora J, Fuentes M. A Novel CCR5-Specific Pharmacodynamic Assay in Whole Blood Using Phosphoflow Cytometry Highlights Different Ligand-Dependent Responses but Similar Properties of Antagonists in CD8+ and CD4+ T Lymphocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:926-33. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.142695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Souza ALS, Sousa-Pereira SR, Teixeira MM, Lambertucci JR, Teixeira AL. The role of chemokines in Schistosoma mansoni infection: insights from human disease and murine models. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 101 Suppl 1:333-8. [PMID: 17308793 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of low-molecular-weight cytokines that were initially described for their chemoattractant activity. It is now clear chemokines have several other activities that modulate immune processes. More than 50 chemokines ligands and at least 19 receptors have been described to date. Depending on the number of N-terminal cysteine residues, chemokines are grouped in the subfamilies CXC, CC, C or CX3C. A growing body of evidence suggests a role for chemokines in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. Our studies involving mice and humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni suggest an important role of the chemokine CCL3 and its receptors (CCR1 and CCR5) in the pathogenesis of severe schistosomiasis. We suggest that the differential activation of CCR1 or CCR5 during the course of schistosomiasis may dictate the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano L S Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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Kohem CL, Brenol JCT, Xavier RM, Bredemeier M, Brenol CV, Dedavid e Silva TL, de Castilhos Mello A, Cañedo AD, Neves AG, Chies JAB. The chemokine receptor CCR5 genetic polymorphism and expression in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2007; 36:359-64. [PMID: 17963165 DOI: 10.1080/03009740701393999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the genetic polymorphism of the chemokine receptor CCR5 (the Delta32 allelic variant) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compare the findings with healthy controls. To compare the CCR5 phenotypic expression in T cells and monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid in a subgroup of RA patients. METHODS CCR5 genes of 92 RA patients and 160 healthy controls were genotyped using specific primers flanking the region of deletion. The ethnic distribution was similar between the groups. Flow cytometric analysis was used for immunophenotyping the T cells and monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of eight RA patients. The isolated cells were triple stained with CD4 or CD8, CD25 and CCR5 monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS There was no difference in the CCR5Delta32 genotypic frequency between the RA patients and the control group (0.055 and 0.063, respectively, p = 0.989). No homozygote for the CCR5Delta32 allele was seen in either group. Five heterozygotes were identified in the RA patient group, whose disease was shown to be aggressive. A significant enrichment of activated CCR5+ monocytes was seen in the synovial fluid of the RA patients subjected to arthrocentesis, who were all homozygotes for the CCR5 wild-type genotype. CONCLUSION A protective role for the CCR5 allelic variant in RA development was not observed. Disease severity in the heterozygotes suggests that other proinflammatory mechanisms might overcome this mutation in vivo. The activated CCR5+ monocyte enrichment in the rheumatoid synovial fluid might indicate that this cell population has an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Kohem
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Chang JM, Cheng CM, Hung LM, Chung YS, Wu RY. Potential Use of Plectranthus amboinicus in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2007; 7:115-20. [PMID: 18955284 PMCID: PMC2816374 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plectranthus amboinicus (P. amboinicus) is a folk herb that is used to treat inflammatory diseases or swelling symptoms in Taiwan. We investigated therapeutic efficacy of P. amboinicus in treating Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) using collagen-induced arthritis animal model. Arthritis was induced in Lewis rats by immunization with bovine type II collagen. Serum anti-collagen IgG, IgM and C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed. To understand the inflammation condition of treated animals, production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β from peritoneal exudates cells (PEC) were also analyzed. P. amboinicus significantly inhibited the footpad swelling and arthritic symptoms in collagen-induced arthritic rats, while the serum anti-collagen IgM and CRP levels were consistently decreased. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were also decreased in the high dosage of P. amboinicus group. Here, we demonstrate the potential anti-arthritic effect of P. amboinicus for treating RA, which might confer its anti-rheumatic activity. This differs the pharmacological action mode of indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Chang
- Chinese Herbal Medicine Program, Division of Research and Development, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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