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Spena S, Cairo A, Pappalardo E, Gorski MM, Garagiola I, Hassan S, Gualtierotti R, Peyvandi F. Genetic variants at the chromosomal region 2q21.3 underlying inhibitor development in patients with severe haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2022; 28:270-277. [PMID: 35182444 PMCID: PMC9306754 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Inhibitor development affects about 30% of patients with severe haemophilia A (HA) and results from different environmental and genetic risk factors. Previously, we identified the missense variant rs3754689 in the LCT gene linked with this predisposition. Since rs3754689 variant is benign and is located in a conserved haplotype region, we hypothesized that the association signal captured by this variant is located in coinherited, neighbouring genes. Aim To identify novel genetic risk factors associated with inhibitor development in coding regions of R3HDM1, UBXN4, CXCR4, MCM6, DARS and miR128‐1 genes. Methods Targeted sequencing was performed in 246 severe HA patients (72 with and 174 without inhibitor): 181 previously and 65 newly enrolled. Results Forty‐one common and 152 rare variants passed the quality control. Logistic regression analysis of common variants identified rs3754689 and four additional variants (.011 < P < .047; FDR ranging .2‐.38). Logistic regression analysis performed only in the 220 Italian patients showed similar results (.004 < P < .05; FDR ranging .12‐.22). Three of these variants (rs3213892 and rs3816155 in the LCT intron 13 and rs961360 in the R3HDM1 intron10‐exon11 junction) may affect the expression of UBXN4 and R3HDM1, respectively. Rare variants did not show association with inhibitor development. Identified variants were not replicated in the multi‐ethnic SIPPET cohort of 230 severe HA patients. Conclusion Due to the limited sample size that may be responsible of the high FDR values, we could not confirm with certainty the analysed association. Further evaluation of the expression levels of analysed genes will confirm or not their role in inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Spena
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, and Luigi Villa Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cairo
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, and Luigi Villa Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pappalardo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcin M Gorski
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Garagiola
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, and Luigi Villa Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Shermarke Hassan
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Gualtierotti
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, and Luigi Villa Foundation, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, and Luigi Villa Foundation, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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2
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Li Y, Zou J, Zhang Q, Quan F, Cao L, Zhang X, Liu J, Wu D. Systemic Analysis of the DNA Replication Regulator MCM Complex in Ovarian Cancer and Its Prognostic Value. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681261. [PMID: 34178669 PMCID: PMC8220296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microliposome maintenance (MCM) 2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, and MCM7 are DNA replication regulators and are involved in the progression of multiple cancer types, but their role in ovarian cancer is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify the biological function and prognostic value of the MCM complex in ovarian cancer (OS) progression. We analyzed DNA alterations, mRNA and protein levels, protein structure, PPI network, functional enrichment, and prognostic value in OC based on the Oncomine, cBioPortal, TCGA, CPTAC, PDB, GeneMANIA, DAVID, KEGG, and GSCALite databases. The results indicated that the protein levels of these DNA replication regulators were increased significantly. Moreover, survival analysis showed a prognostic signature based on the MCM complex, which performed moderately well in terms of OS prognostic prediction. Additionally, protein structure, functional enrichment, and PPI network analyses indicated that the MCM complex synergistically promoted OC progression by accelerating DNA replication and the cell cycle. In conclusion, our study suggested that the MCM complex might be a potential target and prognostic marker for OC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Feifei Quan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Daichao Wu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, Department of Histology and Embryology, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, United States
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3
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Wehbe Z, Hammoud SH, Yassine HM, Fardoun M, El-Yazbi AF, Eid AH. Molecular and Biological Mechanisms Underlying Gender Differences in COVID-19 Severity and Mortality. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659339. [PMID: 34025658 PMCID: PMC8138433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, over two million people have perished due to the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. The available epidemiological global data for SARS-CoV-2 portrays a higher rate of severity and mortality in males. Analyzing gender differences in the host mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression may offer insight into the more detrimental disease prognosis and clinical outcome in males. Therefore, we outline sexual dimorphisms which exist in particular host factors and elaborate on how they may contribute to the pronounced severity in male COVID-19 patients. This includes disparities detected in comorbidities, the ACE2 receptor, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), signaling molecules involved in SARS-CoV-2 replication, proteases which prime viral S protein, the immune response, and behavioral considerations. Moreover, we discuss sexual disparities associated with other viruses and a possible gender-dependent response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. By specifically highlighting these immune-endocrine processes as well as behavioral factors that differentially exist between the genders, we aim to offer a better understanding in the variations of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena Wehbe
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Safaa Hisham Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Manal Fardoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed F. El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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4
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Zeng T, Guan Y, Li YK, Wu Q, Tang XJ, Zeng X, Ling H, Zou J. The DNA replication regulator MCM6: An emerging cancer biomarker and target. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 517:92-98. [PMID: 33609557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MCM6 is a significant DNA replication regulator that plays a crucial role in sustaining the cell cycle. In many cancer cells, MCM6 expression is enhanced. For example, persistently increased expression of MCM6 promotes the formation, development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Up- and down-regulation studies have indicated that MCM6 regulates cell cycle, proliferation, metastasis, immune response and the maintenance of the DNA replication system. MCM6 can also regulate downstream signaling such as MEK/ERK thus promoting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, MCM6 may represent a sensitive and specific biomarker to predict adverse progression and poor outcome. Furthermore, inhibition of MCM6 may be an effective cancer treatment. The present review summarizes the latest results on the inactivating and activating functions of MCM6, underlining its function in carcinogenesis. Further studies of the carcinogenic functions of MCM6 may provide novel insight into cancer biology and shed light on new approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yang Guan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, PR China
| | - Yu-Kun Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Digestive Medical, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Tang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, Chongqing 404000, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Juan Zou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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5
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Feng Y, Jia B, Feng Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Meng J. Dendrobine attenuates gestational diabetes mellitus in mice by inhibiting Th17 cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 128:379-385. [PMID: 33119198 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Bei Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of General Surgery CPLA No. 71897 Xi'an China
| | - Yinghong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University Yantai China
| | - Jun Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University Yantai China
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6
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Epigenetics, pregnancy and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102685. [PMID: 33115633 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) are chronic conditions with a striking female predominance, frequently affecting women of childbearing age. Sex hormones and gender dimorphism of immune response are major determinants in the multifactorial pathogenesis of ARDs, with significant implications throughout reproductive life. Particularly, pregnancy represents a challenging condition in the context of autoimmunity, baring profound hormonal and immunologic changes, which are responsible for the bi-directional interaction between ARDs outcome and pregnancy course. In the latest years epigenetics has proven to be an important player in ARDs pathogenesis, finely modulating major immune functions and variably tuning the significant gender effects in autoimmunity. Additionally, epigenetics is a recognised influencer of the physiological dynamic modifications occurring during pregnancy. Still, there is currently little evidence on the pregnancy-related epigenetic modulation of immune response in ARDs patients. This review aims to overview the current knowledge of the role of epigenetics in the context of autoimmunity, as well as during physiologic and pathologic pregnancy, discussing under-regarded aspects in the interplay between ARDs and pregnancy pathology. The outline of a new ongoing European project will be presented.
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7
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Cao T, Yi SJ, Wang LX, Zhao JX, Xiao J, Xie N, Zeng Z, Han Q, Tang HO, Li YK, Zou J, Wu Q. Identification of the DNA Replication Regulator MCM Complex Expression and Prognostic Significance in Hepatic Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3574261. [PMID: 32964028 PMCID: PMC7499325 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3574261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microliposome maintenance (MCM) complex, MCM2-7, is revealed to be involved in multiple cellular processes and plays a key role in the development and progression of human cancers. However, the MCM complex remains poorly elaborated in hepatic carcinoma (HCC). METHODS In the study, we found the mRNA and protein level by bioinformatics. We also explored the prognostic value, genetic alteration, interaction network, and functional enrichment of MCM2-7. The MCM expression and correlation among these MCMs in HCC cell lines were identified by western blot. RESULTS MCM2-7 was significantly increased in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. The high level of MCM2-7 had a positive correlation with poor prognosis. However, MCM2-7 alterations were not correlated with poor OS. MCMs were both increased in HCC cell lines compared to the normal hepatocyte cell line. Furthermore, the positive correlation was found among MCMs in HCC cell lines. CONCLUSIONS The MCM complex was increased in HCC tissues and cell lines and negatively correlated with prognosis, which might be important biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cao
- Department of Digestive Medical, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Shi-jie Yi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Li-xin Wang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cai Lun Rd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan-xia Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Jiao Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Ni Xie
- Department of Digestive Medical, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, China
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Oncology, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437000, China
| | - Hai-ou Tang
- Jishou University College of Medicine, Jishou 416000, China
| | - Yu-kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Digestive Medical, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, China
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Dimitrijević M, Arsenović-Ranin N, Kosec D, Bufan B, Nacka-Aleksić M, Pilipović I, Leposavić G. Sex differences in Tfh cell help to B cells contribute to sexual dimorphism in severity of rat collagen-induced arthritis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1214. [PMID: 31988383 PMCID: PMC6985112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study examined germinal centre (GC) reaction in lymph nodes draining inflamed joints and adjacent tissues (dLNs) in male and female Dark Agouti rat collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) model of rheumatoid arthritis. Female rats exhibiting the greater susceptibility to CIA mounted stronger serum CII-specific IgG response than their male counterparts. This correlated with the higher frequency of GC B cells in female compared with male dLNs. Consistently, the frequency of activated/proliferating Ki-67+ cells among dLN B cells was higher in females than in males. This correlated with the shift in dLN T follicular regulatory (Tfr)/T follicular helper (Tfh) cell ratio towards Tfh cells in females, and greater densities of CD40L and CD40 on their dLN T and B cells, respectively. The higher Tfh cell frequency in females was consistent with the greater dLN expression of mRNA for IL-21/27, the key cytokines involved in Tfh cell generation and their help to B cells. Additionally, in CII-stimulated female rat dLN cell cultures IFN-γ/IL-4 production ratio was shifted towards IFN-γ. Consistently, the serum IgG2a(b)/IgG1 CII-specific antibody ratio was shifted towards an IgG2a(b) response in females. Thus, targeting T-/B-cell interactions should be considered in putative further sex-based translational pharmacology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana, 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe, 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe, 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, 450, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Merrheim J, Villegas J, Van Wassenhove J, Khansa R, Berrih-Aknin S, le Panse R, Dragin N. Estrogen, estrogen-like molecules and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102468. [PMID: 31927086 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In western countries, the slope of autoimmune disease (AD) incidence is increasing and affects 5-8% of the population. Mainly prevalent in women, these pathologies are due to thymic tolerance processes breakdown. The female sex hormone, estrogen, is involved in this AD female susceptibility. However, predisposition factors have to act in concert with unknown triggering environmental factors (virus, microbiota, pollution) to initiate AD. Individuals are exposed to various environmental compounds that display endocrine disruption abilities. The cellular effects of some of these molecules may be mediated through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Here, we review the effects of these molecules on the homeostasis of the thymic cells, the immune tolerance intrinsic factors (transcription factors, epigenetic marks) and on the immune tolerance extrinsic factors (microbiota, virus sensibility). This review highlights the contribution of estrogen and endocrine disruptors on the dysregulation of mechanisms sustaining AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Merrheim
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 974, Paris, France; AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Hôpital La Pitié- Salpêtrière, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - José Villegas
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 974, Paris, France; AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Hôpital La Pitié- Salpêtrière, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Van Wassenhove
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 974, Paris, France; AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Hôpital La Pitié- Salpêtrière, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Rémi Khansa
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 974, Paris, France; AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Hôpital La Pitié- Salpêtrière, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Berrih-Aknin
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 974, Paris, France; AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Hôpital La Pitié- Salpêtrière, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Rozen le Panse
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 974, Paris, France; AIM, Institute of Myology, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Hôpital La Pitié- Salpêtrière, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nadine Dragin
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Inserm UMRS 974, Paris, France; Inovarion, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS 974, Hôpital La Pitié- Salpêtrière, 105 Bd de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
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10
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Stojić-Vukanić Z, Pilipović I, Bufan B, Stojanović M, Leposavić G. Age and sex determine CD4+ T cell stimulatory and polarizing capacity of rat splenic dendritic cells. Biogerontology 2019; 21:83-107. [PMID: 31646402 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated influence of sex and age on splenic myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) from Dark Agouti rats. Freshly isolated DCs from young males exhibited less mature phenotype and greater endocytic capacity compared with those from age-matched females. Upon LPS stimulation in vitro they were less potent in stimulating allogeneic CD4+ cells in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR), due to lower expression of MHC II, and greater NO and IL-10 production. In accordance with higher TGF-β production, young male rat DCs were less potent in stimulating IL-17 production in MLR than those from young females. Irrespective of sex, endocytic capacity and responsiveness of DCs to LPS stimulation in culture, judging by their allostimulatory capacity in MLR decreased with age, reflecting decline in MHC II surface density followed by their greater NO production; the effects more prominent in females. Additionally, compared with LPS-stimulated DCs from young rats, those from sex-matched aged rats were more potent in stimulating IL-10 production in MLR, whereas capacity of DCs from aged female and male rats to stimulate IL-17 production remained unaltered and decreased, respectively. This reflected age-related shift in IL-6/TGF-β production level ratio in LPS-stimulated DC cultures towards TGF-β, and sex-specific age-related remodeling CD4+ cell cytokine pathways. Additionally, compared with LPS-stimulated DCs from young rats, those cells from sex-matched aged rats were less potent in stimulating IFN-γ production in MLR, the effect particularly prominent in MLRs encompassing male rat DCs. The study showed that stimulatory and polarizing capacity of DCs depends on rat sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Marija Stojanović
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia.
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11
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Tanshinone prevents alveolar bone loss in ovariectomized osteoporosis rats by up-regulating phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 376:9-16. [PMID: 31108107 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is manifested by reduced bone mass. Tanshinone has been shown to affect osteoclast differentiation, but its role in osteoporosis remains less clear. This study aimed to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of tanshinone on osteoporosis. Osteoporosis was induced by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) in adult female rats treated with or without tanshinone. Trabecular bone structure was assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were isolated for analysis of stemness and senescence. mRNA levels of age related genes were examined and the role of the gene that was upregulated by tanshinone treatment was suppressed to determine its involvement in tanshinone mediated effects. Finally, the mechanism underlying tanshinone induced gene upregulation was explored. We found that tanshinone treatment restored alveolar bone structure in OVX rats as well as the stemness and senescence status of BMSCs isolated from OVX rats. Tanshinone upregulated Phgdh mRNA levels and inhibition of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase Phgdh, the protein encoded by the Phgdh gene, abolished the effects of tanshinone on BMSC stemness and senescence. Finally, we found that OVX lead to hypermethylation of the promoter region of Phgdh which was suppressed by tanshinone treatment. Our study shows that tanshinone potently suppress OVX induced osteoporosis and BMSC senescence through upregulation of PHGDH.
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12
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Qu H, Wang Y. Methylation of HIF3A promoter CpG islands contributes to insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00583. [PMID: 30743315 PMCID: PMC6465726 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance during pregnancy, and will lead to high risk of diabetes even after pregnancy. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family proteins are transcriptional factors that are highly correlated with methylation, which might be involved in the regulation of GDM. METHODS Baseline clinical characteristics of the GDM patients and healthy women were analyzed. Omental tissue from GDM patients and control groups were collected and detected for the expression levels of HIF1A, HIF2A, and HIF3A. The CpG islands of HIF3A promoter were predicted by "methprimer" software, and the methylation level of CpG islands was detected by bisulfite sequencing PCR. RESULTS HIF3A was downregulated in the omental tissue from GDM patients, whereas HIF1A and HIF2A were not affected. Furthermore, HIF3A expression was positively correlated with levels of estrogen receptor α (ESR1) and solute carrier family 2 member 4 (SLC2A4). Moreover, CpG islands of HIF3A promoter were highly methylated in GDM patients. In addition, methylation level of CpG islands could be upregulated by Estradiol (E2) treatment, since high dose of E2 reduced HIF3A mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the expression level of HIF3A, but not HIF1A or HIF2A, is downregulated in GDM patients. The methylation status of HIF3A promoter region is highly correlated with GDM, which could be a novel therapeutic target for GDM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Hongmei Qu
- Department of Obstetrics, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuanli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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13
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Rafiee Zadeh A, Ghadimi K, Mohammadi B, Hatamian H, Naghibi SN, Danaeiniya A. Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Different Immune Cells Related to Multiple Sclerosis. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/cjns.4.13.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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14
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Batton KA, Austin CO, Bruno KA, Burger CD, Shapiro BP, Fairweather D. Sex differences in pulmonary arterial hypertension: role of infection and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of disease. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29669571 PMCID: PMC5907450 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Registry data worldwide indicate an overall female predominance for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) of 2–4 over men. Genetic predisposition accounts for only 1–5% of PAH cases, while autoimmune diseases and infections are closely linked to PAH. Idiopathic PAH may include patients with undiagnosed autoimmune diseases based on the relatively high presence of autoantibodies in this group. The two largest PAH registries to date report a sex ratio for autoimmune connective tissue disease-associated PAH of 9:1 female to male, highlighting the need for future studies to analyze subgroup data according to sex. Autoimmune diseases that have been associated with PAH include female-dominant systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s syndrome, and thyroiditis as well as male-dominant autoimmune diseases like myocarditis which has been linked to HIV-associated PAH. The sex-specific association of PAH to certain infections and autoimmune diseases suggests that sex hormones and inflammation may play an important role in driving the pathogenesis of disease. However, there is a paucity of data on sex differences in inflammation in PAH, and more research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis underlying PAH in men and women. This review uses data on sex differences in PAH and PAH-associated autoimmune diseases from registries to provide insight into the pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Batton
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Katelyn A Bruno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Charles D Burger
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Brian P Shapiro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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15
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Ćuruvija I, Stanojević S, Arsenović-Ranin N, Blagojević V, Dimitrijević M, Vidić-Danković B, Vujić V. Sex Differences in Macrophage Functions in Middle-Aged Rats: Relevance of Estradiol Level and Macrophage Estrogen Receptor Expression. Inflammation 2018; 40:1087-1101. [PMID: 28353029 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of sex on age-related changes in phenotype and functional capacity of rat macrophages. The potential role of estradiol as a contributing factor to a sex difference in macrophage function with age was also examined. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages derived from the young (2 months old) and the naturally senescent intact middle-aged (16 months old) male and female rats were tested for cytokine secretion and antimicrobial activity (NO and H2O2 production and myeloperoxidase activity). Serum concentration of estradiol and the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α and ERβ on freshly isolated peritoneal macrophages were also examined. Decreased secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 by macrophages from middle-aged compared to the young females was accompanied with the lesser density of macrophage ERα expression and the lower systemic level of estradiol, whereas the opposite was true for middle-aged male rats. Macrophages in the middle-aged females, even with the diminished circulating estradiol levels, produce increased amount of IL-6, and comparable amounts of IL-1β, TNF-α, and NO to that measured in macrophages from the middle-aged males. Age-related changes in macrophage phenotype and the antimicrobial activity were independent of macrophage ERα/ERβ expression and estradiol level in both male and female rats. Although our study suggests that the sex difference in the level of circulating estradiol may to some extent contribute to sex difference in macrophage function of middle-aged rats, it also points to more complex hormonal regulation of peritoneal macrophage activity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ćuruvija
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Stanislava Stanojević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia.
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veljko Blagojević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Vidić-Danković
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Vesna Vujić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Wen L, Zhu C, Zhu Z, Yang C, Zheng X, Liu L, Zuo X, Sheng Y, Tang H, Liang B, Zhou Y, Li P, Zhu J, Ding Y, Chen G, Gao J, Tang L, Cheng Y, Sun J, Elango T, Kafle A, Yu R, Xue K, Zhang Y, Li F, Li Z, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhou C, Tang Y, Shen N, Wang M, Yu X, Liu S, Fan X, Gao M, Xiao F, Wang P, Wang Z, Zhang A, Zhou F, Sun L, Yang S, Xu J, Yin X, Cui Y, Zhang X. Exome-wide association study identifies four novel loci for systemic lupus erythematosus in Han Chinese population. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:417. [PMID: 29233832 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of considerable genetic predisposition. Genome-wide association studies have identified tens of common variants for SLE. However, the majority of them reside in non-coding sequences. The contributions of coding variants have not yet been systematically evaluated. METHODS We performed a large-scale exome-wide study in 5004 SLE cases and 8179 healthy controls in a Han Chinese population using a custom exome array, and then genotyped 32 variants with suggestive evidence in an independent cohort of 13 246 samples. We further explored the regulatory effect of one novel non-coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ex vivo experiments. RESULTS We discovered four novel SLE gene regions (LCT, TPCN2, AHNAK2 and TNFRSF13B) encompassing three novel missense variants (XP_016859577.1:p.Asn1639Ser, XP_016859577.1:p.Val219Phe and XP_005267356.1:p.Thr4664Ala) and two non-coding variants (rs10750836 and rs4792801) with genome-wide significance (pmeta <5.00×10-8). These variants are enriched in several chromatin states of primary B cells. The novel intergenic variant rs10750836 exhibited an expression quantitative trait locus effect on the TPCN2 gene in immune cells. Clones containing this novel SNP exhibited gene promoter activity for TPCN2 (P=1.38×10-3) whose expression level was reduced significantly in patients with SLE (P<2.53×10-2) and was suggested to be further modulated by rs10750836 in CD19+ B cells (P=7.57×10-5) in ex vivo experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study identified three novel coding variants and four new susceptibility gene regions for SLE. The results provide insights into the biological mechanism of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huayang Tang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yantao Ding
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tamilselvi Elango
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anjana Kafle
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixing Yu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengxiu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengli Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peiguang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zaixing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Dendritic cell recruitment and activation in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:126-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Ghosh S, Klein RS. Sex Drives Dimorphic Immune Responses to Viral Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1782-1790. [PMID: 28223406 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New attention to sexual dimorphism in normal mammalian physiology and disease has uncovered a previously unappreciated breadth of mechanisms by which females and males differentially exhibit quantitative phenotypes. Thus, in addition to the established modifying effects of hormones, which prenatally and postpubertally pattern cells and tissues in a sexually dimorphic fashion, sex differences are caused by extragonadal and dosage effects of genes encoded on sex chromosomes. Sex differences in immune responses, especially during autoimmunity, have been studied predominantly within the context of sex hormone effects. More recently, immune response genes have been localized to sex chromosomes themselves or found to be regulated by sex chromosome genes. Thus, understanding how sex impacts immunity requires the elucidation of complex interactions among sex hormones, sex chromosomes, and immune response genes. In this Brief Review, we discuss current knowledge and new insights into these intricate relationships in the context of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Ghosh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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19
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Franconi F, Rosano G, Basili S, Montella A, Campesi I. Human cells involved in atherosclerosis have a sex. Int J Cardiol 2016; 228:983-1001. [PMID: 27915217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of sex has been largely described in cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is a complex process that involves many cell types such as vessel cells, immune cells and endothelial progenitor cells; however, many, if not all, studies do not report the sex of the cells. This review focuses on sex differences in human cells involved in the atherosclerotic process, emphasizing the role of sex hormones. Furthermore, we report sex differences and issues related to the processes that determine the fate of the cells such as apoptotic and autophagic mechanisms. The analysis of the data reveals that there are still many gaps in our knowledge regarding sex influences in atherosclerosis, largely for the cell types that have not been well studied, stressing the urgent need for a clear definition of experimental conditions and the inclusion of both sexes in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Franconi
- Assessorato alle Politiche per la Persona of Basilicata Region, Potenza, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rosano
- Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Basili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties - Research Center on Gender and Evaluation and Promotion of Quality in Medicine (CEQUAM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Montella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Laboratory of Sex-Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Italy.
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20
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Jara EL, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Hormonal Modulation of Dendritic Cells Differentiation, Maturation and Function: Implications for the Initiation and Progress of Systemic Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:123-136. [PMID: 27585815 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal homeostasis is crucial for keeping a competent and healthy immune function. Several hormones can modulate the function of various immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) by influencing the initiation of the immune response and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. Hormones, such as estrogens, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids may profoundly affect DCs differentiation, maturation and function leading to either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory (or tolerogenic) phenotype. If not properly regulated, these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. An unbalanced hormonal status may affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of activating/inhibitory receptors and co-stimulatory molecules on conventional and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conferring susceptibility to develop autoimmunity. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α signaling in conventional DCs can promote IFN-α and IL-6 production and induce the expression of CD40, CD86 and MHCII molecules. Furthermore, estrogen modulates the pDCs response to Toll-like receptor ligands enhancing T cell priming. During lupus pathogenesis, ER-α deficiency decreased the expression of MHC II on pDCs from the spleen. In contrast, estradiol administration to lupus-prone female mice increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, enhanced the immunogenicity and produced large amounts of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α by bone marrow-derived DCs. These data suggest that estradiol/ER signaling may play an active role during lupus pathology. Similarly, understanding hormonal modulation of DCs may favor the design of new therapeutic strategies based on autologous tolerogenic DCs transfer, especially in sex-biased systemic autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss recent data relative to the role of different hormones (estrogen, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids) in DC function during systemic autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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Ahmedi M, Belguendouz H, Messaoudene D, Mesbah-Amroun H, Terahi M, Lahlou-Boukoffa O, Touil-Boukoffa C. Influence des hormones stéroïdes sur la production de deux marqueurs inflammatoires, l’IL-12 et le monoxyde d’azote, au cours de la maladie de Behçet. J Fr Ophtalmol 2016; 39:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Yang L, Ting Y, Shen Y, Wang L, Zhuang Z. 17β-estradiol modulates the viability, phenotype, endocytosis, and inflammatory cytokine expression of RAW264.7 macrophages. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x16638667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) is a female sex steroid hormone and exerts a pivotal role not only in female pregnancy but also in organ immune responses. Macrophages, as a kind of antigen-presenting cells, play an important influence on the cellular and humoral immune responses and also express the E2 receptor. In the present study, we explored the effects of E2 on the viability, endocytosis, surface molecule, and inflammatory cytokine expression of RAW264.7 macrophages. Results showed that E2 slightly increased the cell proliferation and endocytosis of RAW264.7 cells, while notably decreasing the mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). As for the expression of surface molecules closely associated with the functions of macrophages, E2 significantly reduced the levels of CD40, CD80, and MHC-II. Interestingly, E2 reduced the levels of CD86 at low dose (10 nM and 1 nM), while enhancing its expression at high doses (1 μM and 0.1 μM). These results suggest that E2 may play an immuno-suppressive role in the inflammatory reactions and some autoimmune diseases partly by influencing the expressions of some important surface molecules and inflammatory cytokines of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsong Yang
- Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, PR China
- Changzhou’s Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Manufacture and Quality Control Engineering, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Yue Ting
- Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Yuhuan Shen
- Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, PR China
- Changzhou’s Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Manufacture and Quality Control Engineering, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Ziheng Zhuang
- Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, PR China
- Changzhou’s Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Manufacture and Quality Control Engineering, Changzhou, PR China
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Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Dendritic Cells. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6269157. [PMID: 27034965 PMCID: PMC4789470 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6269157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease with multiple tissue manifestations. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the roles of conventional DC and plasmacytoid DC in the development of both murine lupus and human SLE. In the past decade, studies using selective DC depletions have demonstrated critical roles of DC in lupus progression. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies suggest activation of DC by self-antigens in lupus pathogenesis, followed by breakdown of immune tolerance to self. Potential treatment strategies targeting DC have been developed. However, many questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which DC modulate lupus pathogenesis that require further investigations.
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Dong G, You M, Fan H, Ji J, Ding L, Li P, Hou Y. 17β-estradiol contributes to the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in blood by promoting TNF-α secretion. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:620-9. [PMID: 26071573 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are strongly implicated in gender differences in immune responses by influencing the development and activation of immune cells. Recent studies have shown that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), derived from CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid cells under pathological conditions, play vital roles in modulating immune responses. However, it is still unknown the effects of estrogens on MDSCs. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of estrogens on regulating the accumulation of MDSCs. It was found that, compared with male patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), female patients with SLE showed a higher frequency of MDSCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a higher level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in serum. Notably, estradiol level in the serum of female patients with SLE was positively correlated with the frequency of MDSCs. Moreover, 17β-estradiol could promote TNF-α-induced accumulation of MDSCs in vivo by increasing the fundamental frequency of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol promoted the secretion of TNF-α in vivo, which contributed to the increase of the frequency of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells. In addition, it was also found that female mice showed a higher frequency of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells and a higher TNF-α level in blood than the age-matched male mice. These data indicate that 17β-estradiol contributes to the accumulation of MDSCs in blood by promoting TNF-α secretion, which increases the fundamental frequency of CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) cells. Our findings provide a new insight into the mechanism of gender difference in the prevalence of inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanjun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ming You
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hongye Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianjian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Liang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
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Parahuleva MS, Burgazli M, Langanke E, Dörr O, Parviz B, Mericliler M, Parahuleva N, Hölschermann H, Erdogan A. Monocyte CD40 expression in young healthy female smokers and/or oral contraceptives users without additional risk factors for atherosclerosis. Thromb Res 2014; 135:260-6. [PMID: 25541031 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis, as an inflammatory disease, is characterized by pathologically altered levels of cytokines. We investigated whether smoking and/or oral contraceptives (OCs) affect the CD40/CD40L plasma levels and expression in young females without other risk factors for atherosclerosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A case-control single-center design was used. Expression levels of CD40/CD40L were analyzed in healthy non-pregnant, pre-menopausal, non-smoking women who did not take OCs (n=49), women who currently smoke and take OCs (n=40), and women who are only smokers (n=40) or currently take OCs (n=42). RESULTS In OC users, there was a significant increase in CD40 mRNA expression in circulating monocytes as compared with smokers and control group. However, there were no significant differences in CD40 mRNA expression in monocytes between smokers and non-smokers. Interestingly, CD40 mRNA expression in women taking OCs and currently smoking was significantly decreased compared to only OC users (p<0.001). With regard to plasma CD40 levels there were significant differences between OC-users and control group. However, contrary to our expectations, there were no significant differences in expression levels of CD40L between four groups. In vitro experiments demonstrated enhanced CD40 mRNA and surface expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with estrogens. Furthermore, nicotine pretreatment led to a suppression of estrogens stimulated CD40 induction. CONCLUSIONS In young healthy females without additional risk factors for atherosclerosis, OCs, but not smoking, are associated with dramatic changes in CD40 gene and plasma levels. These findings may be providing an important link between OCs and enhancement of pro-inflammatory and atherothrombotic conditions in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Parahuleva
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mehmet Burgazli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Angiology, Wuppertal Research and Medical Center, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Eva Langanke
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Dörr
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Behnoush Parviz
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
| | - Meric Mericliler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Angiology, Wuppertal Research and Medical Center, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nikoleta Parahuleva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Hans Hölschermann
- Innere Medizin I - Kardiologie, University Hospital of Marburg, Krankenhaus Bad Homburg, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Ali Erdogan
- Internal Medicine I/Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Contributing factors in multiple sclerosis and the female sex bias. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lv M, Xu Y, Tang R, Ren J, Shen S, Chen Y, Liu B, Hou Y, Wang T. miR141–CXCL1–CXCR2 Signaling–Induced Treg Recruitment Regulates Metastases and Survival of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:3152-62. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ji J, Dou H, Li X, Song Y, Li X, Li E, Tan R, Hou Y. Novel benzenediamine derivative FC99 ameliorates zymosan-induced arthritis by inhibiting RORγt expression and Th17 cell differentiation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:829-36. [PMID: 25187413 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cells have been observed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The retinoic-acid-related orphan nuclear receptor (RORγt) is the master regulator of Th17 cells. Our previous research showed that FC99 possesses anti-inflammation activity. However, to date the effects of FC99 on RORγt expression in Th17 cell differentiation have not been investigated yet. In the present study, we found that FC99 significantly attenuated arthritis-like symptoms, i.e., suppressing the development of paw edema in zymosan-induced arthritis (ZIA) mice. H&E staining showed that the infiltration of inflammatory cells in ankle synovial tissues was significantly suppressed. FC99 also reduced the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in ankle synovial tissues as shown by Q-PCR analysis. The protein levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in sera were also suppressed after FC99 treatment. Moreover, FC99 decreased the RORγt mRNA level in spleen tissues. Th17 cell percentage was significantly decreased in spleens and draining lymph nodes (dLNs). The mRNA and protein levels of IL-17A and IL-23 were reduced after FC99 treatment in ZIA mice. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that FC99 inhibited the expression of IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and BMDCs. Moreover, FC99 significantly inhibited the RORγt expression in PMA-induced CD4(+) T cells and LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. These data indicate that FC99 improves arthritis-like pathological symptoms in vivo and in vitro, which might be related to the inhibition of RORγt expression in Th17 cells. Our findings suggest that FC99 may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of RA and other inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Huan Dou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yuxian Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Erguang Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing 210093, China
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Gong W, Hu E, Dou H, Song Y, Yang L, Ji J, Li E, Tan R, Hou Y. A novel 1,2-benzenediamine derivative FC-99 suppresses TLR3 expression and ameliorates disease symptoms in a mouse model of sepsis. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4866-78. [PMID: 24903157 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sepsis is a clinical condition characterized by overwhelming systemic inflammation with high mortality rate and high prevalence, but effective treatment is still lacking. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an endogenous sensor, thought to regulate the amplification of immune response during sepsis. Modulators of TLR3 have an advantage in the treatment of sepsis. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanism of a monosubstituted 1,2-benzenediamine derivative FC-99 {N(1) -[(4-methoxy)methyl]-4-methyl-1,2-benzenediamine}on modulating TLR3 expression and its therapeutic potential on mouse model of sepsis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cells were pretreated with FC-99 followed by poly(I:C) or IFN-α stimulation; TLR3 and other indicators were assayed. Female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham or caecal ligation puncture (CLP) surgery after i.p. injection of vehicle or FC-99; serum and tissues were collected for further experiments. KEY RESULTS FC-99 suppressed inflammatory response induced by poly(I:C) with no effect on cell viability or uptake of poly(I:C). FC-99 also inhibited TLR3 expression induced by not only poly(I:C) but also by exogenous IFN-α. This inhibition of FC-99 was related to the poly(I:C)-evoked IRF3/IFN-α/JAK/STAT1 signalling pathway. In CLP-induced model of sepsis, FC-99 administration decreased mice mortality and serum levels of inflammatory factors, attenuated multiple organ dysfunction and enhanced bacterial clearance. Accordingly, systemic and local expression of TLR3 was reduced by FC-99 in vivo. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FC-99 reversed TLR3 expression and ameliorate CLP-induced sepsis in mice. Thus, FC-99 will be a potential therapeutic candidate for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Gender differences of B cell signature in healthy subjects underlie disparities in incidence and course of SLE related to estrogen. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:814598. [PMID: 24741625 PMCID: PMC3987971 DOI: 10.1155/2014/814598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate mechanism of the gender differences of B cells. The results showed that 358 differential gene expressions (DEGs) were displayed between healthy females and males. Compared with male, 226 and 132 genes were found to be up- and downregulated in the female. 116 genes displayed possible correlation with estrogen. Moreover, the upregulated DEGs (Cav1, CD200R1, TNFRSF17, and CXCR3) and downregulated DEGs (EIF1AY and DDX3Y) in healthy female may be involved in gender predominance of some immune diseases. Furthermore, signaling pathway analysis for estrogen-relevant DEGs showed that only 26 genes were downregulated in SLE female versus SLE male, of which expressions of 8 genes had significant difference between SLE females and SLE males but are having nonsignificant difference between healthy females and healthy males. Except for the 5 Y-chromosome-related genes or varients, only 3 DEGs (LTF, CAMP, and DEFA4) were selected and qRT-PCR confirmed that the expressions of LTF and CAMP decreased significantly in B cells from female SLE patients. These data indicated that the gender differences were existent in global gene expression of B cells and the difference may be related to estrogen.
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Chen YC, Wen S, Shang SA, Cui Y, Luo B, Teng GJ. Magnetic resonance and near-infrared imaging using a novel dual-modality nano-probe for dendritic cell tracking in vivo. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:699-710. [PMID: 24219906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The effect of cellular-based immunotherapy is highly correlated with the success of dendritic cells (DCs) homing to the draining lymph nodes (LNs) and interacting with antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. In this study, a novel magneto-fluorescent nano-probe was used to track the in vivo migration of DCs to the draining LNs. METHODS A dual-modality nano-probe composed of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye (NIR797) was developed, and its magnetic and optical contrasting properties were characterized. DCs generated from mouse bone marrow were co-cultured with the probe at a lower concentration of 10 μg/mL. The cell phenotype and function of DCs were also investigated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and mixed leukocyte reactivity assay. Labeled DCs were injected into the footpad of C57BL/6 mice. Afterward, magnetic resonance imaging, NIRF imaging, Perls staining and CD11c immunofluorescence were used to observe the migration of the labeled DCs into draining LNs. RESULTS The synthetic SPIO-NIR797 nano-probe had a desirable superparamagnetic and near-infrared behavior. Perls staining showed perfect labeling efficiency. The cell phenotypes, including CD11c, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II, as well as the T-cell activation potential of the mature DCs were insignificantly affected after incubation (P > 0.05). Labeled DCs migrating into LNs could be detected by both magnetic resonance imaging and NIRF imaging simultaneously, which was further confirmed by Perls staining and immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS The novel dual-modality SPIO-NIR797 nano-probe has highly biocompatible characteristics for labeling and tracking DCs, which can be used to evaluate cancer immunotherapy in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Song-An Shang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao-Jun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Su H, Mou Y, An Y, Han W, Huang X, Xia G, Ni Y, Zhang Y, Ma J, Hu Q. The migration of synthetic magnetic nanoparticle labeled dendritic cells into lymph nodes with optical imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3737-44. [PMID: 24124362 PMCID: PMC3795011 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s52135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The successful biotherapy of carcinoma with dendritic cell (DC) vaccines pivotally relies on DCs’ migratory capability into lymph tissues and activation of T cells. Accurate imaging and evaluation of DC migration in vivo have great significance during antitumor treatment with DC vaccine. We herein examined the behavior of DCs influenced by synthetic superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle labeling. Methods γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared and DCs, which were induced from bone marrow monocytes of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice, were labeled. The endocytosis of the SPIO, surface molecules, cell apoptosis and fluorescence intensity of EGFP-DCs were displayed by Prussian blue staining and flow cytometry (FCM), respectively. After EGFP-DCs, labeled with SPIO, were injected into footpads (n = 5) for 24 hours, the mice were examined in vivo by optical imaging (OPI). Meanwhile, confocal imaging and FCM were applied, respectively, to detect the migration of labeled DCs into draining lymph nodes. Results Nearly 100% of cells were labeled by the SPIO, in which the intracellular blue color gradually deepened and the iron contents rose with the increase of labeling iron concentrations. In addition, cell apoptosis and the surface molecules on DCs were at similar levels after SPIO labeling. After confirming that the fluorescence intensity of EGFP on DCs was not influenced by SPIO, the homing ability of EGFP-DCs labeled with SPIO displayed that the fluorescence intensity and the ratios of EGFP-DCs in draining lymph nodes were gradually decreased with the increase of labeling iron concentrations. Conclusion The synthetic SPIO nanoparticles possess perfect labeling ability and biocompatibility. Moreover, DCs labeled with a low dose of SPIO showed stronger migratory capability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- Center Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Hua C, Sun L, Yang Y, Tan R, Hou Y. Mechanisms of CpG-induced CD40 expression on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:177-87. [PMID: 23244216 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.751980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant CD40 expression by dendritic cells (DCs), induced by microbial stimuli, such as CpG, contributes to the pathogenesis of many human/murine diseases, particularly autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Given the importance of CD40 in these diseases, and the contribution of DCs to the diseases process, it is very important to investigate the mechanisms of CD40 expression induced by CpG on DCs. In this study, we made the observation that CpG-B is a potent inducer on CD40 expression on murine bone marrow-derived DCs. Based on this finding, we undertook an analysis of the molecular basis of CpG-induced CD40 expression on DCs. By using selective inhibitors, it was demonstrated that MAPKs (JNK and p38 MAPK but not ERK) and NF-κB were involved in CpG-induced CD40 expression on DCs. In addition, RNA interference analysis revealed that IRF8 was a key transcription factor in the basal expression of CD40 upon CpG stimulation. Moreover, up-regulating miRNA-146a in DCs effectively decreased CD40 expression by targeting TRAF6 and IRAK1. Thus, our results have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying CpG-induced CD40 expression and DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hua
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Xu Y, Fan H, Li X, Sun L, Hou Y. 17β-Estradiol enhances response of mice spleen B cells elicited by TLR9 agonist. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:125-35. [PMID: 22960279 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against nucleic acid-associated antigens. B cells play cardinal roles in SLE. Many evidences have proved estrogen contribute to the gender bias in SLE and 17β-estradiol (E2) could accelerate the disease by regulating B cells. On the other hand, B cells express TLR9 which recognized dsDNA and played a critical role in SLE. However, the crosstalk between estrogen and TLR9 in B cells remains unknown. So we investigated the E2 effect in the presence of the TLR9 ligand CpG on mice spleen B cells. We found that the up-regulation of cell viability, life-span, co-stimulation molecules (CD40, CD86) expression, IgM secretion, TLR9 and MCM6 expression were more significant than CpG ODN or E2 stimulated alone. It may provide a new way to investigate the mechanism of how E2 modulate the B cells function in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Xu
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab, Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Liu L, Wang Y, Fan H, Zhao X, Liu D, Hu Y, Kidd AR, Bao J, Hou Y. MicroRNA-181a Regulates Local Immune Balance by Inhibiting Proliferation and Immunosuppressive Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1756-70. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hua C, Yang Y, Sun L, Dou H, Tan R, Hou Y. Chaetoglobosin F, a small molecule compound, possesses immunomodulatory properties on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells via TLR9 signaling pathway. Immunobiology 2012; 218:292-302. [PMID: 22739238 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chaetoglobosin F (Cha F), a cytochalasan-based alkaloid, was obtained from the EtOAc extract of a solid culture of Chaetomium globosum IFB-E019. Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen presenting cells, are considered as the major target in the modulation of excessive immune responses. Recognition of CpG-DNA by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) on DCs is an important step in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the effect of Cha F on the maturation and immunostimulatory function of CpG-stimulated DCs remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of Cha F on bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs. We found that Cha F inhibits the CpG-induced DCs maturation and function by suppressing the expression of surface molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86 and MHC-II), reducing the production of cytokines and chemokines (IL-12 and CXCL-10), inhibiting the CpG-induced DCs-elicited allogeneic T-cell proliferation, and impairing the migration ability to chemokines. The Cha F-treated DCs were highly efficient at Ag capture, via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Additionally, Cha F was also demonstrated to inhibit CpG-induced activation of MAPKs (p38 and JNK, but not ERK) and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and STAT1. Furthermore, we confirmed that Cha F was able to suppress TLR9 expression of CpG-induced DCs. Collectively, these findings provide novel insight into the immunopharmacological functions of Cha F, especially with regard to their impact on CpG-induced DCs. These immunosuppressive properties of Cha F may prove useful in controlling DCs-associated autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hua
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Sun L, Hua C, Yang Y, Dou H, Li E, Tan R, Hou Y. Chaeoglobosin Fex inhibits poly(I:C)-induced activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:150-8. [PMID: 22424786 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.02.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are implicated in the induction of autoimmune diseases and exist in lesions associated with several autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Chaeoglobosin Fex (Cha Fex), a cytochalasan-based alkaloid, was isolated from marine-derived endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum QEN-14. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Cha Fex on poly(I:C)-induced bone marrow-derived DCs. The results showed that Cha Fex attenuated the production of IFN-β both at the mRNA and protein level in poly(I:C)-induced DCs. Cha Fex markedly inhibited the maturation and function of the DCs with a reduced capacity to uptake antigens and low level of expression of costimulatory molecules. Moreover, Cha Fex abrogated the ability of poly(I:C)-induced DCs to promotion of T cell proliferation, Furthermore, Cha Fex inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB-α and IRF-3 in poly(I:C)-induced DCs. Cha Fex also reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, without affecting ERK1/2. These data demonstrate that that Cha Fex can exhibit an immunosuppressive effect on mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) via TLR3 signaling, which suggests potential application of Cha Fex in the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Lab & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental immunological evidence suggest that estrogens enhance the humoral immune response, and at the same time, seem to play important roles in pathophysiology of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Estrogens in human subjects are generally considered as enhancers of cell proliferation (anti-apoptotic), however, rather than through their serum levels (that may exert opposite dose-related effects), they play important roles through their peripheral metabolites especially in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Several investigations strongly support an accelerated aromatase-mediated peripheral metabolic conversion of upstream androgen precursors to estrogen metabolites in peripheral tissues affected by immune/inflammatory reactions, both, in male and female patients. In RA synovial tissue, biological effects of these metabolites as a consequence of altered peripheral sex hormone synthesis (intracrine, e.g., at the level of macrophages and fibroblasts) mainly results in stimulation of cell proliferation and cytokine production (i.e. TNF). It was shown that RA synovial cells mainly produce the cell proproliferative 16alpha-hydroxyestrone which, in addition to 16alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol, is the downstream estrogen metabolite that interferes with monocyte proliferation. Therefore, a preponderance of 16alpha-hydroxylated estrogens is an unfavorable sign, at least, in synovial inflammation and possibly related synovial tissue hyperplasia. Interestingly, urinary concentration and total urinary loss of 2-hydroxyestrogens was found 10 times higher in healthy subjects compared to RA or SLE patients irrespective of prior prednisolone treatment or sex. The intracrine synthesis of active estrogen metabolites at the level of cells involved in the immune response (e.g. macrophages and fibroblasts) represents a common pathway that characterizes a similar final immune reactivity in both male and female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Cutolo
- Research Laboratory and Academic Unit of Clinical Rheumatology, Dept. Internal Medicine, University of Genova Italy, Viale Benedetto XV, 6-16132 Genova, Italy.
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Mou Y, Chen B, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Xie H, Xia G, Tang M, Huang X, Ni Y, Hu Q. Influence of synthetic superparamagnetic iron oxide on dendritic cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1779-86. [PMID: 21980240 PMCID: PMC3184937 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the influence of synthetic superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) on dendritic cells and provides a possible method for labeling these cells. Methods: SPIO nanoparticles were prepared, and their morphology and magnetic properties were characterized. The particles were endocytosed by dendritic cells generated from mouse bone marrow. Labeling efficiency and cellular uptake were analyzed by Prussian blue staining and quantitative spectrophotometric assay. Meanwhile, the surface molecules, cellular apoptosis, and functional properties of the SPIO-labeled dendritic cells were explored by flow cytometry and the mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. Results: The synthetic nanoparticles possessed a spherical shape and good superparamagnetic behavior. The mean concentration of iron in immature and mature dendritic cells was 31.8 ± 0.7 μg and 35.6 ± 1.0 μg per 1 × 106 cells, respectively. After 12 hours of incubation with SPIO at a concentration of 25 μg/mL, nearly all cells were shown to contain iron. Interestingly, cellular apoptosis and surface expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility II, and chemokine receptor 7 in mature dendritic cells were not affected to any significant extent by SPIO labeling. T cell activation was maintained at a low ratio of dendritic cells to T cells. Conclusion: SPIO nanoparticles have good superparamagnetic behavior, highly biocompatible characteristics, and are suitable for use in further study of the migratory behavior and biodistribution of dendritic cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Mou
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People’s Republic of China
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