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Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. The role of B-1 cells in cancer progression and anti-tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363176. [PMID: 38629061 PMCID: PMC11019000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, in addition to the well-established role of T cells in controlling or promoting tumor growth, a new wave of research has demonstrated the active involvement of B cells in tumor immunity. B-cell subsets with distinct phenotypes and functions play various roles in tumor progression. Plasma cells and activated B cells have been linked to improved clinical outcomes in several types of cancer, whereas regulatory B cells have been associated with disease progression. However, we are only beginning to understand the role of a particular innate subset of B cells, referred to as B-1 cells, in cancer. Here, we summarize the characteristics of B-1 cells and review their ability to infiltrate tumors. We also describe the potential mechanisms through which B-1 cells suppress anti-tumor immune responses and promote tumor progression. Additionally, we highlight recent studies on the protective anti-tumor function of B-1 cells in both mouse models and humans. Understanding the functions of B-1 cells in tumor immunity could pave the way for designing more effective cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Immunobiology Department, Immunology and Immunotherapy Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana M. Hernández
- Applied Genetics Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Habana, Habana, Cuba
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2
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Radhakrishnan V, Golla U, Kudva AK. Role of Immune Cells and Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:461. [PMID: 38672732 PMCID: PMC11050867 DOI: 10.3390/life14040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical signs of multiple myeloma, a plasma cell (PC) dyscrasia, include bone loss, renal damage, and paraproteinemia. It can be defined as the uncontrolled growth of malignant PCs within the bone marrow. The distinctive bone marrow milieu that regulates the progression of myeloma disease involves interactions between plasma and stromal cells, and myeloid and lymphoid cells. These cells affect the immune system independently or because of a complicated web of interconnections, which promotes disease development and immune evasion. Due to the importance of these factors in the onset of disease, various therapeutic strategies have been created that either target or improve the immunological processes that influence disease progression. The immune system has a role in the mechanism of action of multiple myeloma treatments. The main contributions of immune cells to the bone marrow microenvironment, as well as how they interact and how immune regulation might lead to therapeutic effects, are covered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Radhakrishnan
- Department of Surgery, Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, Roy Blunt NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Upendarrao Golla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Avinash Kundadka Kudva
- Department of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Mangaluru 574199, India
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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3
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Bierling TEH, Gumann A, Ottmann SR, Schulz SR, Weckwerth L, Thomas J, Gessner A, Wichert M, Kuwert F, Rost F, Hauke M, Freudenreich T, Mielenz D, Jäck HM, Pracht K. GLUT1-mediated glucose import in B cells is critical for anaplerotic balance and humoral immunity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113739. [PMID: 38340319 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake increases during B cell activation and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) differentiation, but conflicting findings prevent a clear metabolic profile at different stages of B cell activation. Deletion of the glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) gene in mature B cells (GLUT1-cKO) results in normal B cell development, but it reduces germinal center B cells and ASCs. GLUT1-cKO mice show decreased antigen-specific antibody titers after vaccination. In vitro, GLUT1-deficient B cells show impaired activation, whereas established plasmablasts abolish glycolysis, relying on mitochondrial activity and fatty acids. Transcriptomics and metabolomics reveal an altered anaplerotic balance in GLUT1-deficient ASCs. Despite attempts to compensate for glucose deprivation by increasing mitochondrial mass and gene expression associated with glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and hexosamine synthesis, GLUT1-deficient ASCs lack the metabolites for energy production and mitochondrial respiration, limiting protein synthesis. We identify GLUT1 as a critical metabolic player defining the germinal center response and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E H Bierling
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amelie Gumann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shannon R Ottmann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonie Weckwerth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Thomas
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arne Gessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Wichert
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frederic Kuwert
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Rost
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Hauke
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Freudenreich
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Ottens K, Schneider J, Satterthwaite AB. B-1a Cells, but Not Marginal Zone B Cells, Are Implicated in the Accumulation of Autoreactive Plasma Cells in Lyn-/- Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:47-56. [PMID: 38189742 PMCID: PMC10835670 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in Lyn, a tyrosine kinase that limits B cell activation, develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease characterized by the accumulation of splenic plasma cells and the production of autoantibodies. Lyn-/- mice have reduced numbers of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, a B cell subset that is enriched in autoreactivity and prone to plasma cell differentiation. We hypothesized that this is due to unchecked terminal differentiation of this potentially pathogenic B cell subpopulation. However, impairing MZ B cell development in Lyn-/- mice did not reduce plasma cell accumulation or autoantibodies, and preventing plasma cell differentiation did not restore MZ B cell numbers. Instead, Lyn-/- mice accumulated B-1a cells when plasma cell differentiation was impaired. Similar to MZ B cells, B-1a cells tend to be polyreactive or weakly autoreactive and are primed for terminal differentiation. Our results implicate B-1a cells, but not MZ B cells, as contributors to the autoreactive plasma cell pool in Lyn-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ottens
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jalyn Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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5
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Daum P, Ottmann SR, Meinzinger J, Schulz SR, Côrte-Real J, Hauke M, Roth E, Schuh W, Mielenz D, Jäck HM, Pracht K. The microRNA processing subunit DGCR8 is required for a T cell-dependent germinal center response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991347. [PMID: 36591274 PMCID: PMC9800915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the microRNA (miRNA) processor complex consisting of the RNAse Drosha and the DiGeorge Critical Region (DGCR) 8 protein is essential for B cell maturation. To determine whether miRNA processing is required to initiate T cell-mediated antibody responses, we deleted DGCR8 in maturing B2 cells by crossing a mouse with loxP-flanked DGCR8 alleles with a CD23-Cre mouse. As expected, non-immunized mice showed reduced numbers of mature B2 cells and IgG-secreting cells and diminished serum IgG titers. In accordance, germinal centers and antigen-specific IgG-secreting cells were absent in mice immunized with T-dependent antigens. Therefore, DGCR8 is required to mount an efficient T-dependent antibody response. However, DGCR8 deletion in B1 cells was incomplete, resulting in unaltered B1 cell numbers and normal IgM and IgA titers in DGCR8-knock-out mice. Therefore, this mouse model could be used to analyze B1 responses in the absence of functional B2 cells.
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Wang Z, Yi Z, Wang Q, Yin L, Li J, Xie J, Yang H, Yin Y. Effect of Different Levels of Niacin on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Status, Cytokine Levels, Inflammatory Gene Expression and Colonic Microbial Composition in Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213018. [PMID: 36359142 PMCID: PMC9695451 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacin plays an important role in regulating the gut health of weaned piglets. In this study, 48 25-day-old weaned piglets (7.9 ± 0.20 kg) produced by 14 sows (3 to 4 piglets per sow) were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 2 piglets in each replicate. Each group was fed diets supplemented with 22.5 (N1), 30 (N2), 45 (N3), and 75 (N4) mg/kg of niacin, respectively. Samples were taken at 7 and 14 d, respectively. The study shows that changes in niacin levels significantly affected the content of IgG and IgM in the serum (p < 0.05). Niacin had a significant effect on antioxidant parameters such as MDA, T-SOD, and CuZn-SOD in the jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant differences were observed in the expression of cytokines such as TGF-β, TNF-α, and COX2 in the jejunal mucosa (p < 0.05). The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that there were significant differences in the colonic species composition, which were also accompanied by changes in the isovaleric acid content (p < 0.05). In conclusion, an appropriate increase in niacin dose based on NRC (2012) has an important role in improving the antioxidant status of weaned piglets, alleviating intestinal inflammation in piglets, improving immunity, and regulating the structure of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Wang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhenfeng Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qiye Wang
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lanmei Yin
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jun Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Fujian Aonong Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Junyan Xie
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (Y.Y.)
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Schanzenbacher J, Köhl J, Karsten CM. Anaphylatoxins spark the flame in early autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958392. [PMID: 35958588 PMCID: PMC9358992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system (CS) is an ancient and highly conserved part of the innate immune system with important functions in immune defense. The multiple fragments bind to specific receptors on innate and adaptive immune cells, the activation of which translates the initial humoral innate immune response (IR) into cellular innate and adaptive immunity. Dysregulation of the CS has been associated with the development of several autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ANCA-associated vasculitis, and autoimmune bullous dermatoses (AIBDs), where complement drives the inflammatory response in the effector phase. The role of the CS in autoimmunity is complex. On the one hand, complement deficiencies were identified as risk factors to develop autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, activation of complement can drive autoimmune responses. The anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are potent mediators and regulators of inflammation during the effector phase of autoimmunity through engagement of specific anaphylatoxin receptors, i.e., C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2 either on or in immune cells. In addition to their role in innate IRs, anaphylatoxins regulate humoral and cellular adaptive IRs including B-cell and T-cell activation, differentiation, and survival. They regulate B- and T-lymphocyte responses either directly or indirectly through the activation of anaphylatoxin receptors via dendritic cells that modulate lymphocyte function. Here, we will briefly review our current understanding of the complex roles of anaphylatoxins in the regulation of immunologic tolerance and the early events driving autoimmunity and the implications of such regulation for therapeutic approaches that target the CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Schanzenbacher
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Childrens Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christian M. Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian M. Karsten,
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8
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She Z, Li C, Wu F, Mao J, Xie M, Hun M, Abdirahman AS, Luo S, Wan W, Tian J, Wen C. The Role of B1 Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814857. [PMID: 35418972 PMCID: PMC8995743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by multisystemic and multi-organ involvement, recurrent relapses and remissions, and the presence of large amounts of autoantibodies in the body as the main clinical features. The mechanisms involved in this disease are complex and remain poorly understood; however, they are generally believed to be related to genetic susceptibility factors, external stimulation of the body’s immune dysfunction, and impaired immune regulation. The main immune disorders include the imbalance of T lymphocyte subsets, hyperfunction of B cells, production of large amounts of autoantibodies, and further deposition of immune complexes, which result in tissue damage. Among these, B cells play a major role as antibody-producing cells and have been studied extensively. B1 cells are a group of important innate-like immune cells, which participate in various innate and autoimmune processes. Yet the role of B1 cells in SLE remains unclear. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of B1 cells in SLE to provide new directions to explore the pathogenesis and treatment modalities of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou She
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cuifang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feifeng Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jueyi Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Marady Hun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Amin Sheikh Abdirahman
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Senlin Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wuqing Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jidong Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuan Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Halperin ST, ’t Hart BA, Luchicchi A, Schenk GJ. The Forgotten Brother: The Innate-like B1 Cell in Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:606. [PMID: 35327408 PMCID: PMC8945227 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), traditionally considered a chronic autoimmune attack against the insulating myelin sheaths around axons. However, the exact etiology has not been identified and is likely multi-factorial. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that implies that autoimmune processes underlying MS may, in fact, be triggered by pathological processes initiated within the CNS. This review focuses on a relatively unexplored immune cell-the "innate-like" B1 lymphocyte. The B1 cell is a primary-natural-antibody- and anti-inflammatory-cytokine-producing cell present in the healthy brain. It has been recently shown that its frequency and function may differ between MS patients and healthy controls, but its exact involvement in the MS pathogenic process remains obscure. In this review, we propose that this enigmatic cell may play a more prominent role in MS pathology than ever imagined. We aim to shed light on the human B1 cell in health and disease, and how dysregulation in its delicate homeostatic role could impact MS. Furthermore, novel therapeutic avenues to restore B1 cells' beneficial functions will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.T.H.); (B.A.’t.H.)
| | - Geert J. Schenk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.T.H.); (B.A.’t.H.)
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10
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Ahmed AR, Aksoy M. IgM Deficiency in Autoimmune Blistering Mucocutaneous Diseases Following Various Treatments: Long Term Follow-Up and Relevant Observations. Front Immunol 2021; 12:727520. [PMID: 34646266 PMCID: PMC8504479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.727520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM deficiency has been reported in patients with many autoimmune diseases treated with Rituximab (RTX). It has not been studied, in detail, in autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases (AIMBD). Our objectives were: (i) Examine the dynamics of IgM levels in patients with and without RTX. (ii) Influence of reduced serum IgM levels on clinical and laboratory parameters. (iii) Explore the possible molecular and cellular basis for reduced serum IgM levels. This retrospective study that was conducted in a single-center from 2000 to 2020. Serial IgM levels were studied in 348 patients with five AIMBD (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, bullous pemphigoid, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid) and found decreased in 55 patients treated with RTX, IVIG, and conventional immunosuppressive therapy (CIST). Hence the incidence of decreased serum IgM is low. The incidence of decreased IgM in patients treated with RTX was 19.6%, in patients treated with IVIG and CIST, it was 52.8% amongst the 55 patients. IgM levels in the post-RTX group were statistically significantly different from the IVIG group (p<0.018) and CIST group (p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in other clinical and laboratory measures. Decreased serum IgM did not affect depletion or repopulation of CD19+ B cells. Patients in the three groups achieved clinical and serological remission, in spite of decreased IgM levels. Decrease in IgM was isolated, since IgG and IgA were normal throughout the study period. Decreased IgM persisted at the same level, while the patients were in clinical remission, for several years. In spite of persistent decreased IgM levels, the patients did not develop infections, tumors, other autoimmune diseases, or warrant hospitalization. Studies on IgM deficiency in knockout mice provided valuable insights. There is no universally accepted mechanism that defines decreased IgM levels in AIMBD. The data is complex, multifactorial, sometimes contradictory, and not well understood. Nonetheless, data in this study provides novel information that enhances our understanding of the biology of IgM in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Razzaque Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Blistering Diseases, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Dermatology Service, Boston Veterans Administration Health Services, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Merve Aksoy
- Department of Dermatology, The Center for Blistering Diseases, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Shibad V, Bootwala A, Mao C, Bader H, Vo H, Landesman-Bollag E, Guo C, Rubio A, Near R, Gao W, Challa S, Chukka V, Gao J, Kelly A, Landesman T, VanHelene T, Zhong X. L2pB1 Cells Contribute to Tumor Growth Inhibition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722451. [PMID: 34630396 PMCID: PMC8495424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural IgM (nIgM) antibodies play critical roles in cancer immunosurveillance. However, the role of B-1 B cells, the lymphocytes that produce nIgM, remains to be elucidated. L2pB1 cells, a subpopulation of B-1 B cells, have a unique poly-self-reactive nIgM repertoire and are capable of phagocytosis, potent antigen presentation, and immunomodulation. Using an inducible knock-in and knockout mouse model, we investigated the effect of the loss of L2pB1 cells in a B16F10 melanoma model. Our results show active tumor infiltration of L2pB1 cells in wild type mice, and conversely, depletion of L2pB1 cells results in larger tumor mass and increased angiogenesis. In vitro analysis revealed that L2pB1 cells contribute to the growth inhibition of melanoma cells in both 2D cell culture and 3D tumor spheroids. Similar effects were observed in an MC38 murine colon cancer model. Moreover, our data suggest that one of the ways that L2pB1 cells can induce tumor cell death is via lipoptosis. Lastly, we tested whether L2pB1 cell-derived monoclonal nIgM antibodies can specifically recognize tumor spheroids. Nine of the 28 nIgM-secreting L2pB1 clones demonstrated specific binding to tumor spheroids but did not bind control murine embryonic fibroblasts. Our study provides evidence that L2pB1 cells contribute to cancer immunity through their unique nIgM repertoire, tumor recognition, and lipoptosis. Taken together, because of their ability to recognize common features of tumors that are independent of genetic mutations, L2pB1 cells and their nIgM could be potential candidates for cancer treatment that can overcome tumor heterogeneity-associated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varuna Shibad
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ali Bootwala
- Department of Graduate Medical Studies, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Changchuin Mao
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hanna Bader
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hung Vo
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Esther Landesman-Bollag
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Conrad Guo
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Angel Rubio
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Near
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Gao
- Sharon High School, Sharon, MA, United States
| | - Avery Kelly
- Brookline High School, Brookline, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Xuemei Zhong
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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12
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Abstract
B cells are central to the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases, through antigen presentation, cytokine secretion, and the production of autoantibodies. During development and differentiation, B cells undergo drastic changes in their physiology. It is emerging that these are accompanied by equally significant shifts in metabolic phenotype, which may themselves also drive and enforce the functional properties of the cell. The dysfunction of B cells during autoimmunity is characterised by the breaching of tolerogenic checkpoints, and there is developing evidence that the metabolic state of B cells may contribute to this. Determining the metabolic phenotype of B cells in autoimmunity is an area of active study, and is important because intervention by metabolism-altering therapeutic approaches may represent an attractive treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan G. A. Raza
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Clarke
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Simeonova D, Stoyanov D, Leunis JC, Murdjeva M, Maes M. Construction of a nitro-oxidative stress-driven, mechanistic model of mood disorders: A nomothetic network approach. Nitric Oxide 2020; 106:45-54. [PMID: 33186727 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is accompanied by increased IgM-mediated autoimmune responses to oxidative specific epitopes (OSEs) and nitric oxide (NO)-adducts. These responses were not examined in bipolar disorder type 1 (BP1) and BP2. IgM responses to malondialdehyde (MDA), phosphatidinylinositol, oleic acid, azelaic acid, and NO-adducts were determined in 35 healthy controls, and 47 major depressed (MDD), 29 BP1, and 25 BP2 patients. We also measured serum peroxides, IgG to oxidized LDL (oxLDL), and IgM/IgA directed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IgM responses to OSEs and NO-adducts (OSENO) were significantly higher in MDD and BP1 as compared with controls, and IgM to OSEs higher in MDD than in BP2. Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis showed that 57.7% of the variance in the clinical phenome of mood disorders was explained by number of episodes, a latent vector extracted from IgM to OSENO, IgG to oxLDL, and peroxides. There were significant specific indirect effects of IgA/IgM to LPS on the clinical phenome, which were mediated by peroxides, IgM OSENO, and IgG oxLDL. Using PLS we have constructed a data-driven nomothetic network which ensembled causome (increased plasma LPS load), adverse outcome pathways (namely neuro-affective toxicity), and clinical phenome features of mood disorders in a data-driven model. Based on those feature sets, cluster analysis discovered a new diagnostic class characterized by increased plasma LPS load, peroxides, autoimmune responses to OSENO, and increased phenome scores. Using the new nomothetic network approach, we constructed a mechanistically transdiagnostic diagnostic class indicating neuro-affective toxicity in 74.3% of the mood disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Simeonova
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Marianna Murdjeva
- Research Institute, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Section of Immunological Assessment of Chronic Stress, Technological Center of Emergency Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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14
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Homeostasis and regulation of autoreactive B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:561-569. [PMID: 32382130 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the previous belief that autoreactive B cells are eliminated from the normal repertoire of B cells, many autoreactive B cells actually escape clonal deletion and develop into mature B cells. These autoreactive B cells in healthy individuals perform some beneficial functions in the host and are homeostatically regulated by regulatory T and B cells or other mechanisms to prevent autoimmune diseases. Autoreactive B-1 cells constitutively produce polyreactive natural antibodies for tissue homeostasis. Recently, autoreactive follicular B cells were reported to participate actively in the germinal center reaction. Furthermore, the selection and usefulness of autoreactive marginal zone (MZ) B cells found in autoimmune diseases are not well understood, although the repertoire of MZ B-cell receptors (BCRs) is presumed to be biased to detect bacterial antigens. In this review, we discuss the autoreactive B-cell populations among all three major B-cell subsets and their regulation in immune responses and diseases.
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15
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Guo B, Ludlow AV, Brightwell AS, Rothstein TL. Impairment of PD-L2 positive B1a cells enhances susceptibility to sepsis in RasGRP1-deficient mice. Cell Immunol 2019; 346:103993. [PMID: 31679751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RasGRP1 is a key molecule that mediates antigen-initiated signaling for activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway in lymphocytes. Patients with aberrant RasGRP1 expression experience lymphocyte dysfunction and are afflicted with recurrent microbial infections. Yet, the underlying mechanism that accounts for microbial infection remains unknown. We previously reported that B1a cells are heterogeneous with respect to PD-L2 expression and that RasGRP1 deficiency preferentially impairs PD-L2+ B1a cell development. In the present study, we show that PD-L2+ B1a cells exhibit increased capacity for differentiation to CD138+ plasma cells that secrete natural IgM antibody, as well as IL-10 and GM-CSF, in response to TLR stimulation. In keeping with this, we show here that RasGRP1-deficent mice are much more susceptible to septic infection triggered by cecalligation and puncture than wild type mice, and that reconstitution of RasGRP1-deficient mice with wild type PD-L2+ B1a cells greatly rescues RasGRP1-deficient mice from sepsis. Thus, this study indicates a mechanism for the association of RasGRP1 deficiency with predispostion to infection in the loss of a particular B1a subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchang Guo
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
| | - Alexander V Ludlow
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Angela S Brightwell
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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16
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Emerging role of innate B1 cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune diseases: Association with inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress and autoimmune responses. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Chen J, Liu H, Li L, Wang H, Li Y, Wang Y, Ding K, Hao S, Shao Y, Li L, Song J, Wang G, Shao Z, Fu R. Abnormal numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes and abnormal expression of CD4+ T lymphocyte‑secreted cytokines in patients with immune‑related haemocytopenia. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3979-3990. [PMID: 31545490 PMCID: PMC6797981 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, a group of cases with persisting haemocytopenia were separated from those with idiopathic cytopenia of undetermined significance due to the optimal response of these patients to immunosuppression therapy and due to the detection of autoantibodies in the bone marrow of haemopoietic cells. This condition was termed immune-related haemocytopenia (IRH). However, the quantity of T lymphocytes remained unknown. In the present study, the percentage of CD4+ T-cell subsets and related cytokines was measured using flow cytometry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An abnormal number of CD4+ T cell subsets was found, including increased percentages of T helper (Th)2, Th9 and Th17 cells and a decreased number of regulatory T (Treg) cells. In addition, the results showed downregulation in the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, transforming growth factor-β and IL-35, and upregulation in the levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23 and interferon-γ in patients who did not receive therapy (untreated patients). These levels were significantly associated with the number of peripheral blood cells and were recovered following treatment. In conclusion, an abnormal number of CD4+ T cell subsets and corresponding abnormal levels of regulatory cytokines resulted in the stimulation of B1 lymphocytes to produce autoantibodies in IRH, which may be considered as markers to evaluate disease prognosis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Li
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shanfeng Hao
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Shao
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Guojin Wang
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Haematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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18
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Wehbi B, Oblet C, Boyer F, Huard A, Druilhe A, Paraf F, Cogné E, Moreau J, El Makhour Y, Badran B, Van Egmond M, Cogné M, Aldigier JC. Mesangial Deposition Can Strongly Involve Innate-Like IgA Molecules Lacking Affinity Maturation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:1238-1249. [PMID: 31227634 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018111089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) often follows infections and features IgA mesangial deposition. Polymeric IgA deposits in the mesangium seem to have varied pathogenic potential, but understanding their pathogenicity remains a challenge. Most mesangial IgA1 in human IgAN has a hypogalactosylated hinge region, but it is unclear whether this is required for IgA deposition. Another important question is the role of adaptive IgA responses and high-affinity mature IgA antibodies and whether low-affinity IgA produced by innate-like B cells might also yield mesangial deposits. METHODS To explore the effects of specific qualitative variations in IgA and whether altered affinity maturation can influence IgA mesangial deposition and activate complement, we used several transgenic human IgA1-producing models with IgA deposition, including one lacking the DNA-editing enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is required in affinity maturation. Also, to explore the potential role of the IgA receptor CD89 in glomerular inflammation, we used a model that expresses CD89 in a pattern observed in humans. RESULTS We found that human IgA induced glomerular damage independent of CD89. When comparing mice able to produce high-affinity IgA antibodies with mice lacking AID-enabled Ig affinity maturation, we found that IgA deposition and complement activation significantly increased and led to IgAN pathogenesis, although without significant proteinuria or hematuria. We also observed that hinge hypoglycosylation was not mandatory for IgA deposition. CONCLUSIONS In a mouse model of IgAN, compared with high-affinity IgA, low-affinity innate-like IgA, formed in the absence of normal antigen-driven maturation, was more readily involved in IgA glomerular deposition with pathogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Wehbi
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France.,Biochemistry Department, Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lebanese University Section I, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christelle Oblet
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - François Boyer
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Arnaud Huard
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Anne Druilhe
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - François Paraf
- Anatomy-Histopathology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Etienne Cogné
- Nephrology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Moreau
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France
| | - Yolla El Makhour
- Life and Earth Sciences Department, Environmental Health Research Laboratory, Lebanese University Section V, Nabatieh, Lebanon; and
| | - Bassam Badran
- Biochemistry Department, Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lebanese University Section I, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marjolein Van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Cogné
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France;
| | - Jean-Claude Aldigier
- Immunology Department, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1262, Limoges University, Limoges, France;
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19
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Rodriguez-Zhurbenko N, Quach TD, Hopkins TJ, Rothstein TL, Hernandez AM. Human B-1 Cells and B-1 Cell Antibodies Change With Advancing Age. Front Immunol 2019; 10:483. [PMID: 30941130 PMCID: PMC6433875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related deficits in the immune system have been associated with an increased incidence of infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Human B cell populations change quantitatively and qualitatively in the elderly. However, the function of human B-1 cells, which play critical anti-microbial and housekeeping roles, have not been studied in the older age population. In the present work, we analyzed how the frequency, function and repertoire of human peripheral blood B-1 cells (CD19+CD20+CD27+CD38low/intCD43+) change with age. Our results show that not only the percentage of B-1 cells but also their ability to spontaneously secrete IgM decreased with age. Further, expression levels of the transcription factors XBP-1 and Blimp-1 were significantly lower, while PAX-5, characteristic of non-secreting B cells, was significantly higher, in healthy donors over 65 years (old) as compared to healthy donors between 20 and 45 years (young). To further characterize the B-1 cell population in older individuals, we performed single cell sequencing analysis of IgM heavy chains from healthy young and old donors. We found reduced repertoire diversity of IgM antibodies in B-1 cells from older donors as well as differences in usage of certain VH and DH specific genes, as compared to younger. Overall, our results show impairment of the human B-1 cell population with advancing age, which might impact the quality of life and onset of disease within the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tam D Quach
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Hopkins
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Center for Immunobiology and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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20
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Choi SC, Xu Z, Li W, Yang H, Roopenian DC, Morse HC, Morel L. Relative Contributions of B Cells and Dendritic Cells from Lupus-Prone Mice to CD4 + T Cell Polarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3087-3099. [PMID: 29563177 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of lupus have shown that multiple immune cell types contribute to autoimmune disease. This study sought to investigate the involvement of B cells and dendritic cells in supporting the expansion of inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T cells that are critical for lupus pathogenesis. We used lupus-prone B6.NZM2410.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (TC) and congenic C57BL/6J (B6) control mice to investigate how the genetic predisposition of these two cell types controls the activity of normal B6 T cells. Using an allogeneic in vitro assay, we showed that TC B1-a and conventional B cells expanded Th17 cells significantly more than their B6 counterparts. This expansion was dependent on CD86 and IL-6 expression and mapped to the Sle1 lupus-susceptibility locus. In vivo, TC B cells promoted greater differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th1 and follicular helper T cells than did B6 B cells, but they limited the expansion of Foxp3 regulatory CD4+ T cells to a greater extent than did B6 B cells. Finally, when normal B6 CD4+ T cells were introduced into Rag1-/- mice, TC myeloid/stromal cells caused their heightened activation, decreased Foxp3 regulatory CD4+ T cell differentiation, and increased renal infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells in comparison with B6 myeloid/stromal cells. The results show that B cells from lupus mice amplify inflammatory CD4+ T cells in a nonredundant manner with myeloid/stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - Herbert C Morse
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610;
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21
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Abstract
B-1 cells constitute a unique subpopulation of lymphocytes residing mainly in body cavities like the peritoneal cavity (PerC) but are also found in spleen and bone marrow (BM). As innate-like B cells, they mediate first line immune defense through low-affinity natural IgM (nIgM) antibodies. PerC B-1 cells can egress to the spleen and differentiate into nIgM antibody-secreting plasma cells that recognize conserved exogenous and endogenous cellular structures. Homing to and homeostasis within the PerC are regulated by the chemokine CXCL13 released by PerC macrophages and stroma cells. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the regulation of CXCL13 and B-1 homeostasis are not fully explored. B-1 cells play important roles in the inflammatory response to infection, autoimmunity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Remarkably, this list of inflammatory entities has a strong overlap with diseases that are regulated by complement suggesting a link between B-1 cells and the complement system. Interestingly, up to now, no data exist regarding the role of complement in B-1 cell biology. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that C5a regulates B-1 cell steady-state dynamics within the peritoneum, the spleen, and the BM. We found decreased B-1a cell numbers in the peritoneum and the spleen of C5aR1−/− mice associated with increased B1-a and B1-b numbers in the spleen and high serum titers of nIgM antibodies directed against phosphorylcholine and several pneumococcal polysaccharides. Similarly, peritoneal B-1a cells were decreased in the peritoneum and splenic B-1a and B-1b cells were increased in C5aR2−/− mice. The decrease in peritoneal B-1 cell numbers was associated with decreased peritoneal CXCL13 levels in C5aR1−/− and C5aR2−/− mice. In search for mechanisms, we found that combined TLR2 and IL-10 receptor activation in PerC macrophages induced strong CXCL13 production, which was significantly reduced in cells from C5aR1- and C5aR2-deficient mice and after combined C5aR-targeting. Such stimulation also induced marked local C5 production by PerC macrophages and C5a generation. Importantly, peritoneal in vivo administration of C5a increased CXCL13 production. Taken together, our findings suggest that local non-canonical C5 activation in PerC macrophages fuels CXCL13 production as a novel mechanism to control B-1 cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bröker
- Brandenburg Medical School, University Hospital Brandenburg, Center of Internal Medicine II, Brandenburg a. d. Havel, Germany
| | - Julia Figge
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Albert F Magnusen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rudolf A Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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22
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Xiang Y, Jin Q, Li L, Yang Y, Zhang H, Liu M, Fan C, Li J, Shan Z, Teng W. Physiological low-dose oestrogen promotes the development of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis through the up-regulation of Th1/Th17 responses. J Reprod Immunol 2018; 126:23-31. [PMID: 29454161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported a preponderance of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) in females, but the detailed mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, we explored the effects of oestrogen on experimental AIT (EAT) and its potential mechanisms in an ovariectomised mouse model through the supplementation of high (equivalent to the level during pregnancy) or low (equivalent to the level at the oestrus stage) doses of oestradiol (E2). We found that EAT incidence, the intrathyroidal inflammatory score, serum anti-thyroglobulin IgG2b levels, splenic mRNA expression of Th1- and Th17-specific transcription factors and typical cytokines and the proportion of IL-12-producing dendritic cells were significantly increased in EAT mice treated with low-dose E2 compared with those in the control group. However, they were not changed when administered with high-dose E2. These findings indicate that low physiological levels of E2 can stimulate the occurrence and development of EAT through the up-regulation of Th1/Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Jin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Chenling Fan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, Shenyang 110001, P. R. China.
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23
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Satterthwaite AB. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Component of B Cell Signaling Pathways, Has Multiple Roles in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1986. [PMID: 29403475 PMCID: PMC5786522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of adaptive immune tolerance to nucleic acid-containing antigens. The resulting autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Defining the signals that drive pathogenic autoantibody production is an important step in the development of more targeted therapeutic approaches for lupus, which is currently treated primarily with non-specific immunosuppression. Here, we review the contribution of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of B and myeloid cell signaling pathways, to disease in murine lupus models. Both gain- and loss-of-function genetic studies have revealed that Btk plays multiple roles in the production of autoantibodies. These include promoting the activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switching of autoreactive B cells. Small molecule inhibitors of Btk are effective at reducing autoantibody levels, B cell activation, and kidney damage in several lupus models. These studies suggest that Btk may promote end-organ damage both by facilitating the production of autoantibodies and by mediating the inflammatory response of myeloid cells to these immune complexes. While Btk has not been associated with SLE in GWAS studies, SLE B cells display signaling defects in components both upstream and downstream of Btk consistent with enhanced activation of Btk signaling pathways. Taken together, these observations indicate that limiting Btk activity is critical for maintaining B cell tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Btk inhibitors, generally well-tolerated and approved to treat B cell malignancy, may thus be a useful therapeutic approach for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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24
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Podbielska M, O'Keeffe J, Hogan EL. Autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis: role of sphingolipids, invariant NKT cells and other immune elements in control of inflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2017; 385:198-214. [PMID: 29406905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is classified as being an autoimmune response in the genetically susceptible individual to a persistent but unidentified antigen(s). Both the adaptive and the innate immune systems are likely to contribute significantly to MS pathogenesis. This review summarizes current understanding of the characteristics of MS autoimmunity in the initiation and progression of the disease. In particular we find it timely to classify the autoimmune responses by focusing on the immunogenic features of myelin-derived lipids in MS including molecular mimicry; on alterations of bioactive sphingolipids mediators in MS; and on functional roles for regulatory effector cells, including innate lymphocyte populations, like the invariant NKT (iNKT) cells which bridge adaptive and innate immune systems. Recent progress in identifying the nature of sphingolipids recognition for iNKT cells in immunity and the functional consequences of the lipid-CD1d interaction opens new avenues of access to the pathogenesis of demyelination in MS as well as design of lipid antigen-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podbielska
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA; Laboratory of Signal Transduction Molecules, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joan O'Keeffe
- Department of Biopharmaceutical & Medical Science, School of Science & Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edward L Hogan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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25
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Choi SC, Morel L. B cell contribution of the CD4 + T cell inflammatory phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:37-41. [PMID: 28166683 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1280028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which the effector molecules responsible for tissue damage are antibodies directed against a large number of self-antigens, among which nucleic acids complexed with proteins play a prominent role. These pathogenic autoantibodies are produced by plasma cells differentiated from activated autoreactive B cells, a process that requires complex interactions between multiple components of the immune systems. A key step in the activation of autoreactive B cells is provided by CD4+ T cells through cytokines and cell-to-cell contact. Lupus CD4+ T cells are autoreactive and they present an activated inflammatory phenotype that has been shown to contribute to disease. In addition to their role in antibody production, B cells have other effector functions, the most important ones being antigen presentation to and co-stimulation of CD4+ T cells, as well as the secretion of cytokines. Here, we review what is known, largely based on mouse models, how these B cell effector functions contribute to the CD4+ T cell inflammatory phenotypes in lupus. When possible, we compare CD4+ T cell activation by B cells and by dendritic cells, and speculate how these interactions may contribute to the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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26
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Hernandez AM, Holodick NE. Editorial: Natural Antibodies in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1795. [PMID: 29326696 PMCID: PMC5733483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Hernandez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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27
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B1a cells play a pathogenic role in the development of autoimmune arthritis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19299-311. [PMID: 27014914 PMCID: PMC4991384 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated functions of B1 cells have been implicated in the disease progression of various autoimmune disorders, but it remains largely unclear whether B1 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. In this study, we found that peritoneal B1a cells underwent proliferation and migrated to the inflamed joint tissue with upregulated RANKL expression during collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) development in mice. Adoptive transfer of B1a cells exacerbated arthritic severity and joint damage while intraperitoneal depletion of B1 cells ameliorated both arthritic symptoms and joint pathology in CIA mice. In culture, RANKL-expressing B1a cells significantly promoted the expansion of osteoclasts derived from bone marrow cells, which were in accord with the in vivo findings of increased osteoclastogenesis in CIA mice transferred with B1a cells. Together, these results have demonstrated a pathogenic role of B1a cells in the development of autoimmune arthritis through RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis.
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28
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Differential Role of B Cells and IL-17 Versus IFN-γ During Early and Late Rejection of Pig Islet Xenografts in Mice. Transplantation 2017; 101:1801-1810. [PMID: 27893617 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenogeneic islet transplantation is an emerging therapeutic option for diabetic patients. However, immunological tolerance to xenogeneic islets remains a challenge. METHODS The current study used a pig-to-mouse discordant xenogeneic islet transplant model to examine antidonor xenogeneic immune responses during early and late rejection and to determine experimental therapeutic interventions that promote durable pig islet xenograft survival. RESULTS We found that during early acute rejection of pig islet xenografts, the rejecting hosts exhibited a heavy graft infiltration with B220 B cells and a robust antipig antibody production. In addition, early donor-stimulated IL-17 production, but not IFN-γ production, dominated during early acute rejection. Recipient treatment with donor apoptotic 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide-treated splenocytes significantly inhibited antidonor IL-17 response, and when combined with B cell depletion and a short course of rapamycin led to survival of pig islet xenografts beyond 100 days in approximately 65% recipients. Interestingly, treated recipients in this model experienced late rejection between 100 and 200 days posttransplant, which coincided with B cell reconstitution and an ensuing emergence of a robust antidonor IFN-γ, but not IL-17, response. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that early and late rejection of pig islet xenografts may be dominated by different immune responses and that maintenance of long-term xenogeneic tolerance will require strategies that target the temporal sequence of antixenogeneic immune responses.
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29
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Holodick NE, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. Defining Natural Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:872. [PMID: 28798747 PMCID: PMC5526850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense against infection thereby, allowing time for a specific antibody response to be mounted. The literature has a seemingly common definition of NAbs; however, as our knowledge of antibodies and B cells is refined, re-evaluation of the common definition of Nabs may be required. Defining Nabs becomes important as the function of NAb production is used to define B cell subsets (1) and as these important molecules are shown to play numerous roles in the immune system (Figure 1). Herein, we aim to briefly summarize our current knowledge of NAbs in the context of initiating a discussion within the field of how such an important and multifaceted group of molecules should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
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30
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Kaku H, Holodick NE, Tumang JR, Rothstein TL. CD25 + B-1a Cells Express Aicda. Front Immunol 2017; 8:672. [PMID: 28676801 PMCID: PMC5477345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1a cells are innate-like B-lymphocytes producing natural antibodies. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a product of the Aicda gene, plays a central role in class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation in B cells. Although a role for Aicda in B-1a cells has been suggested on the basis of experiments with knock out (KO) mice, whether B-1a cells express Aicda, and if so, which B-1a cell subpopulation expresses Aicda, remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that B-1 cells express Aicda, but at a level below that expressed by germinal center (GC) B cells. We previously reported that B-1a cells can be subdivided based on CD25 expression. We show here that B-1a cell Aicda expression is concentrated in the CD25+ B-1a cell subpopulation. These results suggest the possibility that previous studies of memory B cells identified on the basis of Aicda expression may have inadvertently included an unknown number of CD25+ B-1a cells. Although B-1a cells develop normally in the absence of Aicda, a competitive reconstitution assay reveals enhanced vigor for AID KO B-1a cell bone marrow (BM) progenitors, as compared with wild-type BM B-1 cell progenitors. These results suggest that AID inhibits the development of B-1a cells from BM B-1 cell progenitors in a competitive environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kaku
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, The Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
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31
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Ganshina IV. Serous cavities of coelomic origin as possible organs of the immune system. Part 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086416060025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Holodick NE, Zeumer L, Rothstein TL, Morel L. Expansion of B-1a Cells with Germline Heavy Chain Sequence in Lupus Mice. Front Immunol 2016; 7:108. [PMID: 27047495 PMCID: PMC4805591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (B6.TC) lupus-prone mice carrying the NZB allele of Cdkn2c, encoding for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P18(INK4), accumulate B-1a cells due to a higher rate of proliferative self-renewal. However, it is unclear whether this affects primarily early-appearing B-1a cells of fetal origin or later-appearing B-1a cells that emerge from bone marrow. B-1a cells are the major source of natural autoantibodies, and it has been shown that their protective nature is associated with a germline-like sequence, which is characterized by few N-nucleotide insertions and a repertoire skewed toward rearrangements predominated during fetal life, VH11 and VH12. To determine the nature of B-1a cells expanded in B6.TC mice, we amplified immunoglobulin genes by PCR from single cells in mice. Sequencing showed a significantly higher proportion of B-1a cell antibodies that display fewer N-additions in B6.TC mice than in B6 control mice. Following this lower number of N-insertions within the CDR-H3 region, the B6.TC B-1a cells display shorter CDR-H3 length than B6 B-1a cells. The absence of N-additions is a surrogate for fetal origin, as TdT expression starts after birth in mice. Therefore, our results suggest that the B-1a cell population is not only expanded in autoimmune B6.TC mice but also qualitatively different with the majority of cells from fetal origin. Accordingly, our sequencing results also demonstrated the overuse of VH11 and VH12 in autoimmune B6.TC mice as compared to B6 controls. These results suggest that the development of lupus autoantibodies in these mice is coupled with skewing of the B-1a cell repertoire and possible retention of protective natural antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, NY , USA
| | - Leilani Zeumer
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, The Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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33
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Guo B, Rothstein TL. RasGRP1 Is an Essential Signaling Molecule for Development of B1a Cells with Autoantigen Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2583-90. [PMID: 26851222 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
B1a cells, particularly the PD-L2(+) B1a cell subset, are enriched with autoantigen-specific receptors. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the skewed selection of autoreactive B1a cells remains unclear. In this study, we find that B1 cells express only Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP) 1, whereas B2 cells express mostly RasGRP3 and little RasGRP1. RasGRP1 is indispensable for transduction of weak signals. RasGRP1 deficiency markedly impairs B1a cell development and reduces serum natural IgM production; in particular, B1a cells that express autoantigen receptors, such as anti-phosphatidylcholine B1a cells, are virtually eliminated. Thus, unlike Btk and other signalosome components, RasGRP1 deficiency selectively affects only the B1a cell population with autoantigen receptors rather than the entire pool of B1a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchang Guo
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030;
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
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34
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Quách TD, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hopkins TJ, Guo X, Hernández AM, Li W, Rothstein TL. Distinctions among Circulating Antibody-Secreting Cell Populations, Including B-1 Cells, in Human Adult Peripheral Blood. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1060-9. [PMID: 26740107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human Ab-secreting cell (ASC) populations in circulation are not well studied. In addition to B-1 (CD20(+)CD27(+)CD38(lo/int)CD43(+)) cell and conventional plasmablast (PB) (CD20-CD27(hi)CD38(hi)) cell populations, in this study, we identified a novel B cell population termed 20(+)38(hi) B cells (CD20(+)CD27(hi)CD38(hi)) that spontaneously secretes Ab. At steady-state, 20(+)38(hi) B cells are distinct from PBs on the basis of CD20 expression, amount of Ab production, frequency of mutation, and diversity of BCR repertoire. However, cytokine treatment of 20(+)38(hi) B cells induces loss of CD20 and acquisition of CD138, suggesting that 20(+)38(hi) B cells are precursors to PBs or pre-PBs. We then evaluated similarities and differences among CD20(+)CD27(+)CD38(lo/int)CD43(+) B-1 cells, CD20(+)CD27(hi)CD38(hi) 20(+)38(hi) B cells, CD20(-)CD27(hi)CD38(hi) PBs, and CD20(+)CD27(+)CD38(lo/int)CD43(-) memory B cells. We found that B-1 cells differ from 20(+)38(hi) B cells and PBs in a number of ways, including Ag expression, morphological appearance, transcriptional profiling, Ab skewing, Ab repertoire, and secretory response to stimulation. In terms of gene expression, B-1 cells align more closely with memory B cells than with 20(+)38(hi) B cells or PBs, but differ in that memory B cells do not express Ab secretion-related genes. We found that B-1 cell Abs use Vh4-34, which is often associated with autoreactivity, 3- to 6-fold more often than other B cell populations. Along with selective production of IgM anti-phosphoryl choline, these data suggest that human B-1 cells might be preferentially selected for autoreactivity/natural specificity. In summary, our results indicate that human healthy adult peripheral blood at steady-state consists of three distinct ASC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tâm D Quách
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030; Tumor Immunology Direction, Center for Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba; and
| | - Thomas J Hopkins
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Xiaoti Guo
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030; Tumor Immunology Direction, Center for Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba; and
| | - Wentian Li
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics and Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030;
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35
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Wang H, Lin JX, Li P, Skinner J, Leonard WJ, Morse HC. New insights into heterogeneity of peritoneal B-1a cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:68-76. [PMID: 25988856 PMCID: PMC4651667 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal B-1a cells are characterized by their expression of CD5 and enrichment for germline-encoded IgM B cell receptors. Early studies showing expression of a diverse array of VDJ sequences among purified B-1a cells provided a molecular basis for understanding the heterogeneity of the B-1a cell repertoire. Antigen-driven positive selection and the identification of B-1a specific progenitors suggest multiple origins of B-1a cells. The introduction of new markers such as PD-L2, CD25, CD73, and PC1 (plasma cell alloantigen 1, also known as ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase 1) further helped to identify phenotypically and functionally distinct B-1a subsets. Among many B-1a subsets defined by these new markers, PC1 is unique in that it subdivides B-1a cells into PC1(hi) and PC1(lo) subpopulations with distinct functions, such as production of natural IgM and gut IgA, response to the pneumococcal antigen PPS-3, secretion of interleukin-10, and support for T helper 1 (TH 1) cell differentiation. RNA sequencing of these subsets revealed differential expression of genes involved in cellular movement and immune cell trafficking. We will discuss these new insights underlying the heterogeneous nature of the B-1a cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- The Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jian-xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Warren J. Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Herbert C. Morse
- The Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
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36
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Zhu LY, Shao T, Nie L, Zhu LY, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Evolutionary implication of B-1 lineage cells from innate to adaptive immunity. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:123-30. [PMID: 26573260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm that B cells mainly play a central role in adaptive immunity may have to be reevaluated because B-1 lineage cells have been found to exhibit innate-like functions, such as phagocytic and bactericidal activities. Therefore, the evolutionary connection of B-1 lineage cells between innate and adaptive immunities have received much attention. In this review, we summarized various innate-like characteristics of B-1 lineage cells, such as natural antibody production, antigen-presenting function in primary adaptive immunity, and T cell-independent immune responses. These characteristics seem highly conserved between fish B cells and mammalian B-1 cells during vertebrate evolution. We proposed an evolutionary outline of B cells by comparing biological features, including morphology, phenotype, ontogeny, and functional activity between B-1 lineage cells and macrophages or B-2 cells. The B-1 lineage may be a transitional cell type between phagocytic cells (e.g., macrophages) and B-2 cells that functionally connects innate and adaptive immunities. Our discussion would contribute to the understanding on the origination of B cells specialized in adaptive immunity from innate immunity. The results might provide further insight into the evolution of the immune system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lv-yun Zhu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-yun Zhu
- College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, People's Republic of China.
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37
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Johnson BM, Gaudreau MC, Al-Gadban MM, Gudi R, Vasu C. Impact of dietary deviation on disease progression and gut microbiome composition in lupus-prone SNF1 mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 181:323-37. [PMID: 25703185 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, including microbes and diet, play a key role in initiating autoimmunity in genetically predisposed individuals. However, the influence of gut microflora in the initiation and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is not well understood. In this study, we have examined the impact of drinking water pH on immune response, disease incidence and gut microbiome in a spontaneous mouse model of SLE. Our results show that (SWR × NZB) F1 (SNF1 ) mice that were given acidic pH water (AW) developed nephritis at a slower pace compared to those on neutral pH water (NW). Immunological analyses revealed that the NW-recipient mice carry relatively higher levels of circulating autoantibodies against nuclear antigen (nAg) as well as plasma cells. Importantly, 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing revealed that the composition of gut microbiome is significantly different between NW and AW groups of mice. In addition, analysis of cytokine and transcription factor expression revealed that immune response in the gut mucosa of NW recipient mice is dominated by T helper type 17 (Th17) and Th9-associated factors. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) promote a Th17 response and autoimmunity in mouse models of arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Interestingly, however, not only was SFB colonization unaffected by the pH of drinking water, but also SFB failed to cause a profound increase in Th17 response and had no significant effect on lupus incidence. Overall, these observations show that simple dietary deviations such as the pH of drinking water can influence lupus incidence and affect the composition of gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R Gudi
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology
| | - C Vasu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology.,Departments of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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38
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Lee RA, Mao C, Vo H, Gao W, Zhong X. Fluorescence tagging and inducible depletion of PD-L2-expressing B-1 B cells in vivo. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:77-85. [PMID: 26291441 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
L2pB1 cells are a subpopulation of B-1a B cells that express programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2) as their unique cell surface marker. In mice, about 50% of peritoneal B-1a cells are L2pB1 cells. The remaining B-1a cells are L2nB1 (PD-L2(-) ) B-1a cells. L2pB1 cells differ from L2nB1 cells in their immunoglobulin repertoire, expression of interleukin 10, and their capacity to phagocytose phosphatidylcholine. The physiological roles of L2pB1 cells have not been investigated owing to the lack of an animal model that allows for specific depletion of L2pB1 cells. Here, we report a mouse model that enables specific tracking and inducible depletion of L2pB1 cells in vivo. Our data show that depletion of L2pB1 cells significantly reduces serum anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) IgM levels and IL-10 expression in the peritoneal cavity. This animal model provides a tool for the study of the immune regulatory functions of L2pB1 cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Lee
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Changchuin Mao
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hung Vo
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Institute for Biomedical Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xuemei Zhong
- Hematology Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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39
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Xu Z, Morel L. Contribution of B-1a cells to systemic lupus erythematosus in the NZM2410 mouse model. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:215-23. [PMID: 25728381 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of complex etiology in which B cells play a central role. An expanded number of B-1a cells have been consistently associated with murine lupus, and more recently with human SLE. We have identified Cdkn2c, a gene that controls cell cycle progression, as a key regulator of B-1a cell numbers and have associated Cdkn2c deficiency with autoimmune pathology, including the production of autoantibodies and the skewing of CD4(+) T cells toward inflammatory effector functions. We review the genetic studies that have led to these findings, as well as the possible mechanisms by which B-1a cell expansion and Cdkn2c deficiency are related to SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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40
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Yammani RD, Leyva MA, Jennings RN, Haas KM. C4 Deficiency is a predisposing factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced autoantibody production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5434-43. [PMID: 25339671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in C4 levels may predispose individuals to infection with encapsulated bacteria as well as autoimmunity. In this study, we examined the role C4 has in protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced autoimmunity. Mild respiratory infection with serotype 19F pneumococci selectively induced systemic anti-dsDNA IgA production in naive C4(-/-) mice, but not in C3(-/-) or wild-type mice. Systemic challenge with virulent serotype 3 pneumococci also induced anti-dsDNA IgA production in immune C4(-/-) mice. Remarkably, pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) vaccination alone induced C4(-/-) mice to produce increased anti-dsDNA IgA levels that were maintained in some mice for months. These effects were most pronounced in female C4(-/-) mice. Importantly, immunization-induced increases in anti-dsDNA IgA levels were strongly associated with increased IgA deposition in kidneys. Cross-reactivity between pneumococcal Ags and dsDNA played a partial role in the induction of anti-dsDNA IgA, but a major role for PPS-associated TLR2 agonists was also revealed. Administration of the TLR2/4 antagonist, OxPAPC, at the time of PPS immunization completely blocked the production of anti-dsDNA IgA in C4(-/-) mice without suppressing PPS-specific Ab production. The TLR2 agonist, Pam3CSK4, similarly induced anti-dsDNA IgA production in C4(-/-) mice, which OxPAPC also prevented. LPS, a TLR4 agonist, had no effect. Pam3CSK4, but not LPS, also induced dsDNA-specific IgA production by C4(-/-) splenic IgA(+) B cells in vitro, indicating that TLR2 agonists can stimulate autoantibody production via B cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Collectively, our results show an important role for C4 in suppressing autoantibody production elicited by cross-reactive Ags and TLR2 agonists associated with S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama D Yammani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Marcela A Leyva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Ryan N Jennings
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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41
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Xiao Y, Yu S, Zhu B, Bedoret D, Bu X, Francisco LM, Hua P, Duke-Cohan JS, Umetsu DT, Sharpe AH, DeKruyff RH, Freeman GJ. RGMb is a novel binding partner for PD-L2 and its engagement with PD-L2 promotes respiratory tolerance. Mol Immunol 2014; 48:1292-300. [PMID: 24752301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report that programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), a known ligand of PD-1, also binds to repulsive guidance molecule b (RGMb), which was originally identified in the nervous system as a co-receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). PD-L2 and BMP-2/4 bind to distinct sites on RGMb. Normal resting lung interstitial macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells express high levels of RGMb mRNA, whereas lung dendritic cells express PD-L2. Blockade of the RGMb-PD-L2 interaction markedly impaired the development of respiratory tolerance by interfering with the initial T cell expansion required for respiratory tolerance. Experiments with PD-L2-deficient mice showed that PD-L2 expression on non-T cells was critical for respiratory tolerance, but expression on T cells was not required. Because PD-L2 binds to both PD-1, which inhibits antitumor immunity, and to RGMb, which regulates respiratory immunity, targeting the PD-L2 pathway has therapeutic potential for asthma, cancer, and other immune-mediated disorders. Understanding this pathway may provide insights into how to optimally modulate the PD-1 pathway in cancer immunotherapy while minimizing adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; 2 Division of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital; 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and 4 Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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42
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Muzzio DO, Soldati R, Rolle L, Zygmunt M, Zenclussen AC, Jensen F. B-1a B cells regulate T cell differentiation associated with pregnancy disturbances. Front Immunol 2014; 5:6. [PMID: 24478775 PMCID: PMC3896948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the maternal immune system faces a double dilemma: tolerate the growing semi-allogeneic fetus and at the same time protect the mother and the progeny against pathogens. This requires a fine and extremely regulated equilibrium between immune activation and tolerance. As professional antigen presenting cells, B cells and in particular B-1a B cells, can activate or tolerize T cells and thus participate in the generation or regulation of the immune response. B-1a B cells were involved in the humoral immune response leading to pre-eclampsia, one of the main medical complications during pregnancy. Here we demonstrated that B-1a B cells are additionally involved in cellular immune mechanisms associated with pregnancy complications. Using a mouse model of pregnancy disturbances, we showed that B-1a B cells from animals suffering pregnancy disturbances but not from those developing normal pregnancies induce the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 and Th1 cells. This differential role of B-1a B cells during pregnancy seems to be associated with the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 as normal pregnant mice showed lower percentages of CD86 expressing B-1a B cells as compared to pregnant mice developing pregnancy disturbances or to non-pregnant animals. Our data bring to light a new and not explored role of B-1a B cells in the context of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Oscar Muzzio
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Rocío Soldati
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Luise Rolle
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Federico Jensen
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
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43
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Rothstein TL, Griffin DO, Holodick NE, Quach TD, Kaku H. Human B-1 cells take the stage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1285:97-114. [PMID: 23692567 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
B-1 cells play critical roles in defending against microbial invasion and in housekeeping removal of cellular debris. B-1 cells secrete natural antibody and manifest functions that influence T cell expansion and differentiation and in these and other ways differ from conventional B-2 cells. B-1 cells were originally studied in mice where they are easily distinguished from B-2 cells, but their identity in the human system remained poorly defined for many years. Recently, functional criteria for human B-1 cells were established on the basis of murine findings, and reverse engineering resulted in identification of the phenotypic profile, CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-), for B-1 cells found in both umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood. Human B-1 cells may contribute to multiple disease states through production of autoantibody and stimulation/modulation of T cell activity. Human B-1 cells could be a rich source of antibodies useful in treating diseases present in elderly populations where natural antibody protection may have eroded. Manipulation of human B-1 cell numbers and/or activity may be a new avenue for altering T cell function and treating immune dyscrasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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44
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Xu Z, Cuda CM, Croker BP, Morel L. The NZM2410-derived lupus susceptibility locus Sle2c1 increases Th17 polarization and induces nephritis in fas-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:764-74. [PMID: 21360506 DOI: 10.1002/art.30146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sle2 is a lupus susceptibility locus that has been linked to glomerulonephritis in the NZM2410 mouse. By itself, Sle2 does not induce any autoimmune pathology but results in the accumulation of B-1a cells. This study was designed to assess the contribution of Sle2 to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. METHODS Sle2 or its subcongenic intervals (Sle2a, Sle2b, and Sle2c1) were bred to Fas-deficient B6.lpr mice. Lymphoid phenotypes, which were focused on T cells, were assessed by flow cytometry, and histopathologic changes were compared between cohorts of B6.Sle2.lpr congenic mice and B6.lpr mice of ages up to 6 months. RESULTS Sle2 synergized with lpr, resulting in a greatly accelerated lymphadenopathy that largely targeted T cells and mapped to the Sle2c1 locus. This locus has been identified as the main contributor to B-1a cell expansion. Further analyses showed that Sle2c1 expression skewed the differentiation and polarization of Fas-deficient T cells, with a reduction of the CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cell subset and an expansion of the Th17 cells. This was associated with a high number of T cell infiltrates that promoted severe nephritis and dermatitis in the B6.Sle2c1.lpr mice. CONCLUSION These results show that Sle2c1 contributes to lupus pathogenesis by affecting T cell differentiation in combination with other susceptibility loci, such as lpr. The significance of the cosegregation of this phenotype and B-1a cell expansion in Sle2c1-expressing mice in relation to the pathogenesis of lupus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Xu
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA
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45
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Expression of plasma cell alloantigen 1 defines layered development of B-1a B-cell subsets with distinct innate-like functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20077-82. [PMID: 23169635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212428109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate-like B-1a cells contribute significantly to circulating natural antibodies and mucosal immunity as well as to immunoregulation. Here we show that these classic functions of B-1a cells segregate between two unique subsets defined by expression of plasma cell alloantigen 1 (PC1), also known as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1). These subsets, designated B-1a.PC1(lo) and B-1a.PC1(hi), differ significantly in IgH chain utilization. Adoptively transferred PC1(lo) cells secreted significantly more circulating natural IgM and intestinal IgA than PC1(hi) cells. In contrast, PC1(hi) cells produced more IL-10 than PC1(lo) cells when stimulated with LPS and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). PC1(hi) cells were also more efficient than PC1(lo) cells in regulating Th1 cell differentiation, even though both B-1a subsets were comparably active in stimulating T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, PC1(lo) cells generated antigen-specific IgM responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens, whereas PC1(hi) cells do not. We found that PC1(lo) cells develop from an early wave of B-1a progenitors in fetal life, whereas PC1(hi) cells are generated from a later wave after birth. We conclude that identification of B-1a.PC1(lo) and B-1a.PC1(hi) cells extends the concept of a layered immune system with important implications for developing effective vaccines and promoting the generation of immunoregulatory B cells.
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46
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Wang Y, Rothstein TL. Induction of Th17 cell differentiation by B-1 cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:281. [PMID: 22973276 PMCID: PMC3438481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells constitute a unique B cell population with distinct ontogenic, phenotypic, and functional characteristics. Naïve, unmanipulated B-1 cells induce differentiation of CD4(+) T cells to become pro-inflammatory Th17 cells whereas naïve B-2 cells do not. We examined the role of distinctly expressed surface membrane molecules in providing B-1 cells with Th17-differentiating function. Neither Mac-1, CD25, PD-L2 nor CD73 appeared to contribute to B-1 cell induction of Th17 differentiation. In contrast, we found that CD44 and CD86 are involved on the basis of studies with neutralizing antibodies and knock-out mice. Activation imparted to naïve B-2 cells the ability to induce Th17 differentiation and this was similarly partially interrupted by interfering with CD44 and CD86. Our findings suggest that CD44-OPN and B7 family members play important roles in the induction of Th17 cell differentiation by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
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47
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Griffin DO, Rothstein TL. Human b1 cell frequency: isolation and analysis of human b1 cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:122. [PMID: 22654880 PMCID: PMC3360193 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversy over the frequency of human B1 cells in normal individuals has arisen as different labs have begun to employ non-uniform techniques to study this population. The phenotypic profile and relative paucity of circulating human B1 cells place constraints on methodology to identify and isolate this population. Multiple steps must be optimized to insure accurate enumeration and optimal purification. In the course of working with human B1 cells we have developed a successful strategy that provides consistent analysis of B1 cells for frequency determination and efficient isolation of B1 cells for functional studies. Here we discuss issues attendant to identifying human B1 cells and outline a carefully optimized approach that leads to uniform and reproducible data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Griffin
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset, NY, USA
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48
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Jensen F, Wallukat G, Herse F, Budner O, El-Mousleh T, Costa SD, Dechend R, Zenclussen AC. CD19
+
CD5
+
Cells as Indicators of Preeclampsia. Hypertension 2012; 59:861-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.188276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a devastating pregnancy-associated disorder affecting 5% to 8% of pregnant women worldwide. It emerges as an autoimmune-driven disease, and, among others, the autoantibodies against angiotensin type 1 receptor II have been proposed to account for preeclampsia symptoms. Despite much attention focused on describing autoantibodies associated with preeclampsia, there is no clue concerning the cell population producing them. CD19
+
CD5
+
B-1a B cells constitute the main source of natural and polyreactive antibodies, which can be directed against own structures. Here, we aimed to identify the B-cell subpopulation responsible for autoantibody production during preeclampsia and to study their regulation, as well as their possible use as markers for the disease. The frequency of CD19
+
CD5
+
cells in peripheral blood of preeclamptic patients is dramatically increased compared with normal pregnant women as analyzed by flow cytometry. This seems to be driven by the high human chorionic gonadotropin levels present in the serum and placenta supernatant of preeclamptic patients versus normal pregnant women. Not only ≈95% of CD19
+
CD5
+
cells express the human chorionic gonadotropin receptor, but these cells also expand on human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation in a lymphocyte culture. Most importantly, isolated CD19
+
CD5
+
cells produce autoantibodies against angiotensin type 1 receptor II, and CD19
+
CD5
+
cells were further detected in the placenta of preeclamptic but not of normal pregnancies where barely B cells are present. Our results identify a B-cell population able to produce pregnancy-pathological autoantibodies as possible markers for preeclampsia, which opens vast diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Jensen
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Wallukat
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Herse
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Budner
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tarek El-Mousleh
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Serban-Dan Costa
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- From the Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology (F.J., T.E.-M., A.C.Z.), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Research Center (G.W., F.H., R.D.), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; University Women's Clinic (O.B., S.-D.C.), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch (R.D.), Berlin, Germany
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Klinker MW, Lundy SK. Multiple mechanisms of immune suppression by B lymphocytes. Mol Med 2012; 18:123-37. [PMID: 22033729 PMCID: PMC3276396 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Suppression of the immune system after the resolution of infection or inflammation is an important process that limits immune-mediated pathogenesis and autoimmunity. Several mechanisms of immune suppression have received a great deal of attention in the past three decades. These include mechanisms related to suppressive cytokines, interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, produced by regulatory cells, and mechanisms related to apoptosis mediated by death ligands, Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), expressed by killer or cytotoxic cells. Despite many lines of evidence supporting an important role for B lymphocytes as both regulatory and killer cells in many inflammatory settings, relatively little attention has been given to understanding the biology of these cells, their relative importance or their usefulness as therapeutic targets. This review is intended to give an overview of the major mechanisms of immunosuppression used by B lymphocytes during both normal and inflammatory contexts. The more recent discoveries of expression of granzyme B, programmed death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) and regulatory antibody production by B cells as well as the interactions of regulatory and killer B cells with regulatory T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells and other cell populations are discussed. In addition, new evidence on the basis of independent characterizations of regulatory and killer CD5(+) B cells point toward the concept of a multipotent suppressor B cell with seemingly high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Klinker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Tomihara K, Shin T, Hurez VJ, Yagita H, Pardoll DM, Zhang B, Curiel TJ, Shin T. Aging-associated B7-DC+ B cells enhance anti-tumor immunity via Th1 and Th17 induction. Aging Cell 2012; 11:128-38. [PMID: 22044484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because most patients with cancer are aged and because immunological functions are altered during aging, it is important to account for aging-associated immunological alterations in the design of new cancer immunotherapies. We thus compared immune populations in young and aged mice and found that B7-DC(+) (PD-L2/CD273) B cells, a minor population in young mice, were significantly increased in aged mice. Induction of both Th1 and Th17 cells was significantly augmented by B7-DC(+) B cells from aged mice, and this effect was blocked with anti-B7-DC antibodies in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, retardation of tumor growth in aged mice was largely B7-DC dependent. Tumor growth in young mice was significantly inhibited by immunization with B7-DC(+) B cells from aged mice owing to increased induction of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These data indicate that B7-DC(+) B cells could play an important role in aging-associated cancer immunopathology as well as in other aging-associated diseases and further suggest that B7-DC(+) B cells have potential for future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Tomihara
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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