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Gao M, Li T, Song Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu W. Relationship Between IL1 Gene Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Ankylosing Spondylitis: An Updated and Supplemented Meta-Analysis. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:1025-1038. [PMID: 34762200 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The literature has provided inconsistent findings on the relationship between interleukin IL-1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Online electronic database searches were performed for relevant research published as of May 2021. Meta-analysis was performed to compare alleles and multiple genetic models (including dominant, recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous models) using random-effects models to reduce the impact of heterogeneity. A 95% confidence interval (95% CI) odds ratio (OR) was used to assess potential relationships. Nineteen studies including 6235 patients with AS and 5919 healthy controls were recruited. IL-1A-889 (rs1800587) had statistical significance in the allelic model (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.08-1.77, P = 0.010) (I2 = 51%.1, P = 0.0001); homozygous model (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.27-2.89, P = 0.002); heterozygous model (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.02-2.17, P = 0.163); dominant genetic model (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.05-2.24, P = 0.026); and recessive model (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.04-2.28, P = 0.031). Further stratified analysis showed that the allele model (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.08-1.69, P = 0.008), heterozygous model (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.07-1.96, P = 0.017), and dominant model (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.11-1.99, P = 0.007) in the English population and allele model (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.45-3.37, P = 0.0001), homozygous model (OR 3.85, 95% CI 1.38-10.76, P = 0.010), heterozygous model (OR 3.42, 95% CI 1.85-6.32, P = 0.0001), and dominant model (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.93-6.30, P = 0.001) in Tunis were significantly associated with susceptibility to AS. Analysis of the IL1F7 exon 2 (rs3811047) showed that the G allele frequency was higher in the normal population than in the AS population (OR 0.76, 95% CI (0.64, 0.91)). Further stratified analysis concluded that the allele model was significantly associated with AS susceptibility in Canadian (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.94, P = 0.011) and Chinese patients (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.41-0.98, P = 0.041). The meta-analysis showed that the IL-1 gene polymorphism IL-1A-889 (rs1800587) increases the risk of AS in English and Tunisian populations. IL1F7 exon 2 (rs3811047) is negatively correlated with susceptibility to AS in Canadian and Chinese populations, but additional studies are needed for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - ZeLong Song
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - XiangYu Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - XueSong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Orthopaedics, The PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - WeiBo Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100000, China.
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Saha A, Bagchi A, Chatterjee S, Dutta S, Misra S, Bhattacharjee D, Chatterjee S, Mondal S, Ghosh P, Chatterjee M, Ghosh A. Phenotypic characterization of circulating endothelial cells induced by inflammation and oxidative stress in ankylosing spondylitis. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:520-532. [PMID: 33517802 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1870113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic auto-immune disease, affecting the spine, sacroiliac, and sometimes peripheral joints. It is also involved with cardio-vascular risk factors due to accelerated atherosclerosis. Oxidative burst, systemic inflammation coupled with endothelial dysfunction (ED), resulting in reduced bioavailability of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) and an increased number of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) may correlate with disease activity and its sustenance. Hence, the study was aimed to detect and quantify CECs and assess the oxidative stress and inflammatory status in AS patients vis-à-vis healthy controls, as well as relate these parameters with AS disease activity and atherosclerotic markers in patients. Our study showed an increased frequency of endothelial cells in peripheral blood of AS patients in pro-inflammatory conditions. In AS patient population, they showed significant reduction of flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD) (p < 0.05), and increased soluble adhesion molecules such as sICAM-1 (p < 0.01) and sVCAM-1 (p < 0.05) compared to healthy controls. A marked increase in pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-α (p < 0.01) and IL-1β (p < 0.001) and reactive free radicals (p < 0.05) along with reduced serum nitrite in AS, provided a strong pro-inflammatory milieu which positively correlated with Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity and functional indices (BASDAI and BASFI). The observed significant upregulation in CECs (CD45-/CD31+/CD105+/CD144+) in patients compared to healthy controls positively correlated with disease activity and duration as well as with markers of oxidative stress. Thus, chronic inflammation and oxidative burst induce loss of NO bioavailability, leading to ED. This may cause the derangement of CECs that may be considered as a prognostic biomarker for ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayindrila Saha
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Aniruddha Bagchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sulagna Chatterjee
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Satarupa Dutta
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanchaita Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipanjan Bhattacharjee
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sumantro Mondal
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Parasar Ghosh
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Alakendu Ghosh
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
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4
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Spel L, Martinon F. Inflammasomes contributing to inflammation in arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:48-62. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Spel
- Departement of Biochemistry University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Fabio Martinon
- Departement of Biochemistry University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
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IL-38 is a biomarker for acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans and down-regulates Th17 differentiation in vivo. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108315. [PMID: 31756565 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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An F, Wang J, Gao H, Liu C, Tian Y, Jin T, Liu W, Wang J. Impact of IL1R1 and IL1R2 gene polymorphisms on risk of osteonecrosis of the femoral head from a case-control study. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00557. [PMID: 30623603 PMCID: PMC6418375 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) refers to bony changes caused by osteocyte death under the effects of complicated factors, which is caused by genetic factors and certain risk factors. Our study aimed to explore whether IL1R1/IL1R2 polymorphisms influenced ONFH risk in the Chinese Han population. Methods We selected 286 patients and 441 controls, with 11 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in IL1R1 and IL1R2 gene were successfully genotyped, and evaluated the associations using the chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, T test, and genetic model analyses. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Results In the allele model, rs11674595 in IL1R2 was associated with increasing the risk of ONFH, the rs10490571 and rs3917225 in IL1R1 gene were associated with an increased risk of ONFH, respectively. In the genetic model, the rs11674595 in IL1R2 gene was associated with an increased risk of ONFH in the codominant model, dominant model, and log‐additive model, respectively. The rs10490571 and rs3917225 in IL1R1 gene conferred an increased risk of ONFH in the codominant model, dominant model, and log‐additive model, respectively. We found none of the haplotypes in the IL1R2 gene was significantly associated with theONFH risk. Conclusion Our findings have demonstrated that the rs11674595 (IL1R2), rs10490571, and rs3917225 (IL1R1) were significantly associated with increasing the ONFH risk in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feimeng An
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Trauma Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Trauma Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Trauma Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Trauma Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wanlin Liu
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Nossent JC, Sagen-Johnsen S, Bakland G. IL-1A gene variation in relation to cytokine levels and clinical characteristics in ankylosing spondylitis. Eur J Rheumatol 2018; 6:67-70. [PMID: 31365338 PMCID: PMC6467326 DOI: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2018.18150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Variations in the IL-1 alpha (IL-A) gene increase the risk for ankylosing spondylitis (AS), but the pathway underlying this association is not fully understood. As IL-1A is primarily a regulatory cytokine, we investigated the influence of IL-1A gene variation on disease severity and cytokine expression in AS. Methods This was a cross sectional study of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi)-naïve AS patients (n=334, 90% B27 +, age 45 years) fulfilling the modified New York criteria. We recorded demographics, clinical findings, spinal mobility, Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI), and routine lab findings. IL-1A genotyping for three AS-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs2856836, rs17561 and rs1894399) was performed using Taqman RT-PCR, with TNF, IL-6, IL-17A, and IL-23 levels measured using ELISA. Genotypic associations included logistic regression analysis for genotype (codominant model) and global haplotype (threshold 5%) associations with cytokine levels and clinical features. Results The three variants were in near complete linkage disequilibrium and formed two only common haplotypes (ACC 67%, GAT 33%). The levels for TNF, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-23, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were similar across genotypes and haplotypes (all p-values >0.4) as were the measures for spinal mobility and BASFI. The TAQ haplotype showed a borderline significant trend with reduced heart disease and mortality during follow-up. Conclusion IL-1A gene cluster variations do not have an impact on the clinical disease measures or cytokine levels in AS, suggesting that IL-1A has no direct role in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C Nossent
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Sylvia Sagen-Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunnstein Bakland
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Bai R, Zhang Y, Liu W, Ma C, Chen X, Yang J, Sun D. The Relationship of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Angiology 2018; 70:492-500. [PMID: 30497278 DOI: 10.1177/0003319718814309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruocen Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanfen Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunyan Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Kim SK, Cho YJ, Choe JY. NLRP3 inflammasomes and NLRP3 inflammasome-derived proinflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 486:269-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Vanaki N, Aslani S, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. Role of innate immune system in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 105:130-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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11
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Li L, Shi B, Zheng W, Xing W, Zhao Y, Li F, Xin D, Jin T, Zhu Y, Yang X. Association of IL-1A and IL-1B polymorphisms with ankylosing spondylitis among the Chinese Han population: a case-control study. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28278-28284. [PMID: 28423679 PMCID: PMC5438649 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a complex and chronic inflammatory disease with a high heritage. Previous study has shown that IL-1A and IL-1B involved in inflammatory reaction. But little is known about single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-1A and IL-1B associated with AS. We conducted a case-control study among 267 AS cases and 297 healthy controls from China. In the genetic model analysis, we found the “T” genotype of rs3783550 was associated with decreased AS risk in the dominant model (p = 0.044) and log-additive model (p = 0.023); the “C” genotype of rs3783546 was significantly associated with decreased AS risk based in the dominant model (p = 0.044) and log-additive model (p = 0.023). Additionally, the minor allele “A” of rs2853550 may also reduce the risk of AS in dominant (p = 0.025) and log-additive model (p = 0.024). Our results suggested that the polymorphisms of IL-1A and IL-1B are associated with the AS susceptibility in the Chinese Han population. Further studies are needed to characterize the functional sequences that cause AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010020, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Baolan Shi
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010020, China.,Inner Mongolia Medical University Chifeng Clinical Medical College, ChiFeng, 024000, China
| | - Wenkai Zheng
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010020, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Wenhua Xing
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Feng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Daqi Xin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
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Tan H, Deng B, Yu H, Yang Y, Ding L, Zhang Q, Qin J, Kijlstra A, Chen R, Yang P. Genetic analysis of innate immunity in Behcet's disease identifies an association with IL-37 and IL-18RAP. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35802. [PMID: 27775096 PMCID: PMC5075872 DOI: 10.1038/srep35802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of IL-1 and IL-1R family genes with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) and Behcet’s disease (BD) in Han Chinese. The case-control study was divided into two stages and included 419 VKH cases, 1063 BD cases and 1872 healthy controls. The MassARRAY platform (Sequenom), iPLEX Gold Assay and TaqMan SNP assays were used to score genotypes of 24 SNPs. The expression of IL-37 and IL-18Rap was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR in genotyped healthy individuals. A significantly lower frequency of the AG genotype, and a higher frequency of the GG genotype and G allele of IL-37/rs3811047 were observed in BD as compared to controls. AA genotype and A allele frequency of IL-18RAP/rs2058660 was significantly decreased in BD as compared to controls. Functional studies performed in healthy controls showed that rs3811047 AG genotype carriers had a higher IL-37 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) than GG carriers. GG carriers showed a higher cytokine expression as compared to AG carriers. No association was detected between the tested SNPs and VKH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handan Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Bolin Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, Limburg, the Netherlands
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Program, The Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Variants in the interleukin-1 alpha and beta genes, and the risk for periodontal disease in dogs. J Genet 2015; 94:651-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yigit S, Inanir A, Tural S, Filiz B, Tekcan A. The effect of IL-4 and MTHFR gene variants in ankylosing spondylitis. Z Rheumatol 2015; 74:60-6. [PMID: 25060515 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-014-1403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that characteristically affects the sacroiliac joints and the spine. The exact pathogenesis of AS remains poorly understood, but genetic factors play a key role in disease development. Several genes have been consistently associated with susceptibility to AS. This study was conducted in Turkish AS patients to determine the frequency of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T and interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene 70 bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) variants, as well as their association with clinical characteristics. METHODS Genomic DNA obtained from 272 persons (122 AS patients and 150 healthy controls) was used in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay for the MTHFR C677T and IL-4 70 bp VNTR gene variants, which were determined using specific PCR primers. RESULTS There was statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to MTHFR genotype distribution (p = 0.02) and allele frequencies (p < 0.001). When we examined MTHFR and IL-4 genotype frequencies according to clinical characteristics, we found an association between the homozygous MTHFR TT genotype and ocular involvement, although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.02). However, we did not find any difference between the groups with respect to IL-4 genotype distribution or allele frequencies and clinical characteristics (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that there is an association of the MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism with the susceptibility of a person for development of AS. However, the IL-4 gene is not associated with AS within the same population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yigit
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey,
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Carlsen TG, Kjærsgaard P, Jørgensen TL, Foldbjerg R, Nielsen ML, Poulsen TBG, Zabieglo K, Christiansen G, Birkelund S. Interleukin-1α activation and localization in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes and macrophages. J Immunol Methods 2015; 422:59-71. [PMID: 25870118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 family. It is synthesized as a 33kDa precursor peptide that is cleaved by a calpain-like protease to a 16 kDa propiece and a 17 kDa mature IL-1α peptide. In contrast to its close relative, IL-1β, the role of IL-1α in inflammation is only partly understood. RESULTS Human monocyte derived macrophages, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were analysed for production and localization of IL-1α by use of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) generated against recombinant precursor IL-1α. We found that the MAb detected IL-1α within the nuclei of the cells 2h (hours) after LPS stimulation and production continued for up to 20 h. At no time could we demonstrate cleavage of the IL-1α precursor. The MAb was conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for use in flow cytometry. Based on the flow cytometric analysis CD68 positive cells were positive for IL-1α in agreement with CD68 being a marker for monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a method to visualize and measure the production of IL-1α in both human monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gelsing Carlsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Pernille Kjærsgaard
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Trine Lykke Jørgensen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Foldbjerg
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mads Lausen Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3b, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark; Loke Diagnostics, Sindalsvej 17, 8240 Risskov, Denmark.
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16
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Hu Z, Chen Z, Huang N, Teng X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Wei X, Qin K, Liu X, Wu X, Tang H, Zhu X, Cui K, Li J. Expression, purification of IL-38 in Escherichia coli and production of polyclonal antibodies. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 107:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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The synovio-entheseal complex in enthesoarthritis. Clin Exp Med 2015; 16:109-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-015-0341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Smith N, Hankinson J, Simpson A, Bowyer P, Denning D. A prominent role for the IL1 pathway and IL15 in susceptibility to chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O480-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tsui FW, Tsui HW, Akram A, Haroon N, Inman RD. The genetic basis of ankylosing spondylitis: new insights into disease pathogenesis. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2014; 7:105-15. [PMID: 24971029 PMCID: PMC4070859 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s37325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a complex disease involving multiple risk factors, both genetic and environmental. AS patients are predominantly young men, and the disease is characterized by inflammation and ankylosis, mainly at the cartilage–bone interface and enthesis. HLA-B27 has been known to be the major AS-susceptibility gene for more than 40 years. Despite advances made in the past few years, progress in the search for non-human leukocyte antigen susceptibility genes has been hampered by the heterogeneity of the disease. Compared to other complex diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), fewer susceptibility loci have been identified in AS. Furthermore, non-major histocompatibility-complex susceptibility loci discovered, such as ERAP1 and IL23R, are likely contributors to joint inflammation. Identification and confirmation of functional variants remains a significant challenge of investigations involving genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It remains unclear why none of the AS-susceptibility genes identified in GWAS appear to be directly involved in the ankylosing process. Numerous reviews have recently been published on the genetics of AS. Therefore, aside from a brief summary of what AS GWAS has successfully achieved thus far, this review will focus on directions that could address unanswered questions raised by GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Wl Tsui
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network ; Department of Immunology
| | - Hing Wo Tsui
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network
| | - Ali Akram
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nigil Haroon
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert D Inman
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network ; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Garlanda C, Dinarello CA, Mantovani A. The interleukin-1 family: back to the future. Immunity 2014; 39:1003-18. [PMID: 24332029 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1340] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central mediator of innate immunity and inflammation. The IL-1 family includes seven ligands with agonist activity (IL-1α and IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ), three receptor antagonists (IL-1Ra, IL-36Ra, IL-38), and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-37). Members of the IL-1 Receptor (IL-1R) family include six receptor chains forming four signaling receptor complexes, two decoy receptors (IL-1R2, IL-18BP), and two negative regulators (TIR8 or SIGIRR, IL-1RAcPb). A tight regulation via receptor antagonists, decoy receptors, and signaling inhibitors ensures a balance between amplification of innate immunity and uncontrolled inflammation. All cells of the innate immune system express and/or are affected by IL-1 family members. Moreover, IL-1 family members play a key role in the differentiation and function of polarized innate and adaptive lymphoid cells. Here we will review the key properties of IL-1 family members, with emphasis on pathways of negative regulation and orchestration of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HC, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; BIOMETRA Department, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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21
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Wang S, Li G, Ge R, Duan Z, Zeng Z, Zhang T, Gao J, Yang T, Liu S, Wu S, Fan D, Xu S, Xu J, Zhang L, Shuai Z, Ye D, Zou Y, Pan F. Association of KIR genotype with susceptibility to HLA-B27-positive ankylosing spondylitis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Cherciu M, Popa LO, Bojinca M, Dutescu MI, Bojinca V, Bara C, Popa OM. Functional variants ofERAP1gene are associated with HLA-B27 positive spondyloarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 82:192-6. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cherciu
- Department of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine; University “Carol Davila”; Bucharest; Romania
| | - L. O. Popa
- Molecular Biology Department; Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History; Bucharest; Romania
| | - M. Bojinca
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine; University “Carol Davila”, “I.C. Cantacuzino” Hospital; Bucharest; Romania
| | - M. I. Dutescu
- “Prof. Dr. C. T. Nicolau” National Institute of Blood Transfusion; Bucharest; Romania
| | - V. Bojinca
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine; University “Carol Davila”, “St. Maria” Hospital; Bucharest; Romania
| | - C. Bara
- Department of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine; University “Carol Davila”; Bucharest; Romania
| | - O. M. Popa
- Department of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine; University “Carol Davila”; Bucharest; Romania
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23
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Ban JY, Kim MK, Park SW, Kwon KH. Interleukin-1 beta polymorphisms are associated with lymph node metastasis in Korean patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Immunol Invest 2013; 41:888-905. [PMID: 23215728 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.724751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B) were associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We also assessed the relationships between IL-1B SNPs and the clinicopathologic characteristics of PTC patients. Ninety-three PTC patients and 324 controls were recruited. The patients with PTC were dichotomized and compared with respect to the clinicopathologic characteristics of PTC. Seven SNPs in the IL-1B gene were selected and genotyped using direct sequencing. Four SNPs (rs1143627, rs3136558, rs1143633, and rs1143643) in the IL-1B gene were significantly associated with PTC (p < 0.05). In clinicopathologic features, 3 SNPs (rs1143630, rs1143633, and rs1143643) showed a strong relationship with lymph node metastasis of PTC. The genotype and allele frequencies of rs1143630 and rs1143643 remained significantly associated with lymph node metastasis after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. In haplotype analysis, two linkage disequilibrium blocks (block 1 consisted of rs1143627, rs3917356, and rs1143630; block 2 consisted of rs1143633 and rs1143643) also revealed significant associations with lymph node metastasis. Our results suggest that IL-1B polymorphisms may be associated with the risk of PTC in the Korean population. Especially, IL-1B polymorphisms might be a predictive factor for lymph node metastasis of PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeon Ban
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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24
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The associations between interleukin-1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis: A meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine 2012; 79:370-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Wang S, Li G, Ge R, Duan Z, Zeng Z, Zhang T, Gao J, Yang T, Liu S, Wu S, Fan D, Xu S, Xu J, Zhang L, Shuai Z, Ye D, Zou Y, Pan F. Association of KIR genotype with susceptibility to HLA-B27-positive ankylosing spondylitis. Mod Rheumatol 2012; 23:538-41. [PMID: 22744805 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-012-0692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have explored the role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in chronic autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether KIR genes contribute to the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Chinese populations. METHODS Sixteen KIR genes were genotyped from 60 unrelated patients with AS and 60 HLA-B27-positive matched healthy controls by PCR-SSP. The frequencies of the KIR alleles and genotypes in the AS and control groups were assessed by the χ(2) test. RESULTS Our results showed that the frequency of the activator receptor KIR3DS1 gene in the AS group was significantly increased compared to the controls (χ(2) = 5.263, P = 0.006, OR = 3.059, 95 % CI = 1.357-6.896). Moreover, the frequency of the KIR3DL1/3DS1 genotype was greater in the AS group than in the control group (P = 0.039, OR = 3.059, 95 % CI = 1.357-6.896). In contrast, the frequency of the no KIR3DL1/no 3DS1 genotype was lower in patients with AS compared with the controls (P = 0.032, OR = 0.110, 95 % CI = 0.013-0.911). CONCLUSION KIR3DS1, in addition to HLA-B27, may play an important independent role in the pathogenesis of AS in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
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GLADMAN DAFNAD, RAHMAN PROTON, COOK RICHARDJ, SHEN HUA, ZUMMER MICHEL, THOMSON GLEN, NAIR BINDU, ROHEKAR SHERRY, AYEARST RENISE, INMAN ROBERTD, MAKSYMOWYCH WALTERP. The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada Registry for Spondyloarthritis. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:1343-8. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Cananda (SPARCC) is a transdiscliplinary research network of investigators interested in spondyloarthritis. The group has been supported by a new research initiative by The Arthritis Society. SPARCC aims to address the genetic basis of susceptibility of the disease and develop and validate clinical and imaging outcomes to assess disease activity and structural damage over time, the response to therapy, and the clinical burden of illness in terms of quality of life and disability. The first step was to develop a database that would allow ascertainment of phenotype for genetic studies, as well as accurate and detailed longitudinal information for disease expression and outcome studies. This article describes the SPARCC database and outlines difficulties and possible solutions for maintaining such a database.
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Ge R, Pan F, Liao F, Xia G, Mei Y, Shen B, Zhang T, Gao J, Zhang L, Duan Z, Xu S, Xu J. Analysis on the interaction between IL-1F7 gene and environmental factors on patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a case-only study. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2281-4. [PMID: 21072596 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To examine the interaction between IL-1F7 gene and environmental factors in patients with ankylosing spondylities (AS). 150 AS Han Chinese patients (all human leukocyte antigen-B27 positive) were genotyped using a panel of single-nucleotide polymorphism markers within IL-1F7 gene (rs3811047) by ligase detection reactions. Polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primer was used to determine HLA-B27 subtypes. We analyzed the interaction between IF-1F7 gene and eight environmental factors in AS patients by using a case-only study. The genetic polymorphism and environmental factors were considered as dependent variables in logistic models, and P-values, ORi and 95% confidence intervals were used for estimating the effects of interaction. The different frequency of A/G between drinking group and non-drinking group was significant (ORi 3.163, 95% CI 1.368-7.317, P=0.006). Within the cooking oil group, odds ratio for interaction of G×E between main plants fats and half plants -half animal fats subunits was 4.273 (95% CI 1.590-11.479, P=0.004). Our data show that there was no interaction between IL-1F7 alleles and the other six environmental factors in AS patients (all P>0.05). We observed that there was an interaction between IF-1F7 gene and drinking in AS patients. Thus, drinking may be a risk exposure factor to take combined action with predisposing genes in AS patients. This action may increase the incident risk of AS. Also, main plants fats may be protective factors to AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ge
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
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28
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Chandran V, Rahman P. Update on the genetics of spondyloarthritis – ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2010; 24:579-88. [PMID: 21035081 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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ANTXR2 and IL-1R2 polymorphisms are not associated with ankylosing spondylitis in Chinese Han population. Rheumatol Int 2010; 32:15-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Cornes BK, Tang CS, Leon TYY, Hui KJWS, So MT, Miao X, Cherny SS, Sham PC, Tam PKH, Garcia-Barcelo MM. Haplotype analysis reveals a possible founder effect of RET mutation R114H for Hirschsprung's disease in the Chinese population. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10918. [PMID: 20532249 PMCID: PMC2880000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder associated with the lack of intramural ganglion cells in the myenteric and sub-mucosal plexuses along varying segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The RET gene is the major gene implicated in this gastrointestinal disease. A highly recurrent mutation in RET (RETR114H) has recently been identified in ∼6–7% of the Chinese HSCR patients which, to date, has not been found in Caucasian patients or controls nor in Chinese controls. Due to the high frequency of RETR114H in this population, we sought to investigate whether this mutation may be a founder HSCR mutation in the Chinese population. Methodology and Principal Findings To test whether all RETR114 were originated from a single mutational event, we predicted the approximate age of RETR114H by applying a Bayesian method to RET SNPs genotyped in 430 Chinese HSCR patients (of whom 25 individuals had the mutation) to be between 4–23 generations old depending on growth rate. We reasoned that if RETR114H was a founder mutation then those with the mutation would share a haplotype on which the mutation resides. Including SNPs spanning 509.31 kb across RET from a recently obtained 500 K genome-wide dataset for a subset of 181 patients (14 RETR114H patients), we applied haplotype estimation methods to determine whether there were any segments shared between patients with RETR114H that are not present in those without the mutation or controls. Analysis yielded a 250.2 kb (51 SNP) shared segment over the RET gene (and downstream) in only those patients with the mutation with no similar segments found among other patients. Conclusions This suggests that RETR114H is a founder mutation for HSCR in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda K. Cornes
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Clara S. Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas Y. Y. Leon
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenneth J. W. S. Hui
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Ting So
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Pak C. Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul K. H. Tam
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Maria-Merce Garcia-Barcelo
- Paediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Végvári A, Szabó Z, Szántó S, Glant TT, Mikecz K, Szekanecz Z. The genetic background of ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 2010; 76:623-8. [PMID: 19541528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
It has long been known that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is essentially involved in genetic susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The HLA-B27 antigen has been accounted for 20 to 50% of the total genetic risk for this disease. However, susceptibility to AS cannot be fully explained by associations with the MHC. Recent studies including linkage analyses as well as candidate gene and, most recently, genome-wide association studies indicate significant associations of the interleukin-1 gene cluster, interleukin-23 receptor and ARTS1 genes as well as other possible loci with AS. In the murine model of proteoglycan-induced spondylitis, two susceptibility loci termed Pgis1 and Pgis2 were identified. Thus, AS is not a single-gene disease and the involvement of multiple non-MHC genes may account for the individual as well as geographical differences seen in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Végvári
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, 22, Móricz street, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
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Guo ZS, Li C, Lin ZM, Huang JX, Wei QJ, Wang XW, Xie YY, Liao ZT, Chao SY, Gu JR. Association of IL-1 gene complex members with ankylosing spondylitis in Chinese Han population. Int J Immunogenet 2009; 37:33-7. [PMID: 19930406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2009.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There are reports of IL-1 complex gene polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis (AS; MIM 106300), but the results have been inconsistent among populations. Moreover, few studies examine the association between IL-1 complex gene polymorphisms and clinical symptoms of AS patients. We investigated polymorphisms of IL-1 complex with AS in the Chinese Han population in this study. Chinese Han AS patients and ethnically matched healthy controls were genotyped for five single nucleotide polymorphisms (IL1beta+3953, beta-511, F10.3, RN.4, RN.6/1) and the IL1RN.VNTR of IL-1 gene cluster. Allele, Genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared between cases and controls by SHEsis software. The frequency of allele C of the marker IL1F10.3 was significantly increased in AS patients versus controls [p = 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.19-1.20; p = 0.002, respectively]. Strong linkage disequilibrium was identified between IL1B-511, IL1B+3953 and RN4 in both patients and healthy controls (D' > 0.95). Haplotypes of pairs of these markers (6) were also significantly associated with AS. The strongest associations observed was between allele combination B-511-T/B+3953-C/F10.3-C/RN4-T/RN2VNTR-1/RN6.1-C and AS (p = 3.32 x 10(-5), OR = 4.41, 95% CI=2.1-9.3). Clinical manifestation showed week association between RN2VNTR A2 allele and risk of peripheral arthritis (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.07-0.91). The IL-1 gene cluster is associated with AS in Chinese population. This finding provides strong statistical support for the previously observed relationship and indicates possible association between clinical manifestation and genetic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Third affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Brown MA. Progress in spondylarthritis. Progress in studies of the genetics of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:254. [PMID: 19886979 PMCID: PMC2787301 DOI: 10.1186/ar2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput SNP genotyping methods has advanced research into the genetics of common complex genetic diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) rapidly in recent times. The identification of associations with the genes IL23R and ERAP1 have been robustly replicated, and advances have been made in studies of the major histocompatibility complex genetics of AS, and of KIR gene variants and the disease. The findings are already being translated into increased understanding of the immunological pathways involved in AS, and raising novel potential therapies. The current studies in AS remain underpowered, and no full genomewide association study has yet been reported in AS; such studies are likely to add to the significant advances that have already been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Brown
- Diamantina Institute of Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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Association of IL-1F7 gene with susceptibility to human leukocyte antigen-B27 positive ankylosing spondylitis in Han Chinese population. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 411:124-6. [PMID: 19874811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tang X, Pan F, Xia G, Liao F, Ge R, Mei Y, Ye D, Xu S, Xu J. A single-nucleotide polymorphism marker within theFCRL5gene andHLA-B27positive Han Chinese ankylosing spondylitis patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 74:314-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dutra WO, Moreira PR, Souza PEA, Gollob KJ, Gomez RS. Implications of cytokine gene polymorphisms on the orchestration of the immune response: lessons learned from oral diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:223-32. [PMID: 19502097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, a plethora of information concerning the influence of gene polymorphisms on cytokine expression has been made available in the literature. Significant contribution to this field has come from studies of oral diseases, one of the widest spread health problems in the world, affecting hundreds of millions worldwide. Here we will discuss the importance of studies of gene polymorphism towards the identification of susceptible groups or prognostic indicators of oral disease. Additionally, we will highlight the differences in data obtained from genetically diverse populations and review the application of cytokine gene polymorphisms studies in oral diseases in autoimmune processes and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walderez O Dutra
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil.
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Maksymowych WP, Inman RD, Gladman DD, Reeve JP, Pope A, Rahman P. Association of a specific ERAP1/ARTS1 haplotype with disease susceptibility in ankylosing spondylitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1317-23. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Vandooren B, Tak PP, Baeten D. Synovial and Mucosal Immunopathology in Spondyloarthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 649:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0298-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Brown MA. Genomewide Screens in Ankylosing Spondylitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 649:148-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0298-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that predominantly affects the sacroiliac joints and spine. Its pathophysiology remains one of the most vexing enigmas of rheumatology. However, new insights have been provided by the recent identification of susceptibility genes other than HLA-B27; evidence of a pivotal role for several proinflammatory cytokines including interleukins 23 and 17; and the recognition that inflammation and structural progression proceed separately from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Pham
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHU Conception, 147 Boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France.
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The Yin and Yang of linkage disequilibrium: mapping of genes and nucleotides conferring insecticide resistance in insect disease vectors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 627:71-83. [PMID: 18510015 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic technologies developed in the last 20 years have lead to novel and exciting methods to identify genes and specific nucleotides within genes that control phenotypes in field collected organisms. In this review we define and explain two of these methods: linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping and quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) mapping. The power to detect valid genotype-phenotype associations with LD or QTN mapping depends critically on the extent to which segregating sites in a genome assort independently. LD mapping depends on markers being in disequilibrium with the genes that condition expression of the phenotype. In contrast, QTN mapping depends critically upon most proximal loci being at equilibrium. We show that both patterns actually exist in the genome of Anapheles gambiae, the most important malaria vector in sub-Saharan Africa while segregating sites appear to be largely in equilibrium throughout the genome of Aedes aegypti, the vector of Dengue and Yellow fever flaviviruses. We discuss additional approaches that will be needed to identify genes and nucleotides that control phenotypes in field collected organisms, focusing specifically on ongoing studies of genes conferring resistance to insecticides.
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The contribution of genes outside the major histocompatibility complex to susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:384-91. [PMID: 18525349 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32830460fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent data have presented several new nonmajor histocompatibility complex genes in predisposition to ankylosing spondylitis, which will be summarized here. RECENT FINDINGS A retrospective meta-analysis of three previous whole genome linkage scans confirmed a strong linkage at chromosome 16q and moderate linkage at sites on chromosomes 3, 10, and 19q, and a meta-analysis of studies of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) region genes in ankylosing spondylitis suggested the susceptibility to be conferred by the IL-1A gene. More recently, the use of genotyping chips, derived from the International Hapmap resource, which provides an extensive genomic coverage of large disease cohorts, have made it possible to conduct successful genome-wide association studies. One such study has led to the identification and validation of two new genes, IL23R and ARTS1, in ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis. SUMMARY A tremendous amount of progress has been made with respect to understanding the genetic basis of ankylosing spondylitis. The recent identification of two new genes, ARTS1 and IL23R, and confirmation of IL-1A association further substantiate that ankylosing spondylitis is determined to a large extent by genes outside the major histocompatibility complex.
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Novel non-HLA-susceptible regions determined by meta-analysis of four genomewide scans for ankylosing spondylitis. J Genet 2008; 87:75-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-008-0010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Association of the MSX2 gene polymorphisms with ankylosing spondylitis in Japanese. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:419-424. [DOI: 10.1007/s10038-008-0265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Substantive evidence exists that genetic factors play a pivotal role in susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). HLA-B27 remains the most convincing and universal association of a genetic factor with AS. Over the last decade there has been immense interest in elucidating genetic variants outside the major histocompatibility complex region. Due to larger AS datasets along with recent advancements in the characterization of genetic markers and large-scale genotyping platforms, replicated non-major histocompatibility candidates have now emerged. This article reviews the current evidence regarding the genetics of AS, with an emphasis on the recent major advances, and it discusses the challenges and limitations in interpreting these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proton Rahman
- 154 Le Marchant Road, St. Clare's Mercy Hospital, St. John's, NL, A1C-5B8, Canada.
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Dooley MA. Epidemiology and health services: year in review. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007; 19:118-21. [PMID: 17278925 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328040c01d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiology began as the study of the occurrence of disease in populations. Initial studies focused on the presence of diseases by person, place, and time to identify risk factors for disease. The field has grown to include many subfields recognizing the contributions of multiple factors to disease susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS This review will focus on articles published October 2005-November 2006 relevant to genetic epidemiology, pharmacoepidemiology, and social determinants of health and health disparities. SUMMARY Genetic epidemiology is the study of genetic contributions to disease occurrence, and of population-based genetic risks for disease. Genetics influences not only susceptibility to disease, but also the phenotype and severity of disease. Pharmacoepidemiology examines the outcomes of medication use, including clinical benefits and adverse effects. Gene-environment interactions are also included in this area. Typical topics in pharmacoepidemiology include studies of medication use, risks, benefits and genetic factors influencing the metabolism of medications. Social epidemiology is the study of social determinants of health, including psychosocial behaviors, socioeconomic status, interactions of individuals, the collective health of the community in which a person lives, and the position of the individual within society. Social epidemiology is directly relevant to studies of socioeconomic and ethnic disparities.
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Tsui HW, Inman RD, Reveille JD, Tsui FWL. Association of a TNAP haplotype with ankylosing spondylitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:234-43. [PMID: 17195227 DOI: 10.1002/art.22307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a candidate gene approach to the identification of genetic markers that are significantly associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS We genotyped 201 multiplex AS families with 1 exonic and 5 intronic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNAP, the gene that encodes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, and performed family-based association analyses. RESULTS In our cohort of 201 multiplex AS families, the TNAP haplotype rs3767155 (G)/rs3738099 (G)/rs1780329 (T) was significantly associated with AS (P = 0.032 by additive model). Haplotype-Based Association Testing (HBAT) analyses of AS families in which both men and women were affected showed that the same TNAP haplotype was significantly associated with AS (P = 0.002 by additive model). Using setafftrait code 1 0 0 in the HBAT program, testing specifically for affected men in AS families containing affected individuals of both sexes, this TNAP haplotype was also significantly associated with AS (P = 0.001 by additive model). The HBAT -p option (haplotype permutation test) was used to compute the "exact" P value via a Monte Carlo method for each haplotype (haplotype permutation test) and for the minimum observed P value among the haplotypes (whole marker permutation using the minimal P test), and both P values were statistically significant (2-sided P value for haplotype rs3767155 [G]/rs3738099 [G]/rs1780329 [T] = 0.00059, the smallest observed P value among all the individual haplotype scores = 0.003). Interestingly, this haplotype was not associated with AS in affected women from the same families. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the TNAP haplotype rs3767155 (G)/rs3738099 (G)/rs1780329 (T) is a novel genetic marker in men that is significantly associated with AS in multiplex families containing affected individuals of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hing Wo Tsui
- Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Rahman P, Sun S, Peddle L, Snelgrove T, Melay W, Greenwood C, Gladman D. Association between the interleukin-1 family gene cluster and psoriatic arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2321-5. [PMID: 16918024 DOI: 10.1002/art.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine elicits a wide variety of biologic activities that initiate and promote an inflammatory response. The loci in the IL1 gene cluster have recently been associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Since there is clinical and immunologic overlap between psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and AS, we wanted to examine the association between a panel of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL1 gene family cluster and chromosome 2q12-13 in a PsA cohort. METHODS Two hundred twelve PsA patients and 150 ethnically matched controls were genotyped with 11 SNPs in IL1A, 9 SNPs in IL1B, and 9 SNPs in IL1F5-10. Univariate analyses of the 29 single markers and short intragenic haplotypes identified several associated regions. Seventeen markers of interest were noted and further investigated to determine which markers or short haplotypes independently predict case-control status, using a stepwise logistic model. RESULTS; Two regions contributing independently to risk of disease in PsA were noted: a region spanned by markers rs3783547, rs3783543, and rs17561 in IL1A, and a region near the end of IL1B, through IL1F7, IL1F8, and into IL1F10. The best model contained markers rs3811047, rs1562304, and rs3811058, and 1 haplotype constructed from the 3 markers in region 1, with a likelihood ratio of 25.34 (4 degrees of freedom). CONCLUSION The IL1 locus appears to be a high-priority susceptibility locus in PsA, with at least 2 independent regions that confer increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proton Rahman
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Clare's Mercy Hospital, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic factors provide over 90% of the overall susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis, with about half of the genetic contribution attributed to HLA-B27 and other major histocompatibility complex genes. Recent studies have focused on non-major histocompatibility complex genes. This review is aimed at summarizing the status of major histocompatibility complex and non-major histocompatibility complex genes in ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility, and suggests areas for future studies. RECENT FINDINGS A recent meta-analysis of published scans of ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility has confirmed sites on chromosomes 3q, 6p (the major histocompatibility complex), 10q, 16q and 19q in ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility. Non-major histocompatibility complex candidate gene analyses have confirmed a role for the IL-1 gene complex. The search for other non-major histocompatibility complex candidate genes, however, has been complicated by inadequate power in most previous studies. Innovations in genetic methodologies will allow thorough genome wide linkage disequilibrium mapping studies in large cohorts of patients that will result in the dissection of the genetic susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. SUMMARY Nearly half of the susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis is provided by major histocompatibility complex genes. Non-major histocompatibility complex genes, most notably the IL-1 gene complex, have been identified and novel technologies promise that a more thorough examination of the rest of the genome will soon elucidate the genetic basis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Reveille
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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