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Li P, Gao Y, Zhou R, Che X, Wang H, Cong L, Jiang P, Liang D, Li P, Wang C, Li W, Sang S, Duan Q, Wei X. Intra-articular injection of miRNA-1 agomir, a novel chemically modified miRNA agonists alleviates osteoarthritis (OA) progression by downregulating Indian hedgehog in rats. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8101. [PMID: 38582868 PMCID: PMC10998901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Our objective in this study is to determine whether intra-articular injection of miRNA-1 can attenuate the progression of OA in rats by down regulating Ihh. Knee chondrocytes were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 2-3 days. Second-generation chondrocytes were transfected with miR-1 mimic and empty vector with lipo3000 for 6 h and then stimulated with 10 ng/mL IL-1β for 24 h. OA-related and cartilage matrix genes were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Two-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups (n = 30?): sham operation group + 50 µL saline, anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) group + 50 µL miR-1 agomir (concentration), and control group ACLT + 50 µL miR-1 agomir. Treatment was started one week after the operation. All animals were euthanized eight weeks after the operation. X-rays and micro-CT were used to detect imaging changes in the knee joints. FMT was used to monitor joint inflammation in vivo. Safranin O staining was used to detect morphological changes in articular cartilage. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Col2, Col10, metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). RT-qPCR was used to detect gene changes includingmiR-1, Col2, Col10, MMP-13, Ihh, Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3. Overexpression of miR-1 in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes reduced the levels of Ihh, MMP-13, and Col10 but increased the levels of Col2 and aggrecan. Intra-articular injection of miR-1 agomir reduced osteophyte formation, inflammation, and prevented cartilage damage. RT-qPCR results indicated that the miR-1 agomir increased articular cartilage anabolism and inhibited cartilage catabonism. miR-1 can attenuate the progression of OA by downregulating Ihh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcui Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yangyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jincheng People's Hospital, Jincheng, 048000, Shanxi, China
| | - Raorao Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xianda Che
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lingling Cong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Pinpin Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Penghua Li
- Shanxi Province Fenyang Hospital, Fenyang, 032200, Shanxi, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Department of Experimental Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Shengbo Sang
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China
| | - Qianqian Duan
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System of the Ministry of Education and College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong, 030600, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
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2
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Chondrocyte Hypertrophy in Osteoarthritis: Mechanistic Studies and Models for the Identification of New Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244034. [PMID: 36552796 PMCID: PMC9777397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage shows limited self-healing ability owing to its low cellularity and avascularity. Untreated cartilage defects display an increased propensity to degenerate, leading to osteoarthritis (OA). During OA progression, articular chondrocytes are subjected to significant alterations in gene expression and phenotype, including a shift towards a hypertrophic-like state (with the expression of collagen type X, matrix metalloproteinases-13, and alkaline phosphatase) analogous to what eventuates during endochondral ossification. Present OA management strategies focus, however, exclusively on cartilage inflammation and degradation. A better understanding of the hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype in OA might give new insights into its pathogenesis, suggesting potential disease-modifying therapeutic approaches. Recent developments in the field of cellular/molecular biology and tissue engineering proceeded in the direction of contrasting the onset of this hypertrophic phenotype, but knowledge gaps in the cause-effect of these processes are still present. In this review we will highlight the possible advantages and drawbacks of using this approach as a therapeutic strategy while focusing on the experimental models necessary for a better understanding of the phenomenon. Specifically, we will discuss in brief the cellular signaling pathways associated with the onset of a hypertrophic phenotype in chondrocytes during the progression of OA and will analyze in depth the advantages and disadvantages of various models that have been used to mimic it. Afterwards, we will present the strategies developed and proposed to impede chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage matrix mineralization/calcification. Finally, we will examine the future perspectives of OA therapeutic strategies.
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3
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Cao H, Fu Y, Zhang Z, Guo W. Unbiased transcriptome mapping and modeling identify candidate genes and compounds of osteoarthritis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:888533. [PMID: 36034872 PMCID: PMC9399521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.888533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage loss, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation. Given that the current therapies for advanced OA patients are limited, the understanding of mechanisms and novel therapies are urgently needed. In this study, we employed the weighted gene co-expression network (WGCNA) method and the connectivity map (CMap) database to identify the candidate target genes and potential compounds. Four groups of co-expressing genes were identified as the OA-related modules. The biological annotations of these modules indicated some critical hallmarks of OA and aging, such as mitochondrial dysfunctions and abnormal energy metabolism, and the signaling pathways, such as MAPK, TNF, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Some genes, such as RELA and GADD45B, were predicted to extensively involve these critical pathways, indicating their potential functions in OA mechanisms. Moreover, we constructed the co-expressing networks of modules and identified the hub genes based on network topology. GADD45B, MAFF, and MYC were identified and validated as the hub genes. Finally, anisomycin and MG-262 were predicted to target these OA-related modules, which may be the potential drugs for OA therapy. In conclusion, this study identified the significant modules, signaling pathways, and hub genes relevant to OA and highlighted the potential clinical value of anisomycin and MG-262 as novel therapies in OA management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Fu
- The First Clinical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hankou Hospital, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenzhen Zhang, ; Weichun Guo,
| | - Weichun Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhenzhen Zhang, ; Weichun Guo,
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4
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Rux D, Helbig K, Han B, Cortese C, Koyama E, Han L, Pacifici M. Primary Cilia Direct Murine Articular Cartilage Tidemark Patterning Through Hedgehog Signaling and Ambulatory Load. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1097-1116. [PMID: 35060644 PMCID: PMC9177786 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is essential for body movement but is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases and has poor self-repair capacity. To improve current subpar regenerative treatments, developmental mechanisms of AC should be clarified and, specifically, how its postnatal multizone organization is acquired. Primary cilia are cell surface organelles crucial for mammalian tissue morphogenesis. Although their importance for chondrocyte function is appreciated, their specific roles in postnatal AC morphogenesis remain unclear. To explore these mechanisms, we used a murine conditional loss-of-function approach (Ift88-flox) targeting joint-lineage progenitors (Gdf5Cre) and monitored postnatal knee AC development. Joint formation and growth up to juvenile stages were largely unaffected. However, mature AC (aged 2 months) exhibited disorganized extracellular matrix, decreased aggrecan and collagen II due to reduced gene expression (not increased catabolism), and marked reduction of AC modulus by 30%-50%. In addition, and unexpectedly, we discovered that tidemark patterning was severely disrupted, as was hedgehog signaling, and exhibited specificity based on regional load-bearing functions of AC. Interestingly, Prg4 expression was markedly increased in highly loaded sites in mutants. Together, our data provide evidence that primary cilia orchestrate postnatal AC morphogenesis including tidemark topography, zonal matrix composition, and ambulation load responses. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rux
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Helbig
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Courtney Cortese
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Bailey KN, Alliston T. At the Crux of Joint Crosstalk: TGFβ Signaling in the Synovial Joint. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2022; 24:184-197. [PMID: 35499698 PMCID: PMC9184360 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-022-01074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The effect of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway on joint homeostasis is tissue-specific, non-linear, and context-dependent, representing a unique complexity in targeting TGFβ signaling in joint disease. Here we discuss the variety of mechanisms that TGFβ signaling employs in the synovial joint to maintain healthy joint crosstalk and the ways in which aberrant TGFβ signaling can result in joint degeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Osteoarthritis (OA) epitomizes a condition of disordered joint crosstalk in which multiple joint tissues degenerate leading to overall joint deterioration. Synovial joint tissues, such as subchondral bone, articular cartilage, and synovium, as well as mesenchymal stem cells, each demonstrate aberrant TGFβ signaling during joint disease, whether by excessive or suppressed signaling, imbalance of canonical and non-canonical signaling, a perturbed mechanical microenvironment, or a distorted response to TGFβ signaling during aging. The synovial joint relies upon a sophisticated alliance among each joint tissue to maintain joint homeostasis. The TGFβ signaling pathway is a key regulator of the health of individual joint tissues, and the subsequent interaction among these different joint tissues, also known as joint crosstalk. Dissecting the sophisticated function of TGFβ signaling in the synovial joint is key to therapeutically interrogating the pathway to optimize overall joint health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsyn N Bailey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA, 94143, San Francisco, USA
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, CA, 94143, San Francisco, USA.
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6
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Li X, Xie C, Xiao F, Su H, Li Z, Weng J, Huang Y, He P. Circular RNA circ_0000423 regulates cartilage ECM synthesis via circ_0000423/miRNA-27b-3p/MMP-13 axis in osteoarthritis. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:3400-3415. [PMID: 35439733 PMCID: PMC9085232 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is related to many human diseases including osteoarthritis (OA). Our research purpose was to show that functional circRNAs have a role in the pathogenesis of OA, while also identifying potential circRNA that bind to miRNA-27b-3p. Microarray analysis was used to evaluate the expression of CircRNA in OA and normal cartilage. The role and functional mechanism of Circ_0000423 up-regulation were detected in OA and verified in vitro and in vivo. RNA transfection, qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and dual-luciferase assays were used to investigate the interaction between Circ_0000423 and miRNA-27b-3p in vitro. The roles of Circ_0000423 were discussed in vivo. Our results discovered 11 down-regulated circRNAs and 101 up-regulated circRNAs between control and OA tissues, and confirmed that Circ_0000423 an increase significantly in OA tissues by evaluating the different circRNAs expressions. Meanwhile, luciferase analysis confirmed Circ_0000423 can be directly targeted by miRNA-27b-3p and act as a miRNA-27b-3p sponge. Circ_0000423 can influence MMP-13 and collagen II expression by targeting miRNA-27b-3p expression as ceRNA in OA. Furthermore, AAV-shRNA-Circ 0000423 intra-articular injection slows the progression of OA by decreasing articular cartilage destruction and erosion, joint surface fibrosis, osteophyte formation, MMP-13 expression, and increasing collagen II expression in the articular cartilage of ACLT-induced OA mice model. These findings confirmed that the Circ_0000423-miRNA-27b-3p-MMP-13 axis could affect the pathogenesis of OA which might lead to a novel target for diagnostic molecular biological indicators and potential OA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofan Xie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangjun Xiao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haitao Su
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxian Weng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiheng He
- Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases in skeletal development and diseases. Bone Res 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35091552 PMCID: PMC8799702 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development and homeostasis in mammals are modulated by finely coordinated processes of migration, proliferation, differentiation, and death of skeletogenic cells originating from the mesoderm and neural crest. Numerous molecular mechanisms are involved in these regulatory processes, one of which is protein posttranslational modifications, particularly protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PYP). PYP occurs mainly through the action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), modifying protein enzymatic activity, changing its cellular localization, and aiding in the assembly or disassembly of protein signaling complexes. Under physiological conditions, PYP is balanced by the coordinated action of PTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Dysregulation of PYP can cause genetic, metabolic, developmental, and oncogenic skeletal diseases. Although PYP is a reversible biochemical process, in contrast to PTKs, little is known about how this equilibrium is modulated by PTPs in the skeletal system. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed a large and diverse superfamily of PTP genes (over 100 members) in humans, which can be further divided into cysteine (Cys)-, aspartic acid (Asp)-, and histidine (His)-based PTPs. Here, we review current knowledge about the functions and regulatory mechanisms of 28 PTPs involved in skeletal development and diseases; 27 of them belong to class I and II Cys-based PTPs, and the other is an Asp-based PTP. Recent progress in analyzing animal models that harbor various mutations in these PTPs and future research directions are also discussed. Our literature review indicates that PTPs are as crucial as PTKs in supporting skeletal development and homeostasis.
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Yi D, Yu H, Lu K, Ruan C, Ding C, Tong L, Zhao X, Chen D. AMPK Signaling in Energy Control, Cartilage Biology, and Osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696602. [PMID: 34239878 PMCID: PMC8258395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was initially identified as an enzyme acting as an "energy sensor" in maintaining energy homeostasis via serine/threonine phosphorylation when low cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level was sensed. AMPK participates in catabolic and anabolic processes at the molecular and cellular levels and is involved in appetite-regulating circuit in the hypothalamus. AMPK signaling also modulates energy metabolism in organs such as adipose tissue, brain, muscle, and heart, which are highly dependent on energy consumption via adjusting the AMP/ADP:ATP ratio. In clinics, biguanides and thiazolidinediones are prescribed to patients with metabolic disorders through activating AMPK signaling and inhibiting complex I in the mitochondria, leading to a reduction in mitochondrial respiration and elevated ATP production. The role of AMPK in mediating skeletal development and related diseases remains obscure. In this review, in addition to discuss the emerging advances of AMPK studies in energy control, we will also illustrate current discoveries of AMPK in chondrocyte homeostasis, osteoarthritis (OA) development, and the signaling interaction of AMPK with other pathways, such as mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), Wnt, and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) under OA condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changhai Ding
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Liping Tong
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Chen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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9
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The miR-302c/transforming growth factor-β receptor type-2 axis modulates interleukin-1β-induced degenerative changes in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:93-102. [PMID: 34125393 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrocyte production of catabolic and inflammatory mediators participating in extracellular matrix degradation has been regarded as a central event in osteoarthritis (OA) development. During OA pathogenesis, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) decreases the mRNA expression and protein levels of transforming growth factor-β receptor type-2 (TGFBR2), thus disrupting transforming growth factor-β signaling and promoting OA development. In the present study, we attempted to identify the differentially expressed genes in OA chondrocytes upon IL-1β treatment, investigate their specific roles in OA development, and reveal the underlying mechanism. As shown by online data analysis and experimental results, TGFBR2 expression was significantly downregulated in IL-1β-treated human primary OA chondrocytes. IL-1β treatment induced degenerative changes in OA chondrocytes, as manifested by increased matrix metalloproteinase 13 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 proteins, decreased Aggrecan and Collagen II proteins, and suppressed OA chondrocyte proliferation. These degenerative changes were significantly reversed by TGFBR2 overexpression. miR-302c expression was markedly induced by IL-1β treatment in OA chondrocytes. miR-302c suppressed the expression of TGFBR2 via direct binding to its 3'- untranslated region. Similar to TGFBR2 overexpression, miR-302c inhibition significantly improved IL-1β-induced degenerative changes in OA chondrocytes. Conversely, TGFBR2 silencing enhanced IL-1β-induced degenerative changes and significantly reversed the effects of miR-302c inhibition in response to IL-1β treatment. In conclusion, the miR-302c/TGFBR2 axis could modulate IL-1β-induced degenerative changes in OA chondrocytes and might become a novel target for OA treatment.
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10
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Zhao X, Meng F, Hu S, Yang Z, Huang H, Pang R, Wen X, Kang Y, Zhang Z. The Synovium Attenuates Cartilage Degeneration in KOA through Activation of the Smad2/3-Runx1 Cascade and Chondrogenesis-related miRNAs. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:832-845. [PMID: 33230479 PMCID: PMC7658376 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a highly prevalent disabling joint disease in aged people. Progressive cartilage degradation is the hallmark of KOA, but its deeper mechanism remains unclear. Substantial evidence indicates the importance of the synovium for joint homeostasis. The present study aimed to determine whether the synovium regulates cartilage metabolism through chondrogenesis-related microRNAs (miRNAs) in the KOA microenvironment. Clinical sample testing and in vitro cell experiments screened out miR-455 and miR-210 as effective miRNAs. The levels of both were significantly reduced in KOA cartilage but increased in KOA synovial fluid compared with controls. We further revealed that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) can significantly upregulate miR-455 and miR-210 expression in synoviocytes. The upregulated miRNAs can be secreted into the extracellular environment and prevent cartilage degeneration. Through bioinformatics and in vitro experiments, we found that Runx1 can bind to the promoter regions of miR-455 and miR-210 and enhance their transcription in TGF-β1-treated synoviocytes. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a protective effect of the synovium against cartilage degeneration mediated by chondrogenesis-related miRNAs, which suggests that Runx1 is a potential target for KOA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhao
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Shu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Academy of Orthopedics-Guangdong Province, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zibo Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, PR China
| | - Xingzhao Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
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11
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Oliveira Silva M, Gregory JL, Ansari N, Stok KS. Molecular Signaling Interactions and Transport at the Osteochondral Interface: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:750. [PMID: 32974333 PMCID: PMC7466715 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular joints are comprised of different tissues, including cartilage and bone, with distinctive structural and mechanical properties. Joint homeostasis depends on mechanical and biological integrity of these components and signaling exchanges between them. Chondrocytes and osteocytes actively sense, integrate, and convert mechanical forces into biochemical signals in cartilage and bone, respectively. The osteochondral interface between the bone and cartilage allows these tissues to communicate with each other and exchange signaling and nutritional molecules, and by that ensure an integrated response to mechanical stimuli. It is currently not well known how molecules are transported between these tissues. Measuring molecular transport in vivo is highly desirable for tracking cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis progression. Since transport of contrast agents, which are used for joint imaging, also depend on diffusion through the cartilage extracellular matrix, contrast agent enhanced imaging may provide a high resolution, non-invasive method for investigating molecular transport in the osteochondral unit. Only a few techniques have been developed to track molecular transport at the osteochondral interface, and there appear opportunities for development in this field. This review will describe current knowledge of the molecular interactions and transport in the osteochondral interface and discuss the potential of using contrast agents for investigating molecular transport and structural changes of the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kathryn S. Stok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Yu D, Hu J, Sheng Z, Fu G, Wang Y, Chen Y, Pan Z, Zhang X, Wu Y, Sun H, Dai J, Lu L, Ouyang H. Dual roles of misshapen/NIK-related kinase (MINK1) in osteoarthritis subtypes through the activation of TGFβ signaling. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:112-121. [PMID: 31647983 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the role of misshapen/NIK-related kinase (MINK1) in age-related Osteoarthritis (OA) and injury-induced OA, and the effects of enhanced TGFβ signaling in these progresses. DESIGN The effect of MINK1 was analyzed with MINK1 knock out (Mink1-/-) mice and C57BL/6J mice. OA progress was studied in age-related OA and instability-associated OA (destabilization of the medial meniscus, DMM) models. The murine knee joint was evaluated through histological staining, Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores, immunohistochemistry, and μCT analysis. Primary chondrocytes were isolated from wild type and Mink1-/- mice and subjected to osteogenic induction and Western blot analysis. RESULTS MINK1 is highly expressed during cartilage development and in normal cartilage. Mink1-/- mice displayed markedly lower OARSI scores, aggrecan degradation neoepitope positive cells and increased Safranin O and pSMAD2 staining in aging-related OA model. However, in injury-induced OA, loss of MINK1 accelerates extracellular matrix (ECM) destruction, osteophyte formation, and subchondral bone sclerosis. Accelerated subchondral bone remodeling in Mink1-/- mice was accompanied with increased numbers of nestin-positive mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and osterix-positive osteoprogenitors. pSMAD2 staining was increased in the subchondral bone marrow of Mink1-/- mice and overexpression of MINK1 inhibited SMAD2 phosphorylation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study shows for the first time that activation of TGFβ/SMAD2 by MINK1 deficiency plays opposite roles in aging-related and injury-induced OA. MINK1 deficiency protects cartilage from degeneration in aging joints through increased SMAD2 activation in chondrocytes, while accelerating OA progress in injury-induced model through enhanced osteogenesis of MSCs in the subchondral bone. These findings provide insights for developing precision OA therapeutics targeting TGFβ/SMAD2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - J Hu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Z Sheng
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - G Fu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Wang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Z Pan
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - H Sun
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - J Dai
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - L Lu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - H Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University school of medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China.
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13
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miR-140 Attenuates the Progression of Early-Stage Osteoarthritis by Retarding Chondrocyte Senescence. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 19:15-30. [PMID: 31790972 PMCID: PMC6909049 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major cause of joint pain and disability, and chondrocyte senescence is a key pathological process in OA and may be a target of new therapeutics. MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) plays a protective role in OA, but little is known about its epigenetic effect on chondrocyte senescence. In this study, we first validated the features of chondrocyte senescence characterized by increased cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and the expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-βGal), p16INK4a, p21, p53, and γH2AX in human knee OA. Then, we revealed in interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced OA chondrocytes in vitro that pretransfection with miR-140 effectively inhibited the expression of SA-βGal, p16INK4a, p21, p53, and γH2AX. Furthermore, in vivo results from trauma-induced early-stage OA rats showed that intra-articularly injected miR-140 could rapidly reach the chondrocyte cytoplasm and induce molecular changes similar to the in vitro results, resulting in a noticeable alleviation of OA progression. Finally, bioinformatics analysis predicted the potential targets of miR-140 and a mechanistic network by which miR-140 regulates chondrocyte senescence. Collectively, miR-140 can effectively attenuate the progression of early-stage OA by retarding chondrocyte senescence, contributing new evidence of the involvement of miR-mediated epigenetic regulation of chondrocyte senescence in OA pathogenesis.
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Thielen NGM, van der Kraan PM, van Caam APM. TGFβ/BMP Signaling Pathway in Cartilage Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090969. [PMID: 31450621 PMCID: PMC6769927 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by growth factors such as those of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family. Members of this family include the TGFβs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Signaling by this protein family uniquely activates SMAD-dependent signaling and transcription but also activates SMAD-independent signaling via MAPKs such as ERK and TAK1. This review will address the pivotal role of the TGFβ family in cartilage biology by listing several TGFβ family members and describing their signaling and importance for cartilage maintenance. In addition, it is discussed how (pathological) processes such as aging, mechanical stress, and inflammation contribute to altered TGFβ family signaling, leading to disturbed cartilage metabolism and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G M Thielen
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P M van Caam
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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15
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de Kroon LMG, van den Akker GGH, Brachvogel B, Narcisi R, Belluoccio D, Jenner F, Bateman JF, Little CB, Brama PAJ, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM, van Osch GJVM. Identification of TGFβ-related genes regulated in murine osteoarthritis and chondrocyte hypertrophy by comparison of multiple microarray datasets. Bone 2018; 116:67-77. [PMID: 30010080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. Some features of OA, including chondrocyte hypertrophy and focal calcification of articular cartilage, resemble the endochondral ossification processes. Alterations in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling have been associated with OA as well as with chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our aim was to identify novel candidate genes implicated in chondrocyte hypertrophy during OA pathogenesis by determining which TGFβ-related genes are regulated during murine OA and endochondral ossification. METHODS A list of 580 TGFβ-related genes, including TGFβ signaling pathway components and TGFβ-target genes, was generated. Regulation of these TGFβ-related genes was assessed in a microarray of murine OA cartilage: 1, 2 and 6 weeks after destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Subsequently, genes regulated in the DMM model were studied in two independent murine microarray datasets on endochondral ossification: the growth plate and transient embryonic cartilage (joint development). RESULTS A total of 106 TGFβ-related genes were differentially expressed in articular cartilage of DMM-operated mice compared to sham-control. From these genes, 43 were similarly regulated during chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate or embryonic joint development. Among these 43 genes, 18 genes have already been associated with OA. The remaining 25 genes were considered as novel candidate genes involved in OA pathogenesis and endochondral ossification. In supplementary data of published human OA microarrays we found indications that 15 of the 25 novel genes are indeed regulated in articular cartilage of human OA patients. CONCLUSION By focusing on TGFβ-related genes during OA and chondrocyte hypertrophy in mice, we identified 18 known and 25 new candidate genes potentially implicated in phenotypical changes in chondrocytes leading to OA. We propose that 15 of these candidates warrant further investigation as therapeutic target for OA as they are also regulated in articular cartilage of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie M G de Kroon
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Guus G H van den Akker
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Roberto Narcisi
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Daniele Belluoccio
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Florien Jenner
- Equine University Hospital, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - John F Bateman
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Pieter A J Brama
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Ripmeester EGJ, Timur UT, Caron MMJ, Welting TJM. Recent Insights into the Contribution of the Changing Hypertrophic Chondrocyte Phenotype in the Development and Progression of Osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:18. [PMID: 29616218 PMCID: PMC5867295 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an extremely prevalent age-related condition. The economic and societal burden due to the cost of symptomatic treatment, inability to work, joint replacement, and rehabilitation is huge and increasing. Currently, there are no effective medical therapies that delay or reverse the pathological manifestations of OA. Current treatment options are, without exception, focused on slowing down progression of the disease to postpone total joint replacement surgery for as long as possible and keeping the associated pain and joint immobility manageable. Alterations in the articular cartilage chondrocyte phenotype might be fundamental in the pathological mechanisms of OA development. In many ways, the changing chondrocyte phenotype in osteoarthritic cartilage resembles the process of endochondral ossification as seen, for instance, in developing growth plates. However, the relative contribution of endochondral ossification to the changing chondrocyte phenotype in the development and progression of OA remains poorly described. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding the cartilage endochondral phenotypic changes occurring during OA development and progression, as well as the molecular and environmental effectors driving these changes. Understanding how these molecular mechanisms determine the chondrocyte cell fate in OA will be essential in enabling cartilage regenerative approaches in future treatments of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G J Ripmeester
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ufuk Tan Timur
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein M J Caron
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim J M Welting
- Laboratory for Experimental Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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17
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Si HB, Zeng Y, Liu SY, Zhou ZK, Chen YN, Cheng JQ, Lu YR, Shen B. Intra-articular injection of microRNA-140 (miRNA-140) alleviates osteoarthritis (OA) progression by modulating extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis in rats. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017. [PMID: 28647469 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disruptions of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis are key events in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). MicroRNA-140 (miRNA-140) is expressed specifically in cartilage and regulates ECM-degrading enzymes. Our objective in this study was to determine if intra-articular injection of miRNA-140 can attenuate OA progression in rats. DESIGN miRNA-140 levels in human normal and OA cartilage derived chondrocytes and synovial fluid were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After primary human chondrocytes were transfected with miRNA-140 mimic or inhibitor, PCR and western blotting were performed to quantify Collagen II, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-5 expression. An OA model was induced surgically in rats, and subsequently treated with one single intra-articular injection of miRNA-140 agomir. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery, OA progression were evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and immunohistochemically in these rats. RESULTS miRNA-140 levels were significantly reduced in human OA cartilage derived chondrocytes and synovial fluid compared with normal chondrocytes and synovial fluid. Overexpressing miRNA-140 in primary human chondrocytes promoted Collagen II expression and inhibited MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 expression. miRNA-140 levels in rat cartilage were significantly higher in the miRNA-140 agomir group than in the control group. Moreover, behavioural scores, chondrocyte numbers, cartilage thickness and Collagen II expression levels in cartilage were significantly higher, while pathological scores and MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 expression levels were significantly lower in the miRNA-140 agomir group than in the control group. CONCLUSION Intra-articular injection of miRNA-140 can alleviate OA progression by modulating ECM homeostasis in rats, and may have potential as a new therapy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-B Si
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Y Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - S-Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Z-K Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Y-N Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - J-Q Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Y-R Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - B Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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18
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van den Akker GG, van Beuningen HM, Vitters EL, Koenders MI, van de Loo FA, van Lent PL, Blaney Davidson EN, van der Kraan PM. Interleukin 1 β-induced SMAD2/3 linker modifications are TAK1 dependent and delay TGFβ signaling in primary human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Signal 2017; 40:190-199. [PMID: 28943409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) requires transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling. TGFβ binds to the type I receptor activin-like kinase (ALK)5 and results in C-terminal SMAD2/3 phosphorylation (pSMAD2/3C). In turn pSMAD2/3C translocates to the nucleus and regulates target gene expression. Inflammatory mediators are known to exert an inhibitory effect on MSC differentiation. In this study we investigated the effect of interleukin 1 β (IL1β) on SMAD2/3 signaling dynamics and post-translational modifications. RESULTS Co-stimulation of MSC with TGFβ and IL1β did not affect peak pSMAD2C levels at 1h post-stimulation. Surprisingly, SMAD3 transcriptional activity, as determined by the CAGA12-luciferase reporter construct, was enhanced by co-stimulation of TGFβ and IL1β compared to TGFβ alone. Furthermore, IL1β stimulation induced CAGA12-luciferase activity in a SMAD dependent way. As SMAD function can be modulated independent of canonical TGFβ signaling through the SMAD linker domain, we studied SMAD2 linker phosphorylation at specific threonine and serine residues. SMAD2 linker threonine and serine modifications were observed within 1h following TGFβ, IL1β or TGFβ and IL1β stimulation. Upon co-stimulation linker modified SMAD2 accumulated in the cytoplasm and SMAD2/3 target gene transcription (ID1, JUNB) at 2-4h was inhibited. A detailed time course analysis of IL1β-induced SMAD2 linker modifications revealed a distinct temperospatial pattern compared to TGFβ. Co-stimulation with both factors resulted in a similar kinetic profile as TGFβ alone. Nevertheless, IL1β did subtly alter TGFβ-induced pSMAD2C levels between 8 and 24h post-stimulation, which was reflected by TGFβ target gene expression (PAI1, JUNB). Direct evidence for the importance of SMAD3 linker modifications for the effect of IL1β on TGFβ signaling was obtained by over-expression of SMAD3 or a SMAD3 linker phospho-mutant. Finally, an inhibitor screening was performed to identify kinases involved in SMAD2/3 linker modifications. We identified TAK1 kinase activity as crucial for IL1β-induced SMAD2 linker modifications and CAGA12-luciferase activity. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ and IL1β signaling interact at the SMAD2/3 level in human primary MSC. Down-stream TGFβ target genes were repressed by IL1β independent of C-terminal SMAD2 phosphorylation. We demonstrate that SMAD2/3 linker modifications are required for this interplay and identified TAK1 as a crucial mediator of IL1β-induced TGFβ signal modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus G van den Akker
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M van Beuningen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly L Vitters
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fons A van de Loo
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L van Lent
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda N Blaney Davidson
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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SMAD3 and SMAD4 have a more dominant role than SMAD2 in TGFβ-induced chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43164. [PMID: 28240243 PMCID: PMC5327413 DOI: 10.1038/srep43164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve cartilage formation by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the signaling mechanism governing chondrogenic differentiation requires better understanding. We previously showed that the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) receptor ALK5 is crucial for chondrogenesis induced by TGFβ. ALK5 phosphorylates SMAD2 and SMAD3 proteins, which then form complexes with SMAD4 to regulate gene transcription. By modulating the expression of SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD4 in human BMSCs, we investigated their role in TGFβ-induced chondrogenesis. Activation of TGFβ signaling, represented by SMAD2 phosphorylation, was decreased by SMAD2 knockdown and highly increased by SMAD2 overexpression. Moreover, TGFβ signaling via the alternative SMAD1/5/9 pathway was strongly decreased by SMAD4 knockdown. TGFβ-induced chondrogenesis of human BMSCs was strongly inhibited by SMAD4 knockdown and only mildly inhibited by SMAD2 knockdown. Remarkably, both knockdown and overexpression of SMAD3 blocked chondrogenic differentiation. Chondrogenesis appears to rely on a delicate balance in the amount of SMAD3 and SMAD4 as it was not enhanced by SMAD4 overexpression and was inhibited by SMAD3 overexpression. Furthermore, this study reveals that TGFβ-activated phosphorylation of SMAD2 and SMAD1/5/9 depends on the abundance of SMAD4. Overall, our findings suggest a more dominant role for SMAD3 and SMAD4 than SMAD2 in TGFβ-induced chondrogenesis of human BMSCs.
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20
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Coricor G, Serra R. TGF-β regulates phosphorylation and stabilization of Sox9 protein in chondrocytes through p38 and Smad dependent mechanisms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38616. [PMID: 27929080 PMCID: PMC5144132 DOI: 10.1038/srep38616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the TGF-β superfamily are important regulators of chondrocyte function. Sox9, a key transcriptional regulator of chondrogenesis, is required for TGF-β-mediated regulation of specific cartilage genes. TGF-β can signal through a canonical, Smad-mediated pathway or non-conical pathways, including p38. Here we show that both pathways are activated in chondrocytes after treatment with TGF-β and that TGF-β stabilizes Sox9 protein and increases phosphorylation of Sox9. Mutagenesis of potential serine phosphorylation sites on Sox9 was used to demonstrate that serine 211 is required to maintain normal basal levels of Sox9 as well as mediate increased Sox9 levels in response to TGF-β. The serine 211 site is in a motif that is targeted by p38 kinase. We used siRNA and pharmacological agents to show that p38 and Smad3 independently regulate the phosphorylation and stability of Sox9. Previously, we demonstrated that Papss2 is a downstream transcriptional target of Sox9 and TGF-β. Here we show that p38 is required for TGF-β-mediated regulation of Papss2 mRNA. Together the results suggest a new mechanism for TGF-β-mediated gene regulation in chondrocytes via p38 and phosphorylation and stabilization of Sox9. Understanding how TGF-β regulates Sox9 may lead to identification of therapeutic targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Coricor
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0005, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0005, USA
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21
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van der Kraan P, Matta C, Mobasheri A. Age-Related Alterations in Signaling Pathways in Articular Chondrocytes: Implications for the Pathogenesis and Progression of Osteoarthritis - A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2016; 63:29-35. [PMID: 27595269 DOI: 10.1159/000448711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal conditions are a major burden on individuals, healthcare systems, and social care systems throughout the world, with indirect costs having a predominant economic impact. Aging is a major contributing factor to the development and progression of arthritic and musculoskeletal diseases. Indeed, aging and inflammation (often referred to as 'inflammaging') are critical risk factors for the development of osteoarthritis (OA), which is one of the most common forms of joint disease. The term 'chondrosenescence' has recently been introduced to define the age-dependent deterioration of chondrocyte function and how it undermines cartilage function in OA. An important component of chondrosenescence is the age-related deregulation of subcellular signaling pathways in chondrocytes. This mini-review discusses the role of age-related alterations in chondrocyte signaling pathways. We focus our attention on two major areas: age-dependent alterations in transforming growth factor-β signaling and changes in protein kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase activities in aging chondrocytes. A better understanding of the basic signaling mechanisms underlying aging in chondrocytes is likely to facilitate the development of new therapeutic and preventive strategies for OA and a range of other age-related osteoarticular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van der Kraan
- Department of Rheumatology, Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ikegawa N, Sasho T, Yamaguchi S, Saito M, Akagi R, Muramatsu Y, Akatsu Y, Fukawa T, Nakagawa K, Nakajima A, Suzuki T, Takahashi K. Identification of genes required for the spontaneous repair of partial-thickness cartilage defects in immature rats. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:190-9. [PMID: 26719950 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1121250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous study showed that partial-thickness articular cartilage defects (PTCDs) created in immature rats spontaneously healed to resemble normal hyaline cartilage, but that of mature rats did not. To identify molecules involved in the spontaneous cartilage repair observed in this model, gene expression was compared between PTCD and sham-operated cartilage of immature and mature rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six sets of gene comparisons were made at 12, 24, and 48 hours after the creation of PTCDs in immature and mature rats using microarrays. All the genes upregulated in immature cartilage at 12 hours were selected for further analysis if their expression pattern was not irregular such that diminished at 24 hours and re-upregulated at 48 hours. Relationships among genes selected through the above steps were analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software. After deriving networks, important molecules were further narrowed down by location within a network. Genes were regarded as central if they had relationships with more than 10 molecules in a network. Protein localization in tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Five networks were identified. Their functional annotations were gene expression, cell cycle, growth and proliferation, and cell signaling. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) was centrally located in the network with the highest IPA score and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-3 (Smad3) were centrally located in the second highest ranking network. Phosphorylated Smad3 was detected in the nuclei of chondrocytes in immature cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest the possible importance of Smad3 in the TGF-β signaling in the spontaneous healing of PTCDs in immature rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Ikegawa
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Takahisa Sasho
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Masahiko Saito
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Akagi
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yuta Muramatsu
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Yorikazu Akatsu
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Taisuke Fukawa
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Koichi Nakagawa
- b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Sakura Medical Center, Toho University , Sakura , Japan
| | - Arata Nakajima
- b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Sakura Medical Center, Toho University , Sakura , Japan
| | - Takane Suzuki
- c Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- a Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University , Chiba , Japan
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23
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Ashraf S, Cha BH, Kim JS, Ahn J, Han I, Park H, Lee SH. Regulation of senescence associated signaling mechanisms in chondrocytes for cartilage tissue regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:196-205. [PMID: 26190795 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes undergo slow senescence and dedifferentiation during in vitro expansion, restricting successful cartilage regeneration. A complete understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in the senescence and dedifferentiation of chondrocytes is essential in order to better characterize chondrocytes for cartilage tissue engineering applications. During expansion, cell fate is determined by the change in expression of various genes in response to aspects of the microenvironment, including oxidative stress, mechanical stress, and unsuitable culture conditions. Rapid senescence or dedifferentiation not only results in the loss of the chondrocytic phenotype but also enhances production of inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes. This review focuses on the two groups of genes that play direct and indirect roles in the induction of senescence and dedifferentiation. Numerous degenerative signaling pathways associated with these genes have been reported. Upregulation of the genes interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), p53, p16, p21, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is responsible for the direct induction of senescence, whereas downregulation of the genes transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), indirectly induces senescence. In senescent and dedifferentiated chondrocytes, it was found that TGF-β, BMP-2, SOX9, and IGF-1 are downregulated, while the levels of IL-1β, p53, p16, p21, and p38 MAPK are upregulated followed by inhibition of the normal molecular functioning of the chondrocytes. This review helps to elucidate the underlying mechanism in degenerative cartilage disease, which may help to improve cartilage tissue regeneration techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ashraf
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - B-H Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J-S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - J Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - I Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, 59, Yatap-ro Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Kyeunggi-do, 463-712, South Korea.
| | - H Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - S-H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, South Korea.
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24
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Huang H, Veien ES, Zhang H, Ayers DC, Song J. Skeletal Characterization of Smurf2-Deficient Mice and In Vitro Analysis of Smurf2-Deficient Chondrocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148088. [PMID: 26815610 PMCID: PMC4729489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) in chondrocytes was reported to cause spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) in mice. However, it is unclear whether Smurf2 is involved in bone and cartilage homeostasis and if it is required for OA pathogenesis. Here we characterized age-related changes in the bone and articular cartilage of Smurf2-deficient (MT) mice by microCT and histology, and examined whether reduced Smurf2 expression affected the severity of OA upon surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Using immature articular chondrocytes (iMAC) from MT and wild-type (WT) mice, we also examined how Smurf2 deficiency affects chondrogenic and catabolic gene expressions and Smurf2 and Smurf1 proteins upon TGF-β3 or IL-1β treatment in culture. We found no differences in cortical, subchondral and trabecular bone between WT and MT in young (4 months) and old mice (16–24 months). The articular cartilage and age-related alterations between WT and MT were also similar. However, 2 months following DMM, young MT showed milder OA compared to WT (~70% vs ~30% normal or exhibiting only mild OA cartilage phenotype). The majority of the older WT and MT mice developed moderate/severe OA 2 months after DMM, but a higher subset of aged MT cartilage (27% vs. 9% WT) remained largely normal. Chondrogenic gene expression (Sox9, Col2, Acan) trended higher in MT iMACs than WT with/without TGF-β3 treatment. IL-1β treatment suppressed chondrgenic gene expression, but Sox9 expression in MT remained significantly higher than WT. Smurf2 protein in WT iMACs increased upon TGF-β3 treatment and decreased upon IL-1β treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Smurf1 protein elevated more in MT than WT upon TGF-β3 treatment, suggesting a potential, but very mild compensatory effect. Overall, our data support a role of Smurf2 in regulating OA development but suggest that inhibiting Smurf2 alone may not be sufficient to prevent or consistently mitigate post-traumatic OA across a broad age range.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Knee Joint
- Male
- Menisci, Tibial/pathology
- Menisci, Tibial/surgery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/genetics
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta3/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Huang
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Veien
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - David C. Ayers
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Chen R, Mian M, Fu M, Zhao JY, Yang L, Li Y, Xu L. Attenuation of the progression of articular cartilage degeneration by inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling in a mouse model of osteoarthritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2875-85. [PMID: 26355014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis. We therefore studied the role of TGF-β1 signaling in the development of osteoarthritis in a developmental stage-dependent manner. Three different mouse models were investigated. First, the Tgf-β receptor II (Tgfbr2) was specifically removed from the mature cartilage of joints. Tgfbr2-deficient mice were grown to 12 months of age and were then euthanized for collection of knee and temporomandibular joints. Second, Tgfbr2-deficient mice were subjected to destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery. Knee joints were then collected from the mice at 8 and 16 weeks after the surgery. Third, wild-type mice were subjected to DMM at the age of 8 weeks. Immediately after the surgery, these mice were treated with the Tgfbr2 inhibitor losartan for 8 weeks and then euthanized for collection of knee joints. All joints were characterized for evidences of articular cartilage degeneration. Initiation or acceleration of articular cartilage degeneration was not observed by the genetic inactivation of Tgfbr2 in the joints at the age of 12 months. In fact, the removal of Tgfbr2 and treatment with losartan both delayed the progression of articular cartilage degeneration induced by DMM compared with control littermates. Therefore, we conclude that inhibition of Tgf-β1 signaling protects adult knee joints in mice against the development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Mian
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martin Fu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Ying Zhao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yefu Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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26
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Su SL, Yang HY, Lee HS, Huang GS, Lee CH, Liu WS, Wang CC, Peng YJ, Lai CH, Chen CY, Lin C, Pan YT, Salter DM, Chen HC. Gene-gene interactions between TGF-β/Smad3 signalling pathway polymorphisms affect susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e007931. [PMID: 26068512 PMCID: PMC4466616 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor/Smad family member 3 (TGF)-β/Smad3 signalling is essential for maintaining articular cartilage. A relationship between the genetic variants of TGF-β itself, TGF-β signalling and binding molecules, and osteoarthritis (OA) has been reported. Although variants of candidate genes have become prime targets for genetic analysis, their detailed interplay has not been documented. Our goal was to establish whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TGF-β1, TGF-βRI, Smad3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3), and their interactions, are associated with knee OA. DESIGN We performed a case-control association study and genotyped 518 knee patients with OA and 468 healthy controls. All participants were genotyped for TGF-β1 (rs1800469C/T), TGF-βRI (rs1590A/G), Smad3 (rs12901499A/G and rs6494629T/C), and TIMP3 (rs715572G/A and rs1962223G/C) polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to identify gene-gene interactions. RESULTS Significant associations were observed for TIMP3 rs715572G/A polymorphisms in knee patients with OA and healthy individuals. The GA heterozygote in TIMP3 (rs715572G/A) was significantly associated with OA (p=0.007). Patient stratification using the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale showed significant differences in TIMP3 rs715572G/A genotypes between grade 4 knee OA and controls. By MDR analysis, a two-locus model (Smad3 rs6494629T/C and TIMP3 rs715572G/A) of gene-gene interaction was the best for predicting knee OA risk, and its maximum testing accuracy was 57.55% and maximum cross-validation consistency was 10/10. CONCLUSIONS TIMP3 rs715572G/A is a candidate protective gene for severe knee OA. Gene-gene interactions between Smad3 rs6494629T/C and TIMP3 rs715572G/A polymorphisms may play more important protective roles in knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Lung Su
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Yang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Sheng Lee
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Shu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Her Lee
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Shan Liu
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Huang Lai
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital Song-Shan Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Pan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Donald M Salter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chen
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Wang W, Rigueur D, Lyons KM. TGFβ signaling in cartilage development and maintenance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:37-51. [PMID: 24677722 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily of secreted factors play essential roles in nearly every aspect of cartilage formation and maintenance. However, the mechanisms by which TGFβs transduce their effects in cartilage in vivo remain poorly understood. Mutations in several TGFβ family members, their receptors, extracellular modulators, and intracellular transducers have been described, and these usually impact the development of the cartilaginous skeleton. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have linked components of the (TGFβ) superfamily to susceptibility to osteoarthritis. This review focuses on recent discoveries from genetic studies in the mouse regarding the regulation of TGFβ signaling in developing growth plate and articular cartilage, as well as the different modes of crosstalk between canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling. These new insights into TGFβ signaling in cartilage may open new prospects for therapies that maintain healthy articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Orthopaedic Institute for Children, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
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28
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Moazedi-Fuerst FC, Hofner M, Gruber G, Weinhaeusel A, Stradner MH, Angerer H, Peischler D, Lohberger B, Glehr M, Leithner A, Sonntagbauer M, Graninger WB. Epigenetic differences in human cartilage between mild and severe OA. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1636-45. [PMID: 25212754 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of osteoarthritis (OA) depends on genetic and environmental factors, which influence the biology of the chondrocyte via epigenetic regulation. Changes within the epigenome might lead the way to discovery of new pathogenetic pathways. We performed a genome-wide methylation screening to identify potential differences between paired mild and severe osteoarthritic human cartilage. Sixteen female patients suffering from OA underwent total knee joint replacement. Cartilage specimens collected from corresponding macroscopically undamaged and from damaged areas were processed for DNA extraction and histology to evaluate the histological grading of the disease. Paired specimens were analysed for the methylation status of the whole genome using human promoter microarrays (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA). Selected target genes were then validated via methylation-specific qPCR. One thousand two hundred and fourteen genetic targets were identified differentially methylated between mild and severe OA. One thousand and seventy of these targets were found hypermethylated and 144 hypomethylated. The descriptive analysis of these genes by Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG pathway and protein domain analyses points to pathways of development and differentiation. We identified a list of genes which are differently methylated in mild and severe OA cartilage. Within the pathways of growth and development new therapeutic targets might arise by improving our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in OA.
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29
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Chen M, Li S, Xie W, Wang B, Chen D, Chen D. Col2CreER(T2), a mouse model for a chondrocyte-specific and inducible gene deletion. Eur Cell Mater 2014; 28:236-45. [PMID: 25340803 PMCID: PMC4288584 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v028a16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2007 and 2008, we published two articles reporting a tamoxifen (TM)-inducible, chondrocyte-specific gene-targeting mouse model in which the expression of CreER(T2) is driven by the type II collagen promoter (Col2CreER(T2)). The fusion protein is specifically expressed and translocated into the nucleus upon TM administration, which in turn triggers gene recombination. Since then, this animal model has become a powerful tool to study the molecular mechanism of skeletal development and degenerative cartilage diseases, including knee joint osteoarthritis (OA), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) OA, and intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. In this review article, we summarise the application of Col2CreER(T2) mice and discuss the potential usage of this animal model in a broad spectrum of cartilage development and molecular pathology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - S. Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - W. Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, China
| | - B. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - D. Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Address for correspondence: Di Chen, Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Suite 508, Chicago, IL 60612-3823, USA, Telephone Numer: 312-942-5702, FAX Number: 312-942-3053,
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30
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Raine E, Reynard L, van de Laar I, Bertoli-Avella A, Loughlin J. Identification and analysis of a SMAD3 cis-acting eQTL operating in primary osteoarthritis and in the aneurysms and osteoarthritis syndrome. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:698-705. [PMID: 24583347 PMCID: PMC4032576 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.02.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The TGF-β pathway plays a central role in joint development with polymorphism in TGF-β pathway genes implicated in osteoarthritis susceptibility. One association is to rs12901499, within intron 1 of SMAD3. Since rs12901499 is not in linkage disequilibrium with a non-synonymous polymorphism, it is likely the association is operating by influencing expression of SMAD3. DESIGN Using tissues from the joints of primary osteoarthritis patients who had undergone joint replacement we measured the overall expression of SMAD3 by quantitative real-time PCR. We also measured allelic expression of SMAD3 using these tissues and vascular smooth muscle cells from patients with aneurysms and osteoarthritis syndrome, a rare condition featuring early-onset osteoarthritis. We tested the functional effect of SNPs in vitro using luciferase assays and assessed association with osteoarthritis using a large osteoarthritis case-control dataset. RESULTS We observed that genotype at rs12901499 did not correlate with overall SMAD3 expression or allelic expression. However, genotype at a 3'UTR SNP, rs8031440, did correlate with SMAD3 expression in cartilage (P = 0.005) which was supported by allelic expression data showing that the G allele correlated with decreased SMAD3 expression in joint tissues and vascular smooth muscle cells. This G allele was underrepresented in osteoarthritis cases vs controls (P = 0.027, odds ratio = 0.921). rs8031440 is in perfect linkage disequilibrium with five other SMAD3 3'UTR SNPs and our luciferase analysis identified rs3743342 and rs12595334 as being functional. CONCLUSION SMAD3 is subject to cis-acting regulatory polymorphism in the tissues of relevance to both primary osteoarthritis and the aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.V.A. Raine
- Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L.N. Reynard
- Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - I.M.B.H. van de Laar
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.M. Bertoli-Avella
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Loughlin
- Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: J. Loughlin, Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Group, 4th Floor Catherine Cookson Building, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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31
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Li TF, Yukata K, Yin G, Sheu T, Maruyama T, Jonason JH, Hsu W, Zhang X, Xiao G, Konttinen YT, Chen D, O’Keefe RJ. BMP-2 induces ATF4 phosphorylation in chondrocytes through a COX-2/PGE2 dependent signaling pathway. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:481-9. [PMID: 24418675 PMCID: PMC3947583 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 is approved for fracture non-union and spine fusion. We aimed to further dissect its downstream signaling events in chondrocytes with the ultimate goal to develop novel therapeutics that can mimic BMP-2 effect but have less complications. METHODS BMP-2 effect on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression was examined using Real time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Genetic approach was used to identify the signaling pathway mediating the BMP-2 effect. Similarly, the pathway transducing the PGE2 effect on ATF4 was investigated. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was performed to assess the complex formation after PGE2 binding. RESULTS BMP-2 increased COX-2 expression in primary mouse costosternal chondrocytes (PMCSC). The results from the C9 Tet-off system demonstrated that endogenous BMP-2 also upregulated COX-2 expression. Genetic approaches using PMCSC from ALK2(fx/fx), ALK3(fx/fx), ALK6(-/-), and Smad1(fx/fx) mice established that BMP-2 regulated COX-2 through activation of ALK3-Smad1 signaling. PGE-2 EIA showed that BMP-2 increased PGE2 production in PMCSC. ATF4 is a transcription factor that regulates bone formation. While PGE2 did not have significant effect on ATF4 expression, it induced ATF4 phosphorylation. In addition to stimulating COX-2 expression, BMP-2 also induced phosphorylation of ATF4. Using COX-2 deficient chondrocytes, we demonstrated that the BMP-2 effect on ATF4 was COX-2-dependent. Tibial fracture samples from COX-2(-/-) mice showed reduced phospho-ATF4 immunoreactivity compared to wild type (WT) ones. PGE2 mediated ATF4 phosphorylation involved signaling primarily through the EP2 and EP4 receptors and PGE2 induced an EP4-ERK1/2-RSK2 complex formation. CONCLUSIONS BMP-2 regulates COX-2 expression through ALK3-Smad1 signaling, and PGE2 induces ATF4 phosphorylation via EP4-ERK1/2-RSK2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Fang Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison St, Chicago, IL-60612,Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 W. Harrison St, Chicago, IL-60612,Corresponding author: Tian-Fang Li, MD, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Orthopaedics, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL-60608. Phone: 312-942-2182, Fax: 312-942-3053,
| | - Kiminori Yukata
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., NY-14642
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu-210029, China
| | - Tzongjen Sheu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., NY-14642
| | - Takamitsu Maruyama
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY-14642
| | - Jennifer H. Jonason
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., NY-14642
| | - Wei Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, and James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY-14642
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., NY-14642
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison St, Chicago, IL-60612
| | - Yrjo T. Konttinen
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 700 (Haartmaninkatu 8, Biomedicum 1), 00029 HUS, FINLAND
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison St, Chicago, IL-60612
| | - Regis J. O’Keefe
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., NY-14642,Corresponding author: Regis J. O’Keefe, MD, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Box 665, 601 Elmwood Avenue, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY-14642. Phone: 585-275-5167, Fax: 585-276-1202,
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Holz JD, Beier E, Sheu TJ, Ubayawardena R, Wang M, Sampson ER, Rosier RN, Zuscik M, Puzas JE. Lead induces an osteoarthritis-like phenotype in articular chondrocytes through disruption of TGF-β signaling. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1760-6. [PMID: 22517267 PMCID: PMC3839422 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lead remains a significant environmental toxin, and we believe we may have identified a novel target of lead toxicity in articular chondrocytes. These cells are responsible for the maintenance of joint matrix, and do so under the regulation of TGF-β signaling. As lead is concentrated in articular cartilage, we hypothesize that it can disrupt normal chondrocyte phenotype through suppression of TGF-β signaling. These experiments examine the effects of lead exposure in vivo and in vitro at biologically relevant levels, from 1 nM to 10 µM on viability, collagen levels, matrix degrading enzyme activity, TGF-β signaling, and articular surface morphology. Our results indicate that viability was unchanged at levels ≤100 µM Pb, but low and high level lead in vivo exposure resulted in fibrillation and degeneration of the articular surface. Lead treatment also decreased levels of type II collagen and increased type X collagen, in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, MMP13 activity increased in a dose-dependent manner. Active caspase 3 and 8 were dose-dependently elevated, and treatment with 10 µM Pb resulted in increases of 30% and 500%, respectively. Increasing lead treatment resulted in a corresponding reduction in TGF-β reporter activity, with a 95% reduction at 10µM. Levels of phosphoSmad2 and 3 were suppressed in vitro and in vivo and lead dose-dependently increased Smurf2. These changes closely parallel those seen in osteoarthritis. Over time this phenotypic shift could compromise maintenance of the joint matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Holz
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Eric Beier
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Tzong-Jen Sheu
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Resika Ubayawardena
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Meina Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Erik R. Sampson
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Randy N. Rosier
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - Michael Zuscik
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642
| | - J. Edward Puzas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentristry, Rochester, NY, 14642,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642
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Allen JL, Cooke ME, Alliston T. ECM stiffness primes the TGFβ pathway to promote chondrocyte differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3731-42. [PMID: 22833566 PMCID: PMC3442419 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-03-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ECM stiffness enhances chondrocyte differentiation by priming cells for a potent response to TGFβ. ECM stiffness modifies the TGFβ pathway at multiple levels, including stiffness-sensitive induction of TGFβ1 expression, Smad3 phosphorylation, and synergistic activation of chondrocyte differentiation, by combining TGFβ and an inductive ECM stiffness. Cells encounter physical cues such as extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness in a microenvironment replete with biochemical cues. However, the mechanisms by which cells integrate physical and biochemical cues to guide cellular decision making are not well defined. Here we investigate mechanisms by which chondrocytes generate an integrated response to ECM stiffness and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), a potent agonist of chondrocyte differentiation. Primary murine chondrocytes and ATDC5 cells grown on 0.5-MPa substrates deposit more proteoglycan and express more Sox9, Col2α1, and aggrecan mRNA relative to cells exposed to substrates of any other stiffness. The chondroinductive effect of this discrete stiffness, which falls within the range reported for articular cartilage, requires the stiffness-sensitive induction of TGFβ1. Smad3 phosphorylation, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity are specifically increased in cells grown on 0.5-MPa substrates. ECM stiffness also primes cells for a synergistic response, such that the combination of ECM stiffness and exogenous TGFβ induces chondrocyte gene expression more robustly than either cue alone through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase–dependent mechanism. In this way, the ECM stiffness primes the TGFβ pathway to efficiently promote chondrocyte differentiation. This work reveals novel mechanisms by which cells integrate physical and biochemical cues to exert a coordinated response to their unique cellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Allen
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Narcisi R, Quarto R, Ulivi V, Muraglia A, Molfetta L, Giannoni P. TGF β-1 administration during ex vivo expansion of human articular chondrocytes in a serum-free medium redirects the cell phenotype toward hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3282-90. [PMID: 22105490 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based cartilage resurfacing requires ex vivo expansion of autologous articular chondrocytes. Defined culture conditions minimize expansion-dependent phenotypic alterations but maintenance of the cells' differentiation potential must be carefully assessed. Transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF β-1) positively regulates the expression of several cartilage proteins, but its therapeutic application in damaged cartilage is controversial. Thus we evaluated the phenotypic outcomes of cultured human articular chondrocytes exposed to TGF β-1 during monolayer expansion in a serum-free medium. After five doublings cells were transferred to micromass cultures to assess their chondrogenic differentiation, or replated in osteogenic medium. Immunocytostainings of micromasses of TGF-expanded cells showed loss of aggrecan and type II collagen. Positivity was evidenced for RAGE, IHH, type X collagen and for apoptotic cells, paralleling a reduction of BCL-2 levels, suggesting hypertrophic differentiation. TGF β-1-exposed cells also evidenced increased mRNA levels for bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinase-13, TIMP-3, VEGF and SMAD7, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and pyrophosphate availability. Conversely, SMAD3 mRNA and protein contents were reduced. After osteogenic induction, only TGF-expanded cells strongly mineralized and impaired p38 kinase activity, a contributor of chondrocytes' differentiation. To evaluate possible endochondral ossification progression, we seeded the chondrocytes on hydroxyapatite scaffolds, subsequently implanted in an in vivo ectopic setting, but cells failed to reach overt ossification; nonetheless, constructs seeded with TGF-exposed cells displayed blood vessels of the host vascular supply with enlarged diameters, suggestive of vascular remodeling, as in bone growth. Thus TGF-exposure during articular chondrocytes expansion induces a phenotype switch to hypertrophy, an undesirable effect for cells possibly intended for tissue-engineered cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Narcisi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Advanced Biotechnology Center, Genova, Italy
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Kawamura I, Maeda S, Imamura K, Setoguchi T, Yokouchi M, Ishidou Y, Komiya S. SnoN suppresses maturation of chondrocytes by mediating signal cross-talk between transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein pathways. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29101-13. [PMID: 22767605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes is a crucial step in endochondral ossification, whereas abnormally accelerated differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes in articular cartilage is linked to pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. This cellular process is promoted or inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, respectively, suggesting that these signaling pathways cross-talk during chondrocyte maturation. Here, we demonstrated that expression of Tgfb1 was increased, followed by phosphorylation of Smad2, during BMP-2-induced hypertrophic maturation of ATDC5 chondrocytes. Application of a TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor compound, SB431542, increased the expression of Id1, without affecting the phosphorylation status of Smad1/5/8, indicating that the activated endogenous TGF-β pathway inhibited BMP signaling downstream of the Smad activation step. We searched for TGF-β-inducible effectors that are able to inhibit BMP signaling in ATDC5 cells and identified SnoN. Overexpression of SnoN suppressed the activity of a BMP-responsive luciferase reporter in COS-7 cells as well as expression of Id1 in ATDC5 cells and, subsequently, the expression of Col10a1, a hallmark of hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. siRNA-mediated loss of SnoN showed opposite effects in BMP-treated ATDC5 cells. In adult mice, we found the highest level of SnoN expression in articular cartilage. Importantly, SnoN was expressed, in combination with phosphorylated Smad2/3, in prehypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate of mouse embryo bones and in chondrocytes around the ectopically existing hypertrophic chondrocytes of human osteoarthritis cartilage. Our results indicate that SnoN mediates a negative feedback mechanism evoked by TGF-β to inhibit BMP signaling and, subsequently, hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawamura
- Department of Medical Joint Materials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Plaas A, Velasco J, Gorski DJ, Li J, Cole A, Christopherson K, Sandy JD. The relationship between fibrogenic TGFβ1 signaling in the joint and cartilage degradation in post-injury osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:1081-90. [PMID: 21624477 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on modulation of chondrocyte activities in the osteoarthritic joint, and to discuss these changes in relation to established hard and soft tissue repair paradigms, with an emphasis on transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1)-mediated signaling which can promote either a chondrogenic or fibrogenic phenotype. METHODS Papers addressing the close relationship between repair in general, and the specific post-injury response of joint tissues are summarized. Different interpretations of the role of TGFβ1 in the emergence of an "osteoarthritic" chondrocyte are compared and the phenotypic plasticity of "reparative" progenitor cells is examined. Lastly, emerging data on a central role for A-Disintegrin-And-Metalloproteinase-with-Thrombospondin-like-Sequences-5 (ADAMTS5) activity in modulating TGFβ1 signaling through activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) and activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) pathways is discussed. RESULTS The review illustrates how a transition from ALK5-mediated fibrogenic signaling to ALK1-mediated chondrogenic signaling in joint cells represents the critical transition from a non-reparative to a reparative cell phenotype. Data from cell and in vivo studies illustrates the mechanism by which ablation of ADAMTS5 activity allows the transition to reparative chondrogenesis. Multiple large gene expression studies of normal and osteoarthritis (OA) human cartilages (CAs) also support an important role for TGFβ1-mediated pro-fibrogenic activities during disease progression. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that progressive articular CA damage in post-injury OA results primarily from biomechanical, cell biologic and mediator changes that promote a fibroblastic phenotype in joint cells. Since ADAMTS5 and TGFβ1 appear to control this process, agents which interfere with their activities may not only enhance endogenous CA repair in vivo, but also improve the properties of tissue-engineered CA for implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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van den Berg WB. Osteoarthritis year 2010 in review: pathomechanisms. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:338-41. [PMID: 21324370 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is characterized by progressive breakdown of articular cartilage. This review summarizes findings of the last year, which shed new light on mechanisms and factors involved in cartilage loss. Evidence is accumulating that the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) is highly enhanced in OA cartilage and drives catabolic metalloproteinases, including the pivotal MMP-13. In addition, HIF-2α suppresses chondrocyte autophagy, herein promoting chondrocyte apoptosis. The crucial role of MMP-13 is further underlined by reduced OA pathology in MMP-13 deficient mice. An intriguing mechanism to drive MMP-13 production is activation of the chondrocyte discoidin domain receptor (DDR-2) receptor through interaction with denuded collagen type II. The latter might occur in a proteoglycan depleted peri-cellular matrix, where DDR-2 expression is enhanced in OA cartilage and transgenic suppression attenuates experimental OA. The initiating role of ADAMTS-5 in proteoglycan loss appears dependent on interaction with the transmembrane proteoglycan syndecan-4, since syndecan-4 deficient mice are less prone to experimental OA and display reduced ADAMTS-5 activity. Both aging and the osteoarthritis (OA) process itself induce deranged transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-receptor expression, causing a shift to dominant usage of the receptor ALK-1, in stead of ALK5 and resulting in a TGFβ mediated catabolic pathway. ALK-1 rather than TGFβ is a promising therapeutic target. Finally, the alarmins S100A8 and 9 have long been considered as markers of inflammatory joint destruction, but now appear to be catabolic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B van den Berg
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Radboud University Nijmegen Med Center (RUNMC), The Netherlands.
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Moulton VR, Tsokos GC. Abnormalities of T cell signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:207. [PMID: 21457530 PMCID: PMC3132009 DOI: 10.1186/ar3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease resulting from a loss of tolerance to multiple self antigens, and characterized by autoantibody production and inflammatory cell infiltration in target organs, such as the kidneys and brain. T cells are critical players in SLE pathophysiology as they regulate B cell responses and also infiltrate target tissues, leading to tissue damage. Abnormal signaling events link to defective gene transcription and altered cytokine production, contributing to the aberrant phenotype of T cells in SLE. Study of signaling and gene transcription abnormalities in SLE T cells has led to the identification of novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali R Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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