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Altarifi AA, Younis BA, Nuseir KQ, Al-Mousa AA, Qaoud AK, Alsalem MI, Neubert JK. Preclinical comparison of antinociceptive effects between ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and acetaminophen on acid-stimulated body stretching and acid-depressed feeding behaviors in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:567-574. [PMID: 36256732 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a major problem that burdens the health and economy of societies worldwide. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are over-the-counter medications that are widely indicated for mild to moderate pain conditions. Clinically, the selection of a medication among this class is mainly based according to both patient's and doctor's previous experiences. Herein, we studied differences in therapeutic efficacies among the most commonly prescribed NSAIDs and acetaminophen in inflammatory pain rat model. Body stretching and food consumption behaviors were assessed after intraperitoneal administration of lactic acid. Initially, different concentrations of lactic acid were evaluated in adult male rats in both behavioral models. Acid concentrations of 1.8 and 3.2% were selected to assess the effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and acetaminophen in body stretching and feeding behaviors, respectively. In the feeding study, food restriction for 1-24 h prior to feeding studies was assessed at first, and 24 h was selected for further tests. Acetaminophen (100 mg/kg), diclofenac (10 mg/kg), ibuprofen (10-32 mg/kg), and naproxen (3.2-10 mg/kg) significantly decreased acid-stimulated body stretching. Likewise, acetaminophen (100 mg/kg), diclofenac (10 mg/kg), and ibuprofen (32 mg/kg) increased food consumption significantly after 3.2% lactic acid. There were no significant differences between different test drugs efficacies in both stretching and feeding behaviors. In conclusion, feeding behavior provides a good appraisal for pain and analgesic drugs in preclinical studies. There were comparable efficacies between all tested medications in both lactic acid-stimulated body stretching and -depressed feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Altarifi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Bassel A Younis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Khawla Q Nuseir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Arwa A Al-Mousa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Ahmad K Qaoud
- Department of Anesthesia and Recovery, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid
| | - Mohammad I Alsalem
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - John K Neubert
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Pereira-Silva R, Costa-Pereira JT, Alonso R, Serrão P, Martins I, Neto FL. Attenuation of the Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls in Chronic Joint Inflammatory Pain Is Accompanied by Anxiodepressive-Like Behaviors and Impairment of the Descending Noradrenergic Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2973. [PMID: 32340137 PMCID: PMC7215719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenergic system is paramount for controlling pain and emotions. We aimed at understanding the descending noradrenergic modulatory mechanisms in joint inflammatory pain and its correlation with the diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) and with the onset of anxiodepressive behaviours. In the complete Freund's adjuvant rat model of Monoarthritis, nociceptive behaviors, DNICs, and anxiodepressive-like behaviors were evaluated. Spinal alpha2-adrenergic receptors (a2-AR), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and noradrenaline were quantified concomitantly with a2-AR pharmacologic studies. The phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) were quantified in the Locus coeruleus (LC), amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). DNIC was attenuated at 42 days of monoarthritis while present on days 7 and 28. On day 42, in contrast to day 28, noradrenaline was reduced and DBH labelling was increased. Moreover, spinal a2-AR were potentiated and no changes in a2-AR levels were observed. Additionally, at 42 days, the activation of ERKs1/2 was increased in the LC, ACC, and basolateral amygdala. This was accompanied by anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, while at 28 days, only anxiety-like behaviors were observed. The data suggest DNIC is attenuated in prolonged chronic joint inflammatory pain, and this is accompanied by impairment of the descending noradrenergic modulation and anxiodepressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pereira-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S). Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.-S.); (J.T.C.-P.); (R.A.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto. Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina–Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Tiago Costa-Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S). Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.-S.); (J.T.C.-P.); (R.A.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto. Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina–Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Alonso
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S). Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.-S.); (J.T.C.-P.); (R.A.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto. Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina–Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Serrão
- Departamento de Biomedicina–Unidade de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- MedInUP–Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Martins
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S). Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.-S.); (J.T.C.-P.); (R.A.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto. Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina–Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fani L. Neto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto (I3S). Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (R.P.-S.); (J.T.C.-P.); (R.A.); (I.M.)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto. Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina–Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto. Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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González-Cano R, Montilla-García Á, Ruiz-Cantero MC, Bravo-Caparrós I, Tejada MÁ, Nieto FR, Cobos EJ. The search for translational pain outcomes to refine analgesic development: Where did we come from and where are we going? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:238-261. [PMID: 32147529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain measures traditionally used in rodents record mere reflexes evoked by sensory stimuli; the results thus may not fully reflect the human pain phenotype. Alterations in physical and emotional functioning, pain-depressed behaviors and facial pain expressions were recently proposed as additional pain outcomes to provide a more accurate measure of clinical pain in rodents, and hence to potentially enhance analgesic drug development. We aimed to review how preclinical pain assessment has evolved since the development of the tail flick test in 1941, with a particular focus on a critical analysis of some nonstandard pain outcomes, and a consideration of how sex differences may affect the performance of these pain surrogates. We tracked original research articles in Medline for the following periods: 1973-1977, 1983-1987, 1993-1997, 2003-2007, and 2014-2018. We identified 606 research articles about alternative surrogate pain measures, 473 of which were published between 2014 and 2018. This indicates that preclinical pain assessment is moving toward the use of these measures, which may soon become standard procedures in preclinical pain laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Montilla-García
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Ruiz-Cantero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Bravo-Caparrós
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Á Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Francisco R Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Animal models have provided a growing body of information about the pathophysiology of headaches and novel therapeutic targets. In recent years, experiments in awake animals have gained attention as more relevant headache models. Pain can be assessed in animals using behavioral alterations, which includes sensory-discriminative, affective-emotional and cognitive aspects. Spontaneous behavioral alterations such as increased grooming, freezing, eye blinking, wet dog shake and head shake and decreased locomotion, rearing, food or water consumption observed during pain episodes are oftentimes easy to translate into clinical outcomes, but are giving little information about the localization and modality of the pain. Evoked pain response such as tactile and thermal hypersensitivity measures are less translatable but gives more insight into mechanisms of action. Mechanical allodynia is usually assessed with von Frey monofilaments and dynamic aesthesiometer, and thermal allodynia can be evaluated with acetone evaporation test and Hargreaves’ test in animal models. Anxiety and depression are the most frequent comorbid diseases in headache disorders. Anxiety-like behaviors are evaluated with the open-field, elevated plus-maze or light/dark box tests. Interpretation of the latter test is challenging in migraine models, as presence of photophobia or photosensitivity can also be measured in light/dark boxes. Depressive behavior is assessed with the forced-swim or tail suspension tests. The majority of headache patients complain of cognitive symptoms and migraine is associated with poor cognitive performance in clinic-based studies. Cluster headache and tension type headache patients also exhibit a reversible cognitive dysfunction during the headache attacks. However, only a limited number of animal studies have investigated cognitive aspects of headache disorders, which remains a relatively unexplored aspect of these pathologies. Thus, the headache field has an excellent and growing selection of model systems that are likely to yield exciting advances in the future.
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Liu Y, Duan C, Chen H, Wang C, Liu X, Qiu M, Tang H, Zhang F, Zhou X, Yang J. Inhibition of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX in macrophages by leonurine ameliorates monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 351:1-11. [PMID: 29763636 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)-derived eicosanoids play an essential role in human inflammatory disorders. Here, we investigated whether inhibition of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX in macrophages by leonurine ameliorates monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation. Virtual screening assay and in vitro enzyme inhibition assay showed that leonurine was a potential inhibitor of COX-2, mPGES-1 and 5-LOX. Compared with COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, leonurine (30 mg/kg) significantly decreased ankle perimeter, gait score and neutrophil number in synovial fluid in MSU crystal-treated rats, accompanied with the decreased expression of COX-2, mPGES-1 and 5-LOX and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in the synovial fluid macrophages. In addition, leonurine decreased representative M1 marker (iNOS and CD86) expression, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and M1 cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) production. In the in vitro cultured RAW264.7 and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), blockade of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX by leonurine inhibited macrophage M1 polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to MSU crystals, and thus down-regulated IL-1β and TNF-α with STAT1 and NF-κB inactivation. Conversely, these effects were partially abolished by overexpression of COX-2, mPGES-1, 5-LOX or STAT1. Furthermore, leonurine prevented a positive feedback loop between COX-2/mPGES-1/5-LOX and IL-1β/TNF-α in MSU crystal-induced inflammation. Together, simultaneous down-regulation of COX-2/mPGES-1 and 5-LOX by leonurine ameliorates MSU crystal-induced inflammation through decreasing IL-1β and TNF-α production. Our study may provide novel multi-target agents toward the arachidonic acid (AA) network for gouty arthritis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chenfan Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chenlong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, South-central University For Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Miao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Honglin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Lim MA, Louie B, Ford D, Heath K, Cha P, Betts-Lacroix J, Lum PY, Robertson TL, Schaevitz L. Development of the Digital Arthritis Index, a Novel Metric to Measure Disease Parameters in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:818. [PMID: 29184498 PMCID: PMC5694443 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a broad spectrum of anti-arthritic drugs currently on the market, there is a constant demand to develop improved therapeutic agents. Efficient compound screening and rapid evaluation of treatment efficacy in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can accelerate the development of clinical candidates. Compound screening by evaluation of disease phenotypes in animal models facilitates preclinical research by enhancing understanding of human pathophysiology; however, there is still a continuous need to improve methods for evaluating disease. Current clinical assessment methods are challenged by the subjective nature of scoring-based methods, time-consuming longitudinal experiments, and the requirement for better functional readouts with relevance to human disease. To address these needs, we developed a low-touch, digital platform for phenotyping preclinical rodent models of disease. As a proof-of-concept, we utilized the rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of RA and developed the Digital Arthritis Index (DAI), an objective and automated behavioral metric that does not require human-animal interaction during the measurement and calculation of disease parameters. The DAI detected the development of arthritis similar to standard in vivo methods, including ankle joint measurements and arthritis scores, as well as demonstrated a positive correlation to ankle joint histopathology. The DAI also determined responses to multiple standard-of-care (SOC) treatments and nine repurposed compounds predicted by the SMarTRTM Engine to have varying degrees of impact on RA. The disease profiles generated by the DAI complemented those generated by standard methods. The DAI is a highly reproducible and automated approach that can be used in-conjunction with standard methods for detecting RA disease progression and conducting phenotypic drug screens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenton Louie
- Capella Biosciences Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Pek Yee Lum
- Capella Biosciences Inc., Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Deuis JR, Dvorakova LS, Vetter I. Methods Used to Evaluate Pain Behaviors in Rodents. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:284. [PMID: 28932184 PMCID: PMC5592204 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents are commonly used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain as studies in humans may be difficult to perform and ethically limited. As pain cannot be directly measured in rodents, many methods that quantify “pain-like” behaviors or nociception have been developed. These behavioral methods can be divided into stimulus-evoked or non-stimulus evoked (spontaneous) nociception, based on whether or not application of an external stimulus is used to elicit a withdrawal response. Stimulus-evoked methods, which include manual and electronic von Frey, Randall-Selitto and the Hargreaves test, were the first to be developed and continue to be in widespread use. However, concerns over the clinical translatability of stimulus-evoked nociception in recent years has led to the development and increasing implementation of non-stimulus evoked methods, such as grimace scales, burrowing, weight bearing and gait analysis. This review article provides an overview, as well as discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used behavioral methods of stimulus-evoked and non-stimulus-evoked nociception used in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Deuis
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lucie S Dvorakova
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- IMB Centre for Pain Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandSt. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Aissouni Y, El Guerrab A, Hamieh AM, Ferrier J, Chalus M, Lemaire D, Grégoire S, Etienne M, Eschalier A, Ardid D, Lingueglia E, Marchand F. Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a in the amygdala is involved in pain and anxiety-related behaviours associated with arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43617. [PMID: 28321113 PMCID: PMC5340794 DOI: 10.1038/srep43617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is associated with anxiety and depression episodes. The amygdala plays a key role in the relationship between emotional responses and chronic pain. Here, we investigated the role of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels 1a within the basolateral amygdala (BLA), in pain and associated anxiety in a rat model of monoarthritis (MoAr). Administration within the BLA of PcTx1 or mambalgin-1, two specific inhibitors of ASIC1a-containing channels significantly inhibited pain and anxiety-related behaviours in MoAr rats. The effect of PcTx1 was correlated with a reduction of c-Fos expression in the BLA. We examined the expression profile of ASICs and other genes in the amygdala in MoAr and sham animals, and found no variation of the expression of ASIC1a, which was confirmed at the protein level. However, an increase in the BLA of MoAr rats of both PI3Kinase mRNA and the phosphorylated form of Akt, along with Bdnf mRNA, suggest that the BDNF/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway might regulate ASIC1a in BLA neurons as demonstrated in spinal sensitisation phenomenon. We also observed changes in several kinase mRNAs expression (PICK1, Sgk1) that are potentially involved in ASIC1a regulation. These results show a crucial role of ASIC1a channels in the BLA in pain and anxiety-related behaviours during arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Aissouni
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Abderrahim El Guerrab
- Centre Jean Perrin, ERTICA EA4677 Université d'Auvergne F-63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Al Mahdy Hamieh
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Ferrier
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maryse Chalus
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Diane Lemaire
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Grégoire
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Etienne
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Ardid
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Lingueglia
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, Valbonne, France.,LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Valbonne, France
| | - Fabien Marchand
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Tanimoto A, Shinozaki Y, Nozawa K, Kimoto Y, Amano W, Matsuo A, Yamaguchi T, Matsushita M. Improvement of spontaneous locomotor activity with JAK inhibition by JTE-052 in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:339. [PMID: 26546348 PMCID: PMC4636776 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to joint destruction, disability, and decreased quality of life (QOL). Inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) signaling ameliorates articular inflammation and joint destruction in animal models of RA, but its effects on behaviors indicating well-being are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of JAK inhibition on spontaneous locomotor activity in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis, a rodent model of RA. METHODS Arthritis was induced in male Lewis rats by a single subcutaneous injection of Freund's complete adjuvant. The novel JAK inhibitor JTE-052 was orally administered for 7 days after the onset of arthritis. RESULTS Induction of arthritis suppressed the spontaneous locomotor activity of the rats. Administration of JTE-052 completely improved the spontaneous locomotor activity, with partial reductions in articular inflammation and joint destruction. Hyperalgesia and motor functions were also improved, but the efficacy was not complete. However, serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels were completely decreased at 4 h after administration of the first dose of JTE-052. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that JAK inhibition improved the spontaneous locomotor activity of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis, in association with amelioration of pain and physical dysfunction as a consequence of suppression of joint inflammation. Moreover, although further studies are needed, there was possible participation of IL-6 downregulation in the improvement of locomotor activity by JAK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Tanimoto
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Shinozaki
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Nozawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Yukari Kimoto
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Wataru Amano
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Akira Matsuo
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Yamaguchi
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
| | - Mutsuyoshi Matsushita
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
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Khairnar A, Marchand F, Vidal A, Etienne M, Miladi I, Auzeloux P, Cachin F, Eschalier A, Chezal JM, Ardid D, Miot-Noirault E. 99mTc-NTP 15-5 Imaging for Cartilage Involvement in Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison with Routinely Used Molecular Imaging Methods and Sensitivity to Chronic Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Treatment. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:798-804. [PMID: 25840975 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.151415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study determined, using the intraarticular complete Freund adjuvant arthritis mice model, whether the radiotracer (99m)Tc-N-(triethylammonium)-3-propyl-[15]ane-N5 ((99m)Tc-NTP 15-5) targeting proteoglycans has a pathophysiologic validity for in vivo imaging of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its response to chronic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. METHODS We investigated the time course of cartilage remodeling by (99m)Tc-NTP 15-5 scintigraphy, bone damages by (99m)Tc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate imaging, inflammation by (18)F-FDG PET, and joint proteoglycan content and pain behavior in animals, without and with meloxicam treatment. Paw circumference, thermal pain behavior, and histology as well as proteoglycan content of the whole joint were determined. RESULTS (99m)Tc-NTP 15-5 showed specific tracer accumulation within RA joints, with a significant increase in scintigraphic ratio observed in RA versus shams from day 3 to day 28. (18)F-FDG evidenced uptake in RA joints from day 15 to day 29. Animals treated with meloxicam (5 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in both (99m)Tc-NTP 15-5 and (18)F-FDG uptake ratios versus saline-treated animals. (99m)Tc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate bone scans were only positive at day 14 in RA versus shams, with a significant effect of meloxicam. An increase in proteoglycans of RA joint and thermal pain behavior were observed and were dose-dependently reduced by meloxicam. CONCLUSION These experimental results bring data in favor of the (99m)Tc-NTP 15-5 radiotracer for assessing, in vivo, cartilage remodeling in RA that could be used to monitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khairnar
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM, U 990, Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and
| | - Fabien Marchand
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and
| | - Aurélien Vidal
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM, U 990, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Monique Etienne
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and
| | - Imen Miladi
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM, U 990, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Auzeloux
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM, U 990, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Cachin
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM, U 990, Clermont-Ferrand, France CLCC Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and
| | - Jean-Michel Chezal
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM, U 990, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Ardid
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM U1107 NEURO-DOL, Clermont-Ferrand, France; and
| | - Elisabeth Miot-Noirault
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France INSERM, U 990, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Assessment of thermal sensitivity in rats using the thermal place preference test: description and application in the study of oxaliplatin-induced acute thermal hypersensitivity and inflammatory pain models. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25:99-111. [PMID: 24525711 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermal sensitivity is an essential characteristic of some painful states, including oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. The thermal place preference test (TPPT) was designed to finely assess thermal sensitivity in rodents. The TPPT monitors the time spent by unrestrained rodents on a test plate at fixed temperatures (5-50°C) compared with an adjacent reference plate at a neutral temperature (25°C). Here, we report the results of a study designed (i) to validate the optimal methodological parameters for measuring thermal sensitivity in rats, (ii) to assess the thermal sensitivity of healthy rats and animal models of pain and (iii) to explore the pharmacological effects of analgesic drugs. The most reproducible conditions occurred when the TPPT was performed in the morning and in the dark for 3 min with the reference plate set to 25°C. The temperature preferences of healthy rats were more than 17°C and less than 40°C. When compared with control animals, oxaliplatin-treated rats showed thermal hypersensitivity at 12, 20 and 35°C, and carrageenan-treated rats showed thermal hypersensitivity at 15 and 45°C. Duloxetine (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) reversed oxaliplatin-induced cold hypersensitivity (20°C) and morphine (1 mg/kg, intravenous) reversed carrageenan-induced heat hypersensitivity (45°C). We conclude that the TPPT enables a fine-grained assessment of thermal sensitivity that is relevant to the pathophysiological exploration of animal pain models and to the pharmacological assessment of analgesic drugs.
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12
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13
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Patel TP, Gullotti DM, Hernandez P, O'Brien WT, Capehart BP, Morrison B, Bass C, Eberwine JE, Abel T, Meaney DF. An open-source toolbox for automated phenotyping of mice in behavioral tasks. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:349. [PMID: 25339878 PMCID: PMC4189437 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Classifying behavior patterns in mouse models of neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders is critical for understanding disease causality and treatment. However, complete characterization of behavior is time-intensive, prone to subjective scoring, and often requires specialized equipment. Although several reports describe automated home-cage monitoring and individual task scoring methods, we report the first open source, comprehensive toolbox for automating the scoring of several common behavior tasks used by the neuroscience community. We show this new toolbox is robust and achieves equal or better consistency when compared to manual scoring methods. We use this toolbox to study the alterations in behavior that occur following blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), and study if these behavior patterns are altered following genetic deletion of the transcription factor Ets-like kinase 1 (Elk-1). Due to the role of Elk-1 in neuronal survival and proposed role in synaptic plasticity, we hypothesized that Elk-1 deletion would improve some neurobehavioral deficits, while impairing others, following blast exposure. In Elk-1 knockout (KO) animals, deficits in open field, spatial object recognition (SOR) and elevated zero maze performance after blast exposure disappeared, while new significant deficits appeared in spatial and associative memory. These are the first data suggesting a molecular mediator of anxiety deficits following bTBI, and represent the utility of the broad screening tool we developed. More broadly, we envision this open-source toolbox will provide a more consistent and rapid analysis of behavior across many neurological diseases, promoting the rapid discovery of novel pathways mediating disease progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan P Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Gullotti
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pepe Hernandez
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Timothy O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce P Capehart
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barclay Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Cameron Bass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - James E Eberwine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David F Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Alvarez P, Hernández A, Constandil L, Infante C, Pelissier T. Stage-dependent C-reflex, pain-like behavior and opioid analgesia during the induction of chronic arthritis in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3264-72. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alvarez
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM); Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Independencia 1027, PO Box 70000 Santiago 7 Santiago Chile
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Laboratory of Neurobiology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Chemistry and Biology; University of Santiago of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Luis Constandil
- Laboratory of Neurobiology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Chemistry and Biology; University of Santiago of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Claudio Infante
- Program of Physiopathology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM); Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Teresa Pelissier
- Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM); Faculty of Medicine; University of Chile; Independencia 1027, PO Box 70000 Santiago 7 Santiago Chile
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15
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Grégoire S, Wattiez AS, Etienne M, Marchand F, Ardid D. Monoarthritis-induced emotional and cognitive impairments in rats are sensitive to low systemic doses or intra-amygdala injections of morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 735:1-9. [PMID: 24747193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a multidimensional experience that not only includes changes in nociception but also impairments in emotional and cognitive functions, not often taken into account in preclinical research. The present study investigated emotional and cognitive impairments in an animal model of persistent inflammatory pain as well as the involvement of the basolateral complex (BLC) of the amygdala in these components. Monoarthritis was induced by intra-articular injection of complete Freund׳s adjuvant. Mechanical hypersensitivity, anxiety and depressive-like behaviours as well as cognitive capacities were assessed using several tests, such as von Frey, social interaction, open field, saccharin preference, spatial and social recognition memory tests. The effects of morphine administered systemically or into the BLC of the amygdala were also studied. Monoarthritic rats exhibited mechanical hypersensitivity, anxiety and depressive-like behaviours as well as cognitive impairments. Whereas low systemic doses and intra-BLC infusion of morphine failed to reduce mechanical hypersensitivity, they reversed monoarthritis-induced anxiety-like behaviours and cognitive impairments. Our findings further support a crucial role of amygdala in the effect of morphine on emotional/cognitive components of pain and not on mechanical hypersensitivity. Finally, our study highlights the interest of a multi-behavioural approach in the assessment of pain and the analgesic effect of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Grégoire
- Clermont Université, Université d׳Auvergne, NEURO-DOL, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont-Ferrand Inserm, U1107, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Wattiez
- Clermont Université, Université d׳Auvergne, NEURO-DOL, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont-Ferrand Inserm, U1107, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Monique Etienne
- Clermont Université, Université d׳Auvergne, NEURO-DOL, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont-Ferrand Inserm, U1107, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Fabien Marchand
- Clermont Université, Université d׳Auvergne, NEURO-DOL, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont-Ferrand Inserm, U1107, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Denis Ardid
- Clermont Université, Université d׳Auvergne, NEURO-DOL, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont-Ferrand Inserm, U1107, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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16
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Cobos EJ, Portillo-Salido E. "Bedside-to-Bench" Behavioral Outcomes in Animal Models of Pain: Beyond the Evaluation of Reflexes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:560-91. [PMID: 24396334 PMCID: PMC3849784 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the myriad promising new targets and candidate analgesics recently identified in preclinical pain studies, little translation to novel pain medications has been generated. The pain phenotype in humans involves complex behavioral alterations, including changes in daily living activities and psychological disturbances. These behavioral changes are not reflected by the outcome measures traditionally used in rodents for preclinical pain testing, which are based on reflexes evoked by sensory stimuli of different types (mechanical, thermal or chemical). These measures do not evaluate the impact of the pain experience on the global behavior or disability of the animals, and therefore only consider a limited aspect of the pain phenotype. The development of relevant new outcomes indicative of pain to increase the validity of animal models of pain has been increasingly pursued over the past few years. The aim has been to translate “bedside-to-bench” outcomes from the human pain phenotype to rodents, in order to complement traditional pain outcomes by providing a closer and more realistic measure of clinical pain in rodents. This review summarizes and discusses the most important nonstandard outcomes for pain assessment in preclinical studies. The advantages and drawbacks of these techniques are considered, and their potential impact on the validation of potential analgesics is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid 11, 18012 Granada
| | - Enrique Portillo-Salido
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, Esteve, Avenida Mare de Déu de Montserrat 221, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Cortright DN, Matson DJ, Broom DC. New frontiers in assessing pain and analgesia in laboratory animals. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:1099-108. [PMID: 23506182 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.9.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translating promising analgesic compounds into reliable pain therapeutics in humans is made particularly challenging by the difficulty in measuring the pain quantitatively. This problem is manifest not only in clinical settings in which patient pain assessments involve mostly subjective measures but also in preclinical settings wherein laboratory animals, most commonly rodents, are typically evaluated in stimulus-evoked response tests. OBJECTIVE Given the limitations of traditional pain tests, we sought out new approaches to measure pain, and analgesia, in laboratory animals. METHODS We reviewed the peer reviewed literature to identify pain tests that could be utilized in preclinical settings to understand the effects of new and established analgesics. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS The tests identified include weight bearing differential, suppression of feeding, reduction in locomotor activity, gait analysis, conditioning models and functional MRI. Although the pharmacology of known and new analgesics has not been broadly established in these models, they hold the promise of better predictive utility for the discovery of pain relievers.
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18
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The application of conditioning paradigms in the measurement of pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 716:158-68. [PMID: 23500202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a private experience that involves both sensory and emotional components. Animal studies of pain can only be inferred by their responses, and therefore the measurement of reflexive responses dominates the pain literature for nearly a century. It has been argued that although reflexive responses are important to unveil the sensory nature of pain in organisms, pain affect is equally important but largely ignored in pain studies primarily due to the lack of validated animal models. One strategy to begin to understand pain affect is to use conditioning principles to indirectly reveal the affective condition of pain. This review critically analyzed several procedures that are thought to measure affective learning of pain. The procedures regarding the current knowledge, the applications, and their advantages and disadvantages in pain research are discussed. It is proposed that these procedures should be combined with traditional reflex-based pain measurements in future studies of pain, which could greatly benefit both the understanding of neural underpinnings of pain and preclinical assessment of novel analgesics.
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19
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Garcia JD, Gofeld M, Illian PR, Loeser JD, Kliot M, McClintic AM, Ward A, Yao A, Mourad PD. Intense focused ultrasound as a potential research tool for the quantification of diurnal inflammatory pain. ULTRASONICS 2013; 53:84-9. [PMID: 22564395 PMCID: PMC3510000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying pain through assay of a human's or animal's response to a known stimulus as a function of time of day is a critical means of advancing chronotherapeutic pain management. Current methods for quantifying pain, even in the context of etiologies involving deep tissue, generally involve stimulation by quantifiable means of either cutaneous (heat-lamp tests, electrical stimuli) or both cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue (von Frey hairs, tourniquets, etc.) or study of proxies for pain (such as stress, via assay of cortisol levels). In this study, we evaluate the usefulness of intense focused ultrasound (iFU), already shown to generate sensations and other biological effects deep to the skin, as a means of quantifying deep diurnal pain using a standard animal model of inflammation. Beginning 5 days after injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant into the plantar surface of the rat's right hind paw to induce inflammation, the rats were divided into two groups, the light-phase test group (09:00-18:00h) and the dark-phase test group (23:00-06:00h), both of which underwent iFU application deep to the skin. We used two classes of iFU protocol, motivated by the extant literature. One consisted of a single pulse (SP) lasting 0.375s. The other, a multiple pulse (MP) protocol, consisted of multiple iFU pulses each of length 0.075s spaced 0.075s apart. We found the night group's threshold for reliable paw withdrawal to be significantly higher than that of the day group as assayed by each iFU protocol. These results are consistent with the observation that the response to mechanical stimuli by humans and rodents display diurnal variations, as well as the ability of iFU to generate sensations via mechanical stimulation. Since iFU can provide a consistent method to quantify pain from deep, inflamed tissue, it may represent a useful adjunct to those studying diurnal pain associated with deep tissue as well as chronotherapeutics targeting that pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Gofeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington
| | - P. Ray Illian
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington
| | - John D. Loeser
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Michel Kliot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington
| | | | - Alice Ward
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington
| | - Anning Yao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington
| | - Pierre D. Mourad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington
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20
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Frommholz D, Illges H. Maximal locomotor depression follows maximal ankle swelling during the progression of arthritis in K/BxN mice. Rheumatol Int 2012; 32:3999-4003. [PMID: 22210276 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that arthritis depresses locomotion in humans as well as in animal disease models. The K/BxN mouse model resembles rheumatoid arthritis and is widely used for research. Here, we investigate the behavioral alterations of arthritic K/BxN mice during arthritis development with respect to horizontal locomotion. Locomotor activity measurements and the methodology of ankle thickness measurements are compared to demonstrate the feasibility of motion tracking in the K/BxN mouse model. Arthritic K/BxN mice show significantly decreased locomotion compared to their non-arthritis K/BxN littermates. We found an indirect correlation of ankle thickness and locomotor activity. However, both parameters are only partially interdependent resulting in temporal displacement of maximal ankle swelling and maximal depression of locomotion by 1 week. Assessing the impaired movement as a behavioral test appears to be a valuable multifactorial parameter for the evaluation of arthritis in the K/BxN mouse model and provides additional information on disease progression and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Frommholz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Immunology and Cell Biology, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
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21
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Cardoso-Cruz H, Sameshima K, Lima D, Galhardo V. Dynamics of Circadian Thalamocortical Flow of Information during a Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Condition. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:43. [PMID: 22007162 PMCID: PMC3188809 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the thalamocortical loop plays a crucial role in the encoding of sensory–discriminative features of painful stimuli. However, only a few studies have addressed the changes in thalamocortical dynamics that may occur after the onset of chronic pain. Our goal was to evaluate how the induction of chronic neuropathic pain affected the flow of information within the thalamocortical loop throughout the brain states of the sleep–wake cycle. To address this issue we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) – both before and after the establishment of neuropathic pain in awake freely moving adult rats chronically implanted with arrays of multielectrodes in the lateral thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex. Our results show that the neuropathic injury induced changes in the number of wake and slow-wave-sleep (SWS) state episodes, and especially in the total number of transitions between brain states. Moreover, partial directed coherence – analysis revealed that the amount of information flow between cortex and thalamus in neuropathic animals decreased significantly, indicating that the overall thalamic activity had less weight over the cortical activity. However, thalamocortical LFPs displayed higher phase-locking during awake and SWS episodes after the nerve lesion, suggesting faster transmission of relevant information along the thalamocortical loop. The observed changes are in agreement with the hypothesis of thalamic dysfunction after the onset of chronic pain, and may result from diminished inhibitory effect of the primary somatosensory cortex over the lateral thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Cardoso-Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto Porto, Portugal
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Aono Y, Hasegawa H, Yamazaki Y, Shimada T, Fujita T, Yamashita T, Fukumoto S. Anti-FGF-23 neutralizing antibodies ameliorate muscle weakness and decreased spontaneous movement of Hyp mice. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:803-10. [PMID: 20939065 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) plays causative roles in the development of several hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia such as X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia (XLH) and tumor-induced rickets/osteomalacia. Patients with hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia often complain of muscle weakness and bone pain that severely affect daily activities of these patients. The purpose of this study was to examine whether anti-FGF-23 antibodies, which have been shown to improve hypophosphatemia and rachitic changes of juvenile Hyp mice in a murine model of XLH, also ameliorate hypophosphatemic osteomalacia and affect muscle force and spontaneous motor activity in adult Hyp mice. Repeated injections of anti-FGF-23 antibodies increased serum phosphate and 1,25-dihydroxyvitmain D levels and enhanced mineralization of osteoid in adult Hyp mice, whereas bone length did not change. We found that grip strength was weaker and that spontaneous movement was less in adult Hyp mice than in wild-type mice. In addition, FGF-23 antibodies increased grip strength and spontaneous movement. These results suggest that the inhibition of excess FGF-23 action not only ameliorates hypophosphatemia and impaired mineralization of bone but also improves muscle weakness and daily activities of patients with FGF-23-related hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Aono
- Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Hartog A, Hulsman J, Garssen J. Locomotion and muscle mass measures in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009; 10:59. [PMID: 19493332 PMCID: PMC2700074 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic poly-arthritis, synovial hyperplasia, erosive synovitis, progressive cartilage and bone destruction accompanied by a loss of body cell mass. This loss of cell mass, known as rheumatoid cachexia, predominates in the skeletal muscle and can in part be explained by a decreased physical activity. The murine collagen induced arthritis (CIA) model has been proven to be a useful model in RA research since it shares many immunological and pathological features with human RA. The present study explored the interactions between arthritis development, locomotion and muscle mass in the CIA model. METHODS CIA was induced in male DBA/1 mice. Locomotion was registered at different time points by a camera and evaluated by a computerized tracing system. Arthritis severity was detected by the traditionally used semi-quantitative clinical scores. The muscle mass of the hind-legs was detected at the end of the study by weighing. A methotrexate (MTX) intervention group was included to study the applicability of the locomotion and muscle mass for testing effectiveness of interventions in more detail. RESULTS There is a strong correlation between clinical arthritis and locomotion. The correlations between muscle mass and locomotion or clinical arthritis were less pronounced. MTX intervention resulted in an improvement of disease severity accompanied by an increase in locomotion and muscle mass. CONCLUSION The present data demonstrate that registration of locomotion followed by a computerized evaluation of the movements is a simple non invasive quantitative method to define disease severity and evaluate effectiveness of therapeutic agents in the CIA model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/complications
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Body Weight/physiology
- Cachexia/drug therapy
- Cachexia/etiology
- Cachexia/physiopathology
- Disability Evaluation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/diagnosis
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/drug therapy
- Gait Disorders, Neurologic/etiology
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Locomotion/drug effects
- Locomotion/physiology
- Male
- Methotrexate/pharmacology
- Methotrexate/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy/diagnosis
- Muscular Atrophy/drug therapy
- Muscular Atrophy/etiology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Treatment Outcome
- Video Recording
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Hartog
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology & Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Hulsman
- Centre for Laboratory Animals (CKP), Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology & Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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A robust automated system elucidates mouse home cage behavioral structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:20575-82. [PMID: 19106295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809053106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of behavior exhibited by mice in their home cages reflect the function and interaction of numerous behavioral and physiological systems. Detailed assessment of these patterns thus has the potential to provide a powerful tool for understanding basic aspects of behavioral regulation and their perturbation by disease processes. However, the capacity to identify and examine these patterns in terms of their discrete levels of organization across diverse behaviors has been difficult to achieve and automate. Here, we describe an automated approach for the quantitative characterization of fundamental behavioral elements and their patterns in the freely behaving mouse. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by identifying unique features of home cage behavioral structure and changes in distinct levels of behavioral organization in mice with single gene mutations altering energy balance. The robust, automated, reproducible quantification of mouse home cage behavioral structure detailed here should have wide applicability for the study of mammalian physiology, behavior, and disease.
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25
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Coogan AN, Wyse CA. Neuroimmunology of the circadian clock. Brain Res 2008; 1232:104-12. [PMID: 18703032 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Circadian timekeeping is a ubiquitous feature of all eukaryotes which allows for the imposition of a biologically appropriate temporal architecture on an animal's physiology, behavior and metabolism. There is growing evidence that in mammals the processes of circadian timing are under the influence of the immune system. Such a role for the neuroimmune regulation of the circadian clock has inferences for phenomena such as sickness behavior. Conversely, there is also accumulating evidence for a circadian influence on immune function, raising the likelihood that there is a bidirectional communication between the circadian and immune systems. In this review, we examine the evidence for these interactions, including circadian rhythmicity in models of disease and immune challenge, distribution of cytokines and their receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the site of the master circadian pacemaker, and the evidence for endogenous circadian timekeeping in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Coogan
- Neuroscience and Molecular Psychiatry, Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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26
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Lu Y, McNearney TA, Wilson SP, Yeomans DC, Westlund KN. Joint capsule treatment with enkephalin-encoding HSV-1 recombinant vector reduces inflammatory damage and behavioural sequelae in rat CFA monoarthritis. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:1153-65. [PMID: 18364035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed enkephalin expression induced by intra-articular application of recombinant, enkephalin-encoding herpes virus (HSV-1) and the impact of expression on nociceptive behaviours and synovial lining inflammation in arthritic rats. Replication-conditional HSV-1 recombinant vectors with cDNA encoding preproenkephalin (HSV-ENK), or control transgene beta-galactosidase cDNA (HSV-beta-gal; control) were injected into knee joints with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Joint temperatures, circumferences and nociceptive behaviours were monitored on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post CFA and vector treatments. Lumbar (L4-6) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords were immunostained for met-enkephalin (met-ENK), beta-gal, HSV-1 proteins and Fos. Joint tissues were immunostained for met-ENK, HSV-1 proteins, and inflammatory mediators Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) and cyclo-oxygenase-2, or stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathology. Compared to exuberant synovial hypertrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration seen in arthritic rats treated with CFA only or CFA and HSV-beta-gal, the CFA- and HSV-ENK-treated arthritic rats had: (i) striking preservation of synovial membrane cytoarchitecture with minimal inflammatory cell infiltrates; (ii) significantly improved nociceptive behavioural responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli; (iii) normalized Fos staining in lumbar dorsal horn; and (iv) significantly increased met-ENK staining in ipsilateral synovial tissue, lumbar DRG and spinal cord. The HSV-1 and transgene product expression were confined to ipsilateral lumbar DRG (HSV-1, met-ENK, beta-gal). Only transgene product (met-ENK and beta-gal) was seen in lumbar spinal cord sections. Targeted delivery of enkephalin-encoding HSV-1 vector generated safe, sustained opioid-induced analgesia with protective anti-inflammatory blunting in rat inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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27
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Collagen-induced arthritis as a model of hyperalgesia: Functional and cellular analysis of the analgesic actions of tumor necrosis factor blockade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:4015-23. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Bruguerolle B, Labrecque G. Rhythmic pattern in pain and their chronotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:883-95. [PMID: 17716777 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain control is one of the most important therapeutic priorities; nonetheless, inadequate pain relief remains a significant health care issue. Thus, it is important to determine whether the analgesic effect can be improved by using the chronopharmacological approach. This paper reviews the data on the rhythmic patterns in pain level and their chronotherapy. It underlines the major issues and problems related to the development of chronotherapeutic strategies, and it examines emerging aspects of new drug-delivery systems for achieving such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Bruguerolle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Bd J. Moulin, F 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France.
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