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Rajankunte Mahadeshwara M, Al-Jawad M, Hall RM, Pandit H, El-Gendy R, Bryant M. How Do Cartilage Lubrication Mechanisms Fail in Osteoarthritis? A Comprehensive Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:541. [PMID: 38927777 PMCID: PMC11200606 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilage degeneration is a characteristic of osteoarthritis (OA), which is often observed in aging populations. This degeneration is due to the breakdown of articular cartilage (AC) mechanical and tribological properties primarily attributed to lubrication failure. Understanding the reasons behind these failures and identifying potential solutions could have significant economic and societal implications, ultimately enhancing quality of life. This review provides an overview of developments in the field of AC, focusing on its mechanical and tribological properties. The emphasis is on the role of lubrication in degraded AC, offering insights into its structure and function relationship. Further, it explores the fundamental connection between AC mechano-tribological properties and the advancement of its degradation and puts forth recommendations for strategies to boost its lubrication efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Rajankunte Mahadeshwara
- Institute of Functional Surfaces, Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.A.-J.); (R.E.-G.)
| | - Maisoon Al-Jawad
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.A.-J.); (R.E.-G.)
| | - Richard M. Hall
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Hemant Pandit
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK;
| | - Reem El-Gendy
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.A.-J.); (R.E.-G.)
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 3, Ismailia Governorate 8366004, Egypt
| | - Michael Bryant
- Institute of Functional Surfaces, Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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2
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Masson AO, Besler B, Edwards WB, Krawetz RJ. High spatial resolution analysis using automated indentation mapping differentiates biomechanical properties of normal vs. degenerated articular cartilage in mice. eLife 2022; 11:74664. [PMID: 36444976 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage is crucial to understanding processes of tissue homeostasis vs. degeneration. In mouse models, however, limitations are imposed by their small joint size and thin cartilage surfaces. Here we present a three-dimensional (3D) automated surface mapping system and methodology that allows for mechanical characterization of mouse cartilage with high spatial resolution. We performed repeated indentation mappings, followed by cartilage thickness measurement via needle probing, at 31 predefined positions distributed over the medial and lateral femoral condyles of healthy mice. High-resolution 3D x-ray microscopy (XRM) imaging was used to validate tissue thickness measurements. The automated indentation mapping was reproducible, and needle probing yielded cartilage thicknesses comparable to XRM imaging. When comparing healthy vs. degenerated cartilage, topographical variations in biomechanics were identified, with altered thickness and stiffness (instantaneous modulus) across condyles and within anteroposterior sub-regions. This quantitative technique comprehensively characterized cartilage function in mice femoral condyle cartilage. Hence, it has the potential to improve our understanding of tissue structure-function interplay in mouse models of repair and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand O Masson
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Bryce Besler
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Roman J Krawetz
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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3
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Yang DS, Dickerson EE, Zhang LX, Richendrfer H, Karamchedu PN, Badger GJ, Schmidt TA, Fredericks AM, Elsaid KA, Jay GD. Quadruped Gait and Regulation of Apoptotic Factors in Tibiofemoral Joints following Intra-Articular rhPRG4 Injection in Prg4 Null Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084245. [PMID: 35457064 PMCID: PMC9025840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome leads to diarthrodial joint arthropathy and is caused by the absence of lubricin (proteoglycan 4—PRG4), a surface-active mucinous glycoprotein responsible for lubricating articular cartilage. In this study, mice lacking the orthologous gene Prg4 served as a model that recapitulates the destructive arthrosis that involves biofouling of cartilage by serum proteins in lieu of Prg4. This study hypothesized that Prg4-deficient mice would demonstrate a quadruped gait change and decreased markers of mitochondrial dyscrasia, following intra-articular injection of both hindlimbs with recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4). Prg4−/− (N = 44) mice of both sexes were injected with rhPRG4 and gait alterations were studied at post-injection day 3 and 6, before joints were harvested for immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 activation. Increased stance and propulsion was shown at 3 days post-injection in male mice. There were significantly fewer caspase-3-positive chondrocytes in tibiofemoral cartilage from rhPRG4-injected mice. The mitochondrial gene Mt-tn, and myosin heavy (Myh7) and light chains (Myl2 and Myl3), known to play a cytoskeletal stabilizing role, were significantly upregulated in both sexes (RNA-Seq) following IA rhPRG4. Chondrocyte mitochondrial dyscrasias attributable to the arthrosis in CACP may be mitigated by IA rhPRG4. In a supporting in vitro crystal microbalance experiment, molecular fouling by albumin did not block the surface activity of rhPRG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Yang
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (D.S.Y.); (G.D.J.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (L.X.Z.); (H.R.)
| | - Edward E. Dickerson
- North Carolina Agricultural Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Ling X. Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (L.X.Z.); (H.R.)
| | - Holly Richendrfer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (L.X.Z.); (H.R.)
| | - Padmini N. Karamchedu
- Department of Orthopedics, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Gary J. Badger
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Tannin A. Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA;
| | - Alger M. Fredericks
- Department of Surgery, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
| | - Khaled A. Elsaid
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; (D.S.Y.); (G.D.J.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (L.X.Z.); (H.R.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA;
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4
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Ji X, Ito A, Nakahata A, Nishitani K, Kuroki H, Aoyama T. Effects of in vivo cyclic compressive loading on the distribution of local Col2 and superficial lubricin in rat knee cartilage. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:543-552. [PMID: 32716572 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of an episode of in vivo cyclic loading on rat knee articular cartilage (AC) under medium-term observation, while also investigating relevant factors associated with the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Twelve-week-old Wistar rats underwent one episode comprising 60 cycles of 20 N or 50 N dynamic compression on the right knee joint. Spatiotemporal changes in the AC after loading were evaluated using histology and immunohistochemistry at 3 days and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after loading (n = 6 for each condition). Chondrocyte vitality was assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours after loading (n = 2 for each condition). A localized AC lesion on the lateral femoral condyle was confirmed in all subjects. The surface and intermediate cartilage in the affected area degenerated after loading, but the calcified cartilage remained intact. Expression of type II collagen in the lesion cartilage was upregulated after loading, whereas the superficial lubricin layer was eroded in response to cyclic compression. However, the distribution of superficial lubricin gradually recovered to the normal level 4 weeks after loading-induced injury. We confirmed that 60 repetitions of cyclic loading exceeding 20 N could result in cartilage damage in the rat knee. Endogenous repairs in well-structured joints work well to rebuild protective layers on the lesion cartilage surface, which may be the latent factor delaying the progression of PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ji
- Department of Development and Rehabilitation of Motor Function, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakahata
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Motor Function Analysis, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Department of Development and Rehabilitation of Motor Function, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Watkins AR, Reesink HL. Lubricin in experimental and naturally occurring osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:1303-1315. [PMID: 32504786 PMCID: PMC8043104 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lubricin is increasingly being evaluated as an outcome measure in studies investigating post-traumatic and naturally occurring osteoarthritis. However, there are discrepancies in results, making it unclear as to whether lubricin is increased, decreased or unchanged in osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to review all papers that measured lubricin in joint injury or osteoarthritis in order to draw conclusions about lubricin regulation in joint disease. DESIGN A systematic search of the Pubmed, Web of Knowledge, and EBSCOhost databases for papers was performed. Inclusion criteria were in vivo studies that measured lubricin in humans or animals with joint injury, that investigated lubricin supplementation in osteoarthritic joints, or that described the phenotype of a lubricin knock-out model. A methodological assessment was performed. RESULTS Sixty-two studies were included, of which thirty-eight measured endogenous lubricin in joint injury or osteoarthritis. Nineteen papers found an increase or no change in lubricin and nineteen reported a decrease. Papers that reported a decrease in lubricin were cited four times more often than those that reported an increase. Fifteen papers described lubricin supplementation, and all reported a beneficial effect. Eleven papers described lubricin knock-out models. CONCLUSIONS The human literature reveals similar distributions of papers reporting increased lubricin as compared to decreased lubricin in osteoarthritis. The animal literature is dominated by reports of decreased lubricin in the rat anterior cruciate ligament transection model, whereas studies in large animal models report increased lubricin. Intra-articular lubricin supplementation may be beneficial regardless of whether lubricin increases or decreases in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Watkins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - H L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Mahmood H, Shepherd DE, Espino DM. A technique for measuring the frictional torque of articular cartilage and replacement biomaterials. Med Eng Phys 2020; 83:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Continuous Passive Motion Promotes and Maintains Chondrogenesis in Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Loaded Porous PLGA Scaffolds during Osteochondral Defect Repair in a Rabbit Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020259. [PMID: 30634691 PMCID: PMC6358980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous passive motion (CPM) is widely used after total knee replacement. In this study, we investigated the effect of CPM combined with cell-based construct-transplantation in osteochondral tissue engineering. We created osteochondral defects (3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) in the medial femoral condyle of 36 knees and randomized them into three groups: ED (empty defect), EPC/PLGA (endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) seeded in the poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffold), or EPC/PLGA/CPM (EPC/PLGA scaffold complemented with CPM starting one day after transplantation). We investigated the effects of CPM and the EPC/PLGA constructs on tissue restoration in weight-bearing sites by histological observation and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) evaluation 4 and 12 weeks after implantation. After CPM, the EPC/PLGA construct exhibited early osteochondral regeneration and prevention of subchondral bone overgrowth and cartilage degeneration. CPM did not alter the microenvironment created by the construct; it up-regulated the expression of the extracellular matrix components (glycosaminoglycan and collagen), down-regulated bone formation, and induced the biosynthesis of lubricin, which appeared in the EPC/PLGA/CPM group after 12 weeks. CPM can provide promoting signals during osteochondral tissue engineering and achieve a synergistic effect when combined with EPC/PLGA transplantation, so it should be considered a non-invasive treatment to be adopted in clinical practices.
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Cai H, Hao Z, Xiao L, Wan C, Tong L. The collagen microstructural changes of rat menisci and tibiofemoral cartilages under the influence of mechanical loading: An in vitro wear test of whole joints. Technol Health Care 2018; 25:207-217. [PMID: 28582908 DOI: 10.3233/thc-171323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is suggested to be induced by multi-factors, and mechanical environment is regarded as a risky factor. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of isolated mechanical factor on cartilage. METHODS An active wear test system was designed to perform parameters-controlled in vitro wear tests on rat knee joints with specific load magnitude, flexion-extension angle, and movement frequency. Six hind limbs of 9-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, with an additional spring on the medial side, were worn by using the custom-designed apparatus. Researchers observed both the menisci and tibial cartilages of these hind limbs using multiphoton laser scanning microscopy to analyze the change of the collagen microstructure caused by wear. RESULTS Collagen microstructure of both the medial and lateral meniscus became disordered under cyclic load. Some tissues on the surface of the medial tibial cartilage were removed and the middle layer of the medial compartment displayed cracks. On the contrary, the lateral tibial cartilage was intact. CONCLUSIONS The results implied that cyclic load caused menisci microstructure disarrangement prior to tibial cartilage damage and the collagen structure of mid-layer tibial cartilage failed before that of the superficial layer under the kinematics adopted in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoliuyang Cai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixiu Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingying Tong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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9
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Larson KM, Zhang L, Badger GJ, Jay GD. Early genetic restoration of lubricin expression in transgenic mice mitigates chondrocyte peroxynitrite release and caspase-3 activation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:1488-1495. [PMID: 28579418 PMCID: PMC5565702 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the ability of endogenous lubricin secretion to restore joint health following a brief <21 day, postnatal lubricin-null state, in a C57BL/6J Prg4 gene trap (GT) mouse under the control of cre-recombinase. Previously we showed that re-expression of lubricin at 21 days was partly restorative of joint lubrication. DESIGN The tibio-femoral joints of adult C57BL/6J mice containing lubricin, lacking lubricin, and postnatally lacking lubricin until restoration of lubricin expression at 7 days or 14 days of age were evaluated ex vivo. At 8-weeks of age, whole joint coefficient of friction (COF), and caspase-3 activation were measured and the tibial-femoral joints histologically analyzed for degenerative changes, following progressive cyclic loading. The peroxynitrite content of femoral head cartilage from these mice prior to cyclic loading was measured. RESULTS Mice that underwent gene recombination at 7 and 14 days of age did not reestablish low COF as joint cycling time increased and were histopathologically indistinguishable from the joints of lubricin-null littermates. However, cartilage from tibio-femoral joints that underwent recombination at 7 and 14 days of age had significantly fewer caspase-3 positive cells and significantly reduced peroxynitrite content compared to lubricin-null littermates. CONCLUSIONS The biological effects of lubricin, which include limiting inflammation via peroxynitrite production and caspase-3 activation, may be achieved without completely restituting low COF. However, fully recapitulating low COF may require undamaged cartilage surfaces or absence of biofouling, which may interfere with the activity of lubricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Larson
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Emergency Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gary J. Badger
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Emergency Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA,Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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10
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Lakin BA, Snyder BD, Grinstaff MW. Assessing Cartilage Biomechanical Properties: Techniques for Evaluating the Functional Performance of Cartilage in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:27-55. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Lakin
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Brian D. Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Orthopedic Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Friction-Induced Mitochondrial Dysregulation Contributes to Joint Deterioration in Prg4 Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061252. [PMID: 28604608 PMCID: PMC5486075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of PRG4 (lubricin), the boundary lubricant in mammalian joints, contributes to increased joint friction accompanied by superficial and upper intermediate zone chondrocyte caspase-3 activation, as shown in lubricin-null (Prg4-/-) mice. Caspase-3 activity appears to be reversible upon the restitution of Prg4 either endogenously in vivo, in a gene trap mouse, or as an applied lubricant in vitro. In this study we show that intra-articular injection of human PRG4 in vivo in Prg4-/- mice prevented caspase-3 activation in superficial zone chondrocytes and was associated with a modest decrease in whole joint friction measured ex vivo using a joint pendulum method. Non-lubricated Prg4-/- mouse cartilage shows caspase cascade activation caused by mitochondrial dysregulation, and significantly higher levels of peroxynitrite (ONOO- and -OH) and superoxide (O-₂) compared to Prg4+/+ and Prg4+/- cartilage. Enzymatic activity levels of caspase 8 across Prg4 mutant mice were not significantly different, indicating no extrinsic apoptosis pathway activation. Western blots showed caspase-3 and 9 activation in Prg4-/- tissue extracts, and the appearance of nitrosylated Cys163 in the active cleft of caspase-3 which inhibits its enzymatic activity. These findings are relevant to patients at risk for arthrosis, from camptodactyl-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome and transient lubricin insufficiency due to trauma and inflammation.
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Szychlinska MA, Castrogiovanni P, Nsir H, Di Rosa M, Guglielmino C, Parenti R, Calabrese G, Pricoco E, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Imbesi R, Mobasheri A, Musumeci G. Engineered cartilage regeneration from adipose tissue derived-mesenchymal stem cells: A morphomolecular study on osteoblast, chondrocyte and apoptosis evaluation. Exp Cell Res 2017; 357:222-235. [PMID: 28529106 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The poor self-repair capacity of cartilage tissue in degenerative conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA), has prompted the development of a variety of therapeutic approaches, such as cellular therapies and tissue engineering based on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study is to demonstrate, for the first time, that the chondrocytes differentiated from rat adipose tissue derived-MSCs (AMSCs), are able to constitute a morphologically and biochemically healthy hyaline cartilage after 6 weeks of culture on a Collagen Cell Carrier (CCC) scaffold. In this study we evaluated the expression of some osteoblasts (Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and osteocalcin), chondrocytes (collagen I, II and lubricin) and apoptosis (caspase-3) biomarkers in undifferentiated AMSCs, differentiated AMSCs in chondrocytes cultured in monolayer and AMSCs-derived chondrocytes seeded on CCC scaffolds, by different techniques such as immunohistochemistry, ELISA, Western blot and gene expression analyses. Our results showed the increased expression of collagen II and lubricin in AMSCs-derived chondrocytes cultured on CCC scaffolds, whereas the expression of collagen I, RUNX2, osteocalcin and caspase-3 resulted decreased, when compared to the controls. In conclusion, this innovative basic study could be a possible key for future therapeutic strategies for articular cartilage restoration through the use of CCC scaffolds, to reduce the morbidity from acute cartilage injuries and degenerative joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Houda Nsir
- Biotechnology Laboratory of Olive Tree, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedreya, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Claudia Guglielmino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pricoco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Anatomic Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Anatomic Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Anatomic Pathology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- The D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, The APPROACH Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) Consortium, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Duke of Kent Building, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Health, Institut des Etudes Universitaries, UniPoliSI, Veyras, Switzerland.
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13
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Lakin BA, Patel H, Holland C, Freedman JD, Shelofsky JS, Snyder BD, Stok KS, Grinstaff MW. Contrast-enhanced CT using a cationic contrast agent enables non-destructive assessment of the biochemical and biomechanical properties of mouse tibial plateau cartilage. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1130-8. [PMID: 26697956 PMCID: PMC5556386 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models of osteoarthritis (OA) are commonly used to study the disease's pathogenesis and efficacy of potential treatments. However, measuring the biochemical and mechanical properties of articular cartilage in these models currently requires destructive and time-consuming histology and mechanical testing. Therefore, we examined the feasibility of using contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) to rapidly and non-destructively image and assess the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. Using three ex vivo C57BL/6 mouse tibial plateaus, we determined the time required for the cationic contrast agent CA4+ to equilibrate in the cartilage. The whole-joint coefficient of friction (μ) of 10 mouse knees (some digested with Chondroitenase ABC to introduce variation in GAG) was evaluated using a modified Stanton pendulum. For both the medial and lateral tibial plateau cartilage of these knees, linear regression was used to compare the equilibrium CECT attenuations to μ, as well as each side's indentation equilibrium modulus (E) and Safranin-O determined GAG content. CA4+ equilibrated in the cartilage in 30.9 ± 0.95 min (mean ± SD, tau value of 6.17 ± 0.19 min). The mean medial and lateral CECT attenuation was correlated with μ (R(2) = 0.69, p < 0.05), and the individual medial and lateral CECT attenuations correlated with their respective GAG contents (R(2) ≥ 0.63, p < 0.05) and E (R(2) ≥ 0.63, p < 0.05). In conclusion, CECT using CA4+ is a simple, non-destructive technique for three-dimensional imaging of ex vivo mouse cartilage, and significant correlations between CECT attenuation and GAG, E, and μ are observed. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1130-1138, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Lakin
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Harsh Patel
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Conor Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan D. Freedman
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Joshua S. Shelofsky
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Brian D. Snyder
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Mark W. Grinstaff, Ph.D., Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston MA 02215, OR Brian D. Snyder, M.D., PhD., Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1 Overland Street, RN 115, Boston MA 02215, OR Kathryn S. Stok, Ph.D., Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland,
| | - Kathryn S. Stok
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Scanco Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Mark W. Grinstaff, Ph.D., Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston MA 02215, OR Brian D. Snyder, M.D., PhD., Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1 Overland Street, RN 115, Boston MA 02215, OR Kathryn S. Stok, Ph.D., Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland,
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Mark W. Grinstaff, Ph.D., Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave, Boston MA 02215, OR Brian D. Snyder, M.D., PhD., Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 1 Overland Street, RN 115, Boston MA 02215, OR Kathryn S. Stok, Ph.D., Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland,
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14
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Karamchedu NP, Tofte JN, Waller KA, Zhang LX, Patel TK, Jay GD. Superficial zone cellularity is deficient in mice lacking lubricin: a stereoscopic analysis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:64. [PMID: 26975998 PMCID: PMC5477516 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lubricin, a mucinous glycoprotein secreted by synoviocytes and chondrocytes plays an important role in reducing the coefficient of friction in mammalian joints. Elevated cartilage surface friction is thought to cause chondrocyte loss; however, its quantification and methodological approaches have not been reported. We adapted a stereological method and incorporated vital cell staining to assess cellular loss in superficial and upper intermediate zones in lubricin deficient mouse cartilage. Methods The femoral condyle cartilage of the intact knees from lubricin wild type (Prg4+/+), heterozygote (Prg4+/-), and knockout (Prg4-/-) mice was imaged using fluorescein diacetate (FDA), propidium iodide (PI), and Hoechst staining, and confocal microscopy. Three dimensional reconstructions of confocal images to a depth of 14 μm were analyzed using Matlab to determine the volume fraction occupied by chondrocytes in cartilage of both medial and lateral femoral condyles. Living chondrocyte volume fraction was defined as FDA stained chondrocyte volume/total volume of superficial + upper intermediate zone. Living and dead (total) chondrocyte volume fraction was defined as FDA + PI stained chondrocyte volume/total volume of superficial + upper intermediate zone. MicroCT provided an orthogonal measure of cartilage thickness. Immunohistology for activated caspase-3 and TUNEL staining were performed to evaluate the presence of apoptotic chondrocytes in Prg4 mutant mice. Results Living chondrocyte volume fraction of the medial femoral condyle was significantly lower in Prg4-/- mice compared to Prg4+/+ (p = 0.002) and Prg4+/- (p = 0.002) littermates. There was no significant difference in medial condyle chondrocyte volume fraction between Prg4+/+ and Prg4+/- mice (p = 0.82). No significant differences were observed for the chondrocyte volume fraction for the lateral condyle (p > 0.26). Cartilage thickness increased in the medial condyle for Prg4-/- mice compared to Prg4+/+ (p = 0.02) and Prg4+/- (p = 0.03) littermates, and the lateral condyle for Prg4-/- mice compared to Prg4+/+ (p < 0.0001) and Prg4+/- (p < 0.0001) littermates, indicating that a multi-dimensional increase in cartilage volume did not artifactually lower the chondrocyte volume fraction in the medial condyle. Significantly higher number of caspase-3 positive cells were observed in the superficial and upper intermediate zone cartilage of the medial femoral condyle of Prg4-/- mice compared to Prg4+/+ (p = 0.01) and Prg4+/- (p = 0.04) littermates, and the lateral femoral condyle of Prg4-/- mice compared to Prg4+/+ (p = 0.02) and Prg4+/- (p = 0.02) littermates. There were no significant differences in TUNEL staining among different Prg4 genotypes in both condyles (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusions Increased Caspase-3 activation is observed in Prg4 deficient mice compared to Prg4 sufficient littermates. Absence of Prg4 induces loss of chondrocytes in the superficial and upper intermediate zone of mouse cartilage that is quantifiable by a novel image processing technique. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-0967-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Padmini Karamchedu
- Department of Orthopedics, Rhode Island Hospital; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Josef N Tofte
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Waller
- Department of Orthopedics, Rhode Island Hospital; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ling X Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Tarpit K Patel
- Department of Orthopedics, Rhode Island Hospital; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. .,Department of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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15
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Nakagawa Y, Muneta T, Otabe K, Ozeki N, Mizuno M, Udo M, Saito R, Yanagisawa K, Ichinose S, Koga H, Tsuji K, Sekiya I. Cartilage Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expresses Lubricin In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148777. [PMID: 26867127 PMCID: PMC4750963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lubricin expression in the superficial cartilage will be a crucial factor in the success of cartilage regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source and the use of aggregates of MSCs has some advantages in terms of chondrogenic potential and efficiency of cell adhesion. Lubricin expression in transplanted MSCs has not been fully elucidated so far. Our goals were to determine (1) whether cartilage pellets of human MSCs expressed lubricin in vitro chondrogenesis, (2) whether aggregates of human MSCs promoted lubricin expression, and (3) whether aggregates of MSCs expressed lubricin in the superficial cartilage after transplantation into osteochondral defects in rats. METHODS For in vitro analysis, human bone marrow (BM) MSCs were differentiated into cartilage by pellet culture, and also aggregated using the hanging drop technique. For an animal study, aggregates of BM MSCs derived from GFP transgenic rats were transplanted to the osteochondral defect in the trochlear groove of wild type rat knee joints. Lubricin expression was mainly evaluated in differentiated and regenerated cartilages. RESULTS In in vitro analysis, lubricin was detected in the superficial zone of the pellets and conditioned medium. mRNA expression of Proteoglycan4 (Prg4), which encodes lubricin, in pellets was significantly higher than that of undifferentiated MSCs. Aggregates showed different morphological features between the superficial and deep zone, and the Prg4 mRNA expression increased after aggregate formation. Lubricin was also found in the aggregate. In a rat study, articular cartilage regeneration was significantly better in the MSC group than in the control group as shown by macroscopical and histological analysis. The transmission electron microscope showed that morphology of the superficial cartilage in the MSC group was closer to that of the intact cartilage than in the control group. GFP positive cells remained in the repaired tissue and expressed lubricin in the superficial cartilage. CONCLUSION Cartilage derived from MSCs expressed lubricin protein both in vitro and in vivo. Aggregation promoted lubricin expression of MSCs in vitro and transplantation of aggregates of MSCs regenerated cartilage including the superficial zone in a rat osteochondral defect model. Our results indicate that aggregated MSCs could be clinically relevant for therapeutic approaches to articular cartilage regeneration with an appropriate superficial zone in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakagawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Otabe
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Ozeki
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Udo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Saito
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Ichinose
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tsuji
- Department of Cartilage Regeneration, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hill A, Waller KA, Cui Y, Allen JM, Smits P, Zhang LX, Ayturk UM, Hann S, Lessard SG, Zurakowski D, Warman ML, Jay GD. Lubricin restoration in a mouse model of congenital deficiency. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016. [PMID: 26216721 DOI: 10.1002/art.39276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital deficiency of the principal boundary lubricant in cartilage (i.e., lubricin, encoded by the gene PRG4) increases joint friction and causes progressive joint failure. This study was undertaken to determine whether restoring lubricin expression in a mouse model would prevent, delay, or reverse the disease process caused by congenital deficiency. METHODS Using genetically engineered lubricin-deficient mice, we restored gene function before conception or at ages 3 weeks, 2 months, or 6 months after birth. The effect of restoring gene function (i.e., expression of lubricin) on the tibiofemoral patellar joints of mice was evaluated histologically and by ex vivo biomechanical testing. RESULTS Restoring gene function in mice prior to conception prevented joint disease. In 3-week-old mice, restoring gene function improved, but did not normalize, histologic features of the articular cartilage and whole-joint friction. In addition, cyclic loading of the joints produced fewer activated caspase 3-containing chondrocytes when lubricin expression was restored, as compared to that in littermate mice whose gene function was not restored (nonrestored controls). Restoration of lubricin expression in 2-month-old or 6-month-old mice had no beneficial effect on histopathologic cartilage damage, extent of whole-joint friction, or activation of caspase 3 when compared to nonrestored controls. CONCLUSION When boundary lubrication is congenitally deficient and cartilage becomes damaged, the window of opportunity for restoring lubrication and slowing disease progression is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hill
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly A Waller
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Yajun Cui
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin M Allen
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ling X Zhang
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | - Ugur M Ayturk
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven Hann
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Matthew L Warman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, and Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhode Island
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17
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Svala E, Jin C, Rüetschi U, Ekman S, Lindahl A, Karlsson NG, Skiöldebrand E. Characterisation of lubricin in synovial fluid from horses with osteoarthritis. Equine Vet J 2015; 49:116-123. [PMID: 26507102 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY The glycoprotein lubricin contributes to the boundary lubrication of the articular cartilage surface. The early events of osteoarthritis involve the superficial layer where lubricin is synthesised. OBJECTIVES To characterise the glycosylation profile of lubricin in synovial fluid from horses with osteoarthritis and study secretion and degradation of lubricin in an in vitro inflammation cartilage model. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study. METHODS Synovial fluid samples collected from horses with joints with normal articular cartilage and structural osteoarthritic lesions; with and without osteochondral fragments, were analysed for the lubricin glycosylation profiles. Articular cartilage explants were stimulated with or without interleukin-1β for 25 days. Media samples collected at 3-day intervals were analysed by quantitative proteomics, western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS O-glycosylation profiles in synovial fluid revealed both Core 1 and 2 O-glycans, with Core 1 O-glycans predominating. Synovial fluid from normal joints (49.5 ± 1.9%) contained significantly lower amounts of monosialylated Core 1 O-glycans compared with joints with osteoarthritis (53.8 ± 7.8%, P = 0.03) or joints with osteochondral fragments (57.3 ± 8.8%, P = 0.001). Additionally, synovial fluid from normal joints (26.7 ± 6.7%) showed higher amounts of disialylated Core 1 O-glycan than from joints with osteochondral fragments (21.2 ± 4.9%, P = 0.03). A C-terminal proteolytic cleavage site in lubricin was found in synovial fluid from normal and osteochondral fragment joints and in media from interleukin-1β stimulated and unstimulated articular cartilage explants. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of a change in the glycosylation profile of lubricin in synovial fluid from diseased equine joints compared with that from normal joints. We demonstrate an identical proteolytic cleavage site of lubricin both in vitro and in vivo. The reduced sialation of lubricin in synovial fluid from diseased joints may affect the boundary lubricating ability of the superficial layer of articular cartilage and could be one of the early events in the progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Svala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Sweden.,Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Jin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - U Rüetschi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - S Ekman
- Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Sweden
| | - N G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E Skiöldebrand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Sweden.,Section of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Bechtold TE, Saunders C, Mundy C, Um H, Decker RS, Salhab I, Kurio N, Billings PC, Pacifici M, Nah HD, Koyama E. Excess BMP Signaling in Heterotopic Cartilage Forming in Prg4-null TMJ Discs. J Dent Res 2015; 95:292-301. [PMID: 26534931 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515613508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic cartilage develops in certain pathologic conditions, including those affecting the human temporomandibular joint (TMJ), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. This is in part due to the fact that a reliable animal model of such TMJ diseases is not available. Here, we show that aberrant chondrocyte differentiation and ectopic cartilage formation occur spontaneously in proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) mutant TMJ discs without further invasive procedure. By 2 mo of age, mutant disc cells displayed chondrocyte transdifferentiation, accompanied by strong expression of cartilage master gene Sox9 and matrix genes aggrecan and type II collagen. By 6 mo, heterotopic cartilage had formed in the discs and expressed cartilage hypertrophic markers Runx2 and ColX. The ectopic tissue grew in size over time and exhibited regional mineralization by 12 mo. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling was activated with the ectopic chondrogenic cells and chondrocytes, as indicated by phosphorylated Smad 1/5/8 nuclear staining and by elevated expression of Bmp2, Bmpr1b, Bmpr2, and BMP signaling target genes. Likewise, we found that upon treatment with recombinant human BMP 2 in high-density micromass culture, mutant disc cells differentiated into chondrocytes and synthesized cartilage matrix more robustly than control cells. Importantly, a specific kinase inhibitor of BMP receptors drastically attenuated chondrogenesis in recombinant human BMP 2-treated mutant disc cultures. Unexpectedly, we found that Prg4 was expressed at joint-associated sites, including disc/muscle insertion and muscle/bone interface, and all these structures were abnormal in Prg4 mutants. Our data indicate that Prg4 is needed for TMJ disc integrity and function and that its absence leads to ectopic chondrogenesis and cartilage formation in conjunction with abnormal BMP signaling. Our findings imply that the BMP signaling pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for prevention or inhibition of ectopic cartilage formation in TMJ disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Bechtold
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopaedics, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - C Saunders
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Mundy
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Um
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R S Decker
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - I Salhab
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - N Kurio
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P C Billings
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Pacifici
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H D Nah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Koyama
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Ai M, Cui Y, Sy MS, Lee DM, Zhang LX, Larson KM, Kurek KC, Jay GD, Warman ML. Anti-lubricin monoclonal antibodies created using lubricin-knockout mice immunodetect lubricin in several species and in patients with healthy and diseased joints. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116237. [PMID: 25642942 PMCID: PMC4314068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lubricin, encoded by the gene PRG4, is the principal lubricant in articulating joints. We immunized mice genetically deficient for lubricin (Prg4-/-) with purified human lubricin, and generated several mAbs. We determined each mAb’s binding epitope, sensitivity, and specificity using biologic samples and recombinant lubricin sub-domains, and we also developed a competition ELISA assay to measure lubricin in synovial fluid and blood. We found the mAbs all recognized epitopes containing O-linked oligosaccharides conjugated to the peptide motif KEPAPTTT. By western blot, the mAbs detected lubricin in 1 μl of synovial fluid from several animal species, including human. The mAbs were specific for lubricin since they did not cross-react with other synovial fluid constituents from patients with camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome (CACP), who genetically lack this protein. The competition ELISA detected lubricin in blood samples from healthy individuals but not from patients with CACP, indicating blood can be used in a diagnostic test for patients suspected of having CACP. Lubricin epitopes in blood do not represent degradation fragments from synovial fluid. Therefore, although blood lubricin levels did not differentiate patients with inflammatory joint disease from healthy controls, epitope-specific anti-lubricin mAbs could be useful for monitoring disease activity in synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minrong Ai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Yajun Cui
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - David M Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ling Xiu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Katherine M Larson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Kyle C Kurek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America; School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Orthopaedics Research Laboratories, Boston Children's Hospital, and Departments of Genetics and Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
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20
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Asakawa-Tanne Y, Su S, Kunimatsu R, Hirose N, Mitsuyoshi T, Okamoto Y, Tanaka E, Tanne K, Tanimoto K. Effects of enzymatic degradation after loading in temporomandibular joint. J Dent Res 2015; 94:337-343. [PMID: 25503611 PMCID: PMC4438732 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514560588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial fluid of the joint decreases friction between the cartilage surfaces and reduces cartilage wear during articulation. Characteristic changes of synovial fluid have been shown in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). OA is generally considered to be induced by excessive mechanical stress. However, whether the changes in synovial fluid precede the mechanical overloading or vice versa remains unclear. In the present study, our purpose was to examine if the breakdown of joint lubrication affects the frictional properties of mandibular condylar cartilage and leads to subsequent degenerative changes in TMJ. We measured the frictional coefficient in porcine TMJ by a pendulum device after digestion with hyaluronidase (HAase) or trypsin. Gene expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), type II collagen, and histology were examined after prolonged cyclic loading by an active pendulum system. The results showed that the frictional coefficient increased significantly after HAase (35%) or trypsin (74%) treatment. Gene expression of IL-1β, COX-2, and MMPs-1, -3, and -9 increased significantly in enzyme-treated TMJs after cyclic loading. The increase in the trypsin-treated group was greater than that in the HAase-treated group. Type II collagen expression was reduced in both enzyme-treated groups. Histology revealed surface fibrillation and increased MMP-1 in the trypsin-treated group, as well as increased IL-1β in both enzyme-treated groups after cyclic loading. The findings demonstrated that the compromised lubrication in TMJ is associated with altered frictional properties and surface wear of condylar cartilage, accompanied by release of pro-inflammatory and matrix degradation mediators under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Asakawa-Tanne
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - S Su
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - R Kunimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N Hirose
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Mitsuyoshi
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Okamoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - E Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan
| | - K Tanne
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Applied Life Sciences, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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22
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Biosynthesis of collagen I, II, RUNX2 and lubricin at different time points of chondrogenic differentiation in a 3D in vitro model of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1407-17. [PMID: 25307495 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of the study was to identify the most appropriate time for differentiation of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to chondrocytes, through the self-assembly process. For this purpose, the expression of some chondrocyte markers, such as collagen type I, collagen type II, RUNX2 and lubricin was investigated at different times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days) of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, by using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The second aim of the study was to demonstrate that the expression of lubricin, such as the expression of collagen type II, could be a possible biomarker for the detection of chondrocytes well-being and viability in the natural self-assembling constructs, called 'cell pellets'. Histology (hematoxylin and eosin) and histochemistry (alcian blue staining) methods were used to assess the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. The results showed that after 21 days the differentiated chondrocytes, when compared with MSCs cultured without chondrogenic medium (CD44, CD90 and CD105 positive; CD45, CD14 and CD34 negative), were able to produce significant quantities of collagen type I, collagen type II, and lubricin, suggesting hyaline cartilage formation. During the differentiation phase, the cells showed a reduced expression of RUNX2, a protein expressed by osteoblasts. Our studies demonstrated that 21 days is the optimum time for the implantation of chondrocytes differentiated from adipose tissue-derived MSCs. This information could be useful for the future development of cell-based repair therapies for degenerative diseases of articular cartilage.
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Hayashi M, Zhao C, Thoreson AR, Chikenji T, Jay GD, An KN, Amadio PC. The effect of lubricin on the gliding resistance of mouse intrasynovial tendon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83836. [PMID: 24349551 PMCID: PMC3862798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of lubricin on the gliding resistance of intrasynovial tendons by comparing lubricin knockout, heterozygous, and wild type mice. A total of thirty-six deep digital flexor (DDF) tendons in the third digits of each hind paw from eighteen adult mice were used, including six lubricin knockout mice (Prg4 –/–), six heterozygous mice (Prg4 +/–), and six wild type mice (Prg4 +/+). The tendon gliding resistance was measured using a custom-made device. Tendon structural changes were evaluated by scanning electron and light microscopy. The gliding resistance of intrasynovial tendons from lubricin knockout mice was significantly higher than the gliding resistance of either wild type or heterozygous mice. The surface of the lubricin knockout tendons appeared to be rougher, compared to the wild type and heterozygous tendons. Synovial hyperplasia was found in the lubricin knockout mice. Cartilage-like tissue was found in the tendon and pulley of the lubricin knockout mice. Our findings confirm the importance of lubricin in intrasynovial tendon lubrication. This knockout model may be useful in determining the effect of lubricin on tendon healing and the response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Hayashi
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew R. Thoreson
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Takako Chikenji
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Das S, Banquy X, Zappone B, Greene GW, Jay GD, Israelachvili JN. Synergistic Interactions between Grafted Hyaluronic Acid and Lubricin Provide Enhanced Wear Protection and Lubrication. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1669-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400327a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Das
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bruno Zappone
- Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, CNR-IPCF and Cemif.Cal, Università della Calabria, 31/C Rende (CS),
87036 Italy
| | - George W. Greene
- Institute
of Frontier
Materials, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency
Medicine and Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode
Island, United States
| | - Jacob N. Israelachvili
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Role of lubricin and boundary lubrication in the prevention of chondrocyte apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5852-7. [PMID: 23530215 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219289110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a complex disease involving the mechanical breakdown of articular cartilage in the presence of altered joint mechanics and chondrocyte death, but the connection between these factors is not well established. Lubricin, a mucinous glycoprotein encoded by the PRG4 gene, provides boundary lubrication in articular joints. Joint friction is elevated and accompanied by accelerated cartilage damage in humans and mice that have genetic deficiency of lubricin. Here, we investigated the relationship between coefficient of friction and chondrocyte death using ex vivo and in vitro measurements of friction and apoptosis. We observed increases in whole-joint friction and cellular apoptosis in lubricin knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. When we used an in vitro bovine explant cartilage-on-cartilage bearing system, we observed a direct correlation between coefficient of friction and chondrocyte apoptosis in the superficial layers of cartilage. In the bovine explant system, the addition of lubricin as a test lubricant significantly lowered the static coefficient of friction and number of apoptotic chondrocytes. These results demonstrate a direct connection between lubricin, boundary lubrication, and cell survival and suggest that supplementation of synovial fluid with lubricin may be an effective treatment to prevent cartilage deterioration in patients with genetic or acquired deficiency of lubricin.
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Sun YL, Zhao C, Jay GD, Schmid TM, An KN, Amadio PC. Effects of stress deprivation on lubricin synthesis and gliding of flexor tendons in a canine model in vivo. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013; 95:273-8. [PMID: 23389791 PMCID: PMC3748971 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.k.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lubricin facilitates boundary lubrication of cartilage. The synthesis of lubricin in cartilage is regulated by mechanical stimuli, especially shear force. Lubricin is also found in flexor tendons. However, little is known about the effect of mechanical loading on lubricin synthesis in tendons or about the function of lubricin in flexor tendons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of mechanical loading to lubricin expression and gliding resistance of flexor tendons. METHODS Flexor tendons were harvested from canine forepaws that had been suspended without weight-bearing for twenty-one days and from the contralateral forepaws that had been allowed free motion. Lubricin expression in each flexor tendon was investigated with real-time RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and immunohistochemistry. Lubricin in the flexor tendon was extracted and quantified with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The friction between the flexor tendon and the proximal pulley was measured. RESULTS The non-weight-bearing flexor tendons had a 40% reduction of lubricin expression (p < 0.01) and content (p < 0.01) compared with the flexor tendons in the contralateral limb. However, the gliding resistance of the tendons in the non-weight-bearing limb was the same as that of the tendons on the contralateral, weight-bearing side. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical loading affected lubricin expression in flexor tendons, resulting in a 40% reduction of lubricin content, but these changes did not affect the gliding resistance of the flexor tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Sun
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
| | - Gregory D. Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, The CORO Building, Suite 106, One Hoppin Street, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Thomas M. Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University, 1735 West Harrison Street, Cohn Research Building, Suite 556, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
| | - Peter C. Amadio
- Orthopedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail address for Y.-L. Sun:
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Novince CM, Entezami P, Wilson CG, Wang J, Oh S, Koh AJ, Michalski MN, Sinder BP, Kozloff KM, Taichman RS, McCauley LK. Impact of proteoglycan-4 and parathyroid hormone on articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:183-90. [PMID: 22898906 PMCID: PMC3502647 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycan-4 (Prg4) protects synovial joints from arthropathic changes by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), known for its anabolic actions in bone, increases Prg4 expression and has been reported to inhibit articular cartilage degeneration in arthropathic joints. To investigate the effect of Prg4 and PTH on articular cartilage, 16-week-old Prg4 mutant and wild-type mice were treated with intermittent PTH (1-34) or vehicle control daily for six weeks. Analyses included histology of the knee joint, micro-CT of the distal femur, and serum biochemical analysis of type II collagen fragments (CTX-II). Compared to wild-type littermates, Prg4 mutant mice had an acellular layer of material lining the surfaces of the articular cartilage and menisci, increased articular cartilage degradation, increased serum CTX-II concentrations, decreased articular chondrocyte apoptosis, increased synovium SDF-1 expression, and irregularly contoured subchondral bone. PTH-treated Prg4 mutant mice developed a secondary deposit overlaying the acellular layer of material lining the joint surfaces, but PTH-treatment did not alter signs of articular cartilage degeneration in Prg4 mutant mice. The increased joint SDF-1 levels and irregular subchondral bone found in Prg4 mutant mice introduce novel candidate mechanisms by which Prg4 protects articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M. Novince
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Payam Entezami
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Christopher G. Wilson
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Seo Oh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Amy J. Koh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Megan N. Michalski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benjamin P. Sinder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kenneth M. Kozloff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Russell S. Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Ni GX, Lei L, Zhou YZ. Intensity-dependent effect of treadmill running on lubricin metabolism of rat articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R256. [PMID: 23176120 PMCID: PMC3674602 DOI: 10.1186/ar4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to understand the changes in cartilage lubricin expression and immunolocalisation in responsed to treadmill running with different intensities in a rat model. METHODS A total of 24 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into groups of control (CON), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), and high-intensity running (HIR). Rats in LIR, MIR, and HIR groups were trained for 8 weeks on the treadmill with low, moderate, and high intensity, respectively. After sacrifice, femoral condyles were collected to take histological observation for cartilage characteristics, and immunohistochemistry for lubricin. In addition, cartilage samples were obtained to assess PRG4 and TGF-β mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Histological examination showed osteoarthritic changes in rats after eight weeks of high intensity running. In comparison to CON group, significantly lower Mankin score was found in LIR and MIR groups, whereas, HIR group had significantly higher Mankin score than either CON, LIR, or MIR group. On the other hand, both LIR and MIR groups have significantly higher lubricin content than CON group, whereas, significantly lower lubricin content was found in HIR group compared with CON, LIR or MIR group. A significant inverse correlation was detected between the lubricin content and Mankin score. In addition, considerably higher mRNA gene expression of PRG4 and TGF-β was found in LIR and MIR groups, compared with those in CON and HIR groups. CONCLUSIONS There is a marked intensity-specific effect of running on the immunolocalisation and gene expression of lubricin in cartilage, which is inversely correlated with Mankin score. Our findings provide evidences that mechanical factors are key determinants of lubricin metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue (N), Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Longyan People's Hospital, 31 Denggao Road (W), Longyan 364000, China
| | - Yue-Zhu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou 350005, China
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Waller KA, Zhang LX, Fleming BC, Jay GD. Preventing friction-induced chondrocyte apoptosis: comparison of human synovial fluid and hylan G-F 20. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:1473-80. [PMID: 22660808 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.111427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is a common painful disease with limited treatment options. A rising number of patients with OA have been treated with intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid, including the high-molecular-weight hylan G-F 20, which is injected following arthrocentesis. We investigated the effectiveness of hylan G-F 20 to lower coefficient of friction (COF) and prevent chondrocyte apoptosis in vitro. METHODS A disc-on-disc bovine cartilage bearing was used to measure the static and kinetic COF when lubricated with hylan G-F 20, human synovial fluid (HSF), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Following friction testing, we stained paraffin-embedded sections of these cartilage bearings for activated caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis. RESULTS Bearings lubricated with hylan G-F 20 had kinetic COF values that were similar to bearings lubricated with PBS, but significantly higher than those lubricated with HSF. There were no significant differences in static COF values in bearings lubricated with hylan G-F 20 as compared to PBS or HSF. However, bearings lubricated with HSF had significantly lower static COF values compared to bearings lubricated with PBS. The mean percentage of caspase-3-positive chondrocytes in the superficial and upper intermediate zones of bearings lubricated with hylan G-F 20 was significantly higher compared to that of bearings lubricated with HSF or unloaded controls, but significantly lower than in those lubricated with PBS. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that joint lubrication may prevent chondrocyte apoptosis by lowering the COF. Further, removal of synovial fluid prior to hylan G-F 20 injection may be detrimental to cartilage health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Waller
- Department of Orthopedics, and Department of Emergency Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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Morcuende JA, Stevens JW, Scheetz TE, de Fatima Bonaldoc M, Casavant TL, Otero JE, Soares MB. Swarm rat chondrosarcoma cells as an in vivo model: lung colonization and effects of tissue environment on tumor growth. THE IOWA ORTHOPAEDIC JOURNAL 2012; 32:46-53. [PMID: 23576921 PMCID: PMC3565414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Swarm rat chondrosarcoma cells have been used extensively for biochemical studies of extra-cellular matrix metabolism in cartilage. However, these cells also possess tumor-like behavior in vivo and are useful in investigation of chondrosarcoma biology. the current study was designed to develop a metastatic model using swarm rat chondrosarcoma cells, and to assess the effect of tissue-environment on tumor behavior in vivo. Tumors were implanted subcutaneously or into bone, and animals were assessed radiographically and microscopically for tumor growth and metastasis. The subcutaneous tumor grew to an average mass of 35 g, while tumor implanted into bone grew 75 mg. Transplantation of the cells into the bone led to extensive bone remodeling with invasion of the medullary cavity and destruction of the bone cortex. Light microscopy demonstrated no significant differences in the number of mitoses, cellular atypia or extracellular matrix staining between the two sites of tumor implantation. Interestingly, lung colonization was observed in none of the animals in the subcutaneous tumor injection group, while tumors colonized the lungs in 95% of the rats with tumor injected into bone. Analysis of cDNA libraries from subcutaneous and bone-transplanted tumors demonstrated a complex and diverse array of expressed transcripts, and there were significant differences in gene expression between tumors at different sites. The results of this study suggest swarm rat chondrosarcoma is a model that resembles human chondrosarcoma mimicking its ability to infiltrate and remodel local bone and to colonize the lungs. Furthermore, the interaction between host-tissue and tumor cells plays a major role in the tumor behavior in this model. Identifying these interactions will lead to further understanding of chondrosarcoma and contribute to therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Morcuende
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation University of Iowa 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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