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Wu S, Chen J, Teo BHD, Wee SYK, Wong MHM, Cui J, Chen J, Leong KP, Lu J. The axis of complement C1 and nucleolus in antinuclear autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196544. [PMID: 37359557 PMCID: PMC10288996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) are heterogeneous self-reactive antibodies that target the chromatin network, the speckled, the nucleoli, and other nuclear regions. The immunological aberration for ANA production remains partially understood, but ANA are known to be pathogenic, especially, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Most SLE patients exhibit a highly polygenic disease involving multiple organs, but in rare complement C1q, C1r, or C1s deficiencies, the disease can become largely monogenic. Increasing evidence point to intrinsic autoimmunogenicity of the nuclei. Necrotic cells release fragmented chromatins as nucleosomes and the alarmin HMGB1 is associated with the nucleosomes to activate TLRs and confer anti-chromatin autoimmunogenecity. In speckled regions, the major ANA targets Sm/RNP and SSA/Ro contain snRNAs that confer autoimmunogenecity to Sm/RNP and SSA/Ro antigens. Recently, three GAR/RGG-containing alarmins have been identified in the nucleolus that helps explain its high autoimmunogenicity. Interestingly, C1q binds to the nucleoli exposed by necrotic cells to cause protease C1r and C1s activation. C1s cleaves HMGB1 to inactive its alarmin activity. C1 proteases also degrade many nucleolar autoantigens including nucleolin, a major GAR/RGG-containing autoantigen and alarmin. It appears that the different nuclear regions are intrinsically autoimmunogenic by containing autoantigens and alarmins. However, the extracellular complement C1 complex function to dampen nuclear autoimmunogenecity by degrading these nuclear proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Heng Dennis Teo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Yin Kelly Wee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Millie Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhou Cui
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khai Pang Leong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Sutanto H, Yuliasih Y. Disentangling the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Close Ties between Immunological, Genetic and Environmental Factors. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1033. [PMID: 37374237 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that attacks various organ systems with a variety of clinical implications, ranging from mild skin and mucosal manifestations to severe central nervous system manifestations and death. Cases of SLE have been documented nearly two centuries ago when scholars used the terms 'erythema centrifugum' and 'seborrhea congestiva' to describe the discoid skin lesions and the butterfly or malar rash in SLE. Since then, knowledge about this disease has developed rapidly, especially knowledge related to the underlying pathogenesis of SLE. To date, it is known that immune system dysregulation, supported by genetic and environmental predisposition, can trigger the occurrence of SLE in a group of susceptible individuals. Various inflammatory mediators, cytokines and chemokines, as well as intra- and intercellular signaling pathways, are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and cellular aspects of SLE pathogenesis, with a focus on how the immune system, genetics and the environment interact and trigger the various clinical manifestations of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Sutanto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
| | - Yuliasih Yuliasih
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
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Johnson D, Jiang W. Infectious diseases, autoantibodies, and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102962. [PMID: 36470769 PMCID: PMC10235211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Infections are known to trigger flares of autoimmune diseases in humans and serve as an inciting cause of autoimmunity in animals. Evidence suggests a causative role of infections in triggering antigen-specific autoimmunity, previous thought mainly through antigen mimicry. However, an infection can induce bystander autoreactive T and B cell polyclonal activation, believed to result in non-pathogenic and pathogenic autoimmune responses. Lastly, epitope spreading in autoimmunity is a mechanism of epitope changes of autoreactive cells induced by infection, promoting the targeting of additional self-epitopes. This review highlights recent research findings, emphasizes infection-mediated autoimmune responses, and discusses the possible mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Divison of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Satoh M, Ceribelli A, Hasegawa T, Tanaka S. Clinical Significance of Antinucleolar Antibodies: Biomarkers for Autoimmune Diseases, Malignancies, and others. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:210-239. [PMID: 35258843 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolar staining is one of the standard patterns in immunofluorescence antinuclear antibodies (ANA), seen in 5-9% of ANA in various conditions. Antinucleolar antibodies (ANoA) are classified into 3 patterns in the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) classification; AC-8 homogeneous pattern, AC-9 clumpy pattern, and AC-10 punctate pattern. Specificities known to show AC-8 include anti-Th/To, -PM-Scl, -nucleophosmin/B23, -nucleolin/C23, -No55, and others. AC-9 is seen by anti-fibrillarin/U3RNP and AC-10 by anti-RNA polymerase I and hUBF/NOR-90. ANoA has been classically known to be associated with scleroderma (SSc) and the characterization of nucleolar antigens identified several autoantigens recognized by SSc autoantibodies. The clinical association of anti-Th/To, PM-Scl, fibrillarin/U3RNP, and RNA polymerase I with SSc or SSc-overlap syndrome is well established, and commercial assays are developed. Anti-hUBF/NOR90, nucleophosmin/B23, and nucleolin/C23 are known for decades and reported in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs), malignancies, graft versus host disease (GVHD), and others; however, their clinical significance remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Isei-gaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Angela Ceribelli
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano (Milan), 20089, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via A. Manzoni 56, Pieve Emnuele (Milan), 20089, Italy
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Isei-gaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shin Tanaka
- Department of Human, Information and Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Isei-gaoka, Yahata-nishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 807-8555, Japan
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de Castro GLC, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Araújo MS, da Silva Conde SRS, Bichara CDA, Queiroz MAF, Vallinoto ACR. High prevalence of antinuclear antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:180. [PMID: 36114565 PMCID: PMC9479388 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious public health concern due to its high prevalence and mortality rate. In chronic infection, HCV may induce autoimmune responses through the production of autoantibodies, including antinuclear antibodies (ANA). Methods We assessed the presence of ANA by indirect immunofluorescence using HEp-2 cells in 89 patients with chronic hepatitis C. We also collected data on epidemiological variables; clinical characteristics; and biochemical, hematological, molecular, and histopathological information from the patients to assess the impact of the presence of ANA in those patients. Results The prevalence of ANA in the patients was 20.2%, which was significantly higher than that found in healthy controls (2%). However, there was no association of this marker with epidemiological, clinical-laboratory, molecular or histopathological characteristics of hepatitis C, although a slightly higher prevalence of ANA was detected in women and in patients infected with subgenotype 1a. In a specific analysis, chronic HCV patients with the “rods and rings” cytoplasmic pattern had higher degrees of hepatic fibrosis than did ANA-negative patients. Conclusions The results confirm a greater predisposition to the presence of ANA in patients with HCV, which may be associated with a worse prognosis, especially in the presence of the “rods and rings” cytoplasmic pattern.
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von Mühlen CA, Garcia-De La Torre I, Infantino M, Damoiseaux J, Andrade LEC, Carballo OG, Conrad K, Francescantonio PLC, Fritzler MJ, Herold M, Klotz W, de Melo Cruvinel W, Mimori T, Satoh M, Musset L, Chan EKL. How to report the antinuclear antibodies (anti-cell antibodies) test on HEp-2 cells: guidelines from the ICAP initiative. Immunol Res 2021; 69:594-608. [PMID: 34625914 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Results of the anti-nuclear antibodies-indirect immunofluorescence assay (anti-cell antibodies test) on HEp-2 cell substrates should be communicated to clinicians in a standardized way, adding value to laboratory findings and helping with critical clinical decisions. This paper proposes a test report based on the practices informed by 118 laboratories in 68 countries, with recommendations from the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) group. Major focus is placed on the report format containing endpoint titers, immunofluorescence patterns together with anti-cell (AC) nomenclature, remarks on follow-up or reflex testing, and possible other autoantibody associations. ISO 15,189 directives were integrated into the test report. Special situations addressed include serum screening dilutions and endpoint titers, relevance of immunofluorescence patterns with special attention to cytoplasmic patterns, mixed and compound patterns, and how to report different titers corresponding to multiple patterns or autoantibodies in the same sample. This paper suggests a subtitle for the HEp-2-IIFA, namely anti-cell antibodies test, which could gradually substitute the original outdated ANA nomenclature. This ICAP pro forma report represents a further step in harmonizing the way relevant clinical information could be provided by laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto von Mühlen
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Rheumatology Unit, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Consultant in Rheumatology and Clinical Pathology, San Diego, USA.
| | - Ignacio Garcia-De La Torre
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hospital General de Occidente, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Maria Infantino
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jan Damoiseaux
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luis E C Andrade
- Rheumatology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratories, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orlando Gabriel Carballo
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hospital Carlos G. Durand, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Manfred Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Klotz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Satoh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Lucile Musset
- Department of Immunology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Edward K L Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Anaparti V, Smolik I, Meng X, O'Neil L, Jantz MA, Fritzler MJ, El-Gabalawy H. Expansion of Alternative Autoantibodies Does Not Follow the Evolution of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis in At-Risk First Degree Relatives. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:740-749. [PMID: 33538122 DOI: 10.1002/art.41675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Co-occurrence of autoantibodies specific for ≥1 autoimmune disease is widely prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. To understand the prevalence of polyautoimmunity in preclinical RA, we performed a comprehensive autoantibody assessment in a First Nations cohort of at-risk first-degree relatives (FDR) of RA patients, a subset of whom subsequently developed RA (progressors). METHODS Venous blood was collected from all study participants (n = 50 RA patients and 64 FDR) at scheduled visits, and serum was stored at -20°C. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) status, and autoantibody status were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was detected by nephelometry. Antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) were identified using Hep-2 indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and classified according to international consensus nomenclature as various anti-cell (AC) patterns. RESULTS Of our study cohort, 78.9% had positive ANA reactivity (≥1:80), which was either a homogenous, fine-speckled (AC-1 and AC-4) or mixed IFA pattern. Importantly, the AC-4 and mixed ANA patterns were also observed in progressors at the time of disease onset. While all of the RA patients showed a high prevalence of arthritis-associated autoantibodies, they also had a high prevalence of extractable nuclear antigen-positive autoantibodies to other autoantigens. In FDR, we did not observe any increase in serum autoreactivity to nonarthritis autoantigens, either cross-sectionally or in samples collected longitudinally from progressors prior to RA onset. CONCLUSION While alternative autoimmunity and ANA positivity are widely prevalent in First Nations populations, including asymptomatic, seronegative FDR, expansion of alternative autoimmunity does not occur in parallel with ACPA expansion in FDR and is restricted to patients with established RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Smolik
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiaobo Meng
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Liam O'Neil
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Frodlund M, Wetterö J, Dahle C, Dahlström Ö, Skogh T, Rönnelid J, Sjöwall C. Longitudinal anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) seroconversion in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of Swedish cases with recent-onset disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:245-254. [PMID: 31778219 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy remains a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Whether or not IF-ANA status varies over time is controversial. We therefore designed a prospective study with longitudinal follow-up of patients with recent-onset SLE. The study population consisted of 54 recently diagnosed SLE cases, all meeting the 1982 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and/or the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria. Clinical follow-up data, including disease activity, organ damage and sera, were collected from clinical onset of SLE and onwards, in most cases yearly (0-96 months). IF-ANA was analysed on human epithelial cells-2 (HEp-2) cells and categorized regarding staining patterns. Using an addressable laser bead assay (FIDIS™ Connective profile), we measured IgG-ANA fine specificities against Ro52/SSA, Ro60/SSA, Sjögren's syndrome type B antigen (La/SSB), Smith antigen (Sm), Smith antigen/ribonucleoprotein (Sm/RNP), U1 RNP (U1RNP), dsDNA, ribosomal-P protein and histone. At baseline, all patients were judged ANA-positive at an abnormal titre corresponding to the 95th percentile of healthy blood donors, but seven of 54 patients (13%) lost ANA-positivity over time. Homogeneous (AC-1; 46%) and speckled (AC-4 or 5; 31%) were the most frequently observed patterns at inclusion, whereas 7% switched pattern at least once during follow-up. Established associations between ANA fine specificities and clinical data were confirmed. Levels of anti-Sm/RNP, but not of anti-dsDNA, correlated with clinical disease activity [modified SLE disease activity 2000 (mSLEDAI-2K)]. Our data indicate that a considerable proportion of Swedish patients with SLE lose ANA-positivity over time, whereas consistent staining patterns were frequent. The clinical and mechanistic relevance of ANA seroconversion remains uncertain. Further prospective evaluations in larger SLE populations with more diverse ethnicities are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frodlund
- Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - J Wetterö
- Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C Dahle
- Clinical Immunology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ö Dahlström
- Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - T Skogh
- Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - J Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Sjöwall
- Rheumatology/Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Kwon YC, Chun S, Kim K, Mak A. Update on the Genetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Genome-Wide Association Studies and Beyond. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101180. [PMID: 31575058 PMCID: PMC6829439 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of complex etiology that primarily affects women of childbearing age. The development of SLE is attributed to the breach of immunological tolerance and the interaction between SLE-susceptibility genes and various environmental factors, resulting in the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Working in concert with the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, lupus-related autoantibodies mediate immune-complex deposition in various tissues and organs, leading to acute and chronic inflammation and consequent end-organ damage. Over the past two decades or so, the impact of genetic susceptibility on the development of SLE has been well demonstrated in a number of large-scale genetic association studies which have uncovered a large fraction of genetic heritability of SLE by recognizing about a hundred SLE-susceptibility loci. Integration of genetic variant data with various omics data such as transcriptomic and epigenomic data potentially provides a unique opportunity to further understand the roles of SLE risk variants in regulating the molecular phenotypes by various disease-relevant cell types and in shaping the immune systems with high inter-individual variances in disease susceptibility. In this review, the catalogue of SLE susceptibility loci will be updated, and biological signatures implicated by the SLE-risk variants will be critically discussed. It is optimistically hoped that identification of SLE risk variants will enable the prognostic and therapeutic biomarker armamentarium of SLE to be strengthened, a major leap towards precision medicine in the management of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chang Kwon
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 222–1 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Sehwan Chun
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Kwangwoo Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.M.); Tel.: +82-29610604 (K.K.); +65-82338216 (A.M.)
| | - Anselm Mak
- Division of Rheumatology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (A.M.); Tel.: +82-29610604 (K.K.); +65-82338216 (A.M.)
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10
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Ren WL, Wen YJ, Dunwell JM, Zhang YM. pKWmEB: integration of Kruskal-Wallis test with empirical Bayes under polygenic background control for multi-locus genome-wide association study. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 120:208-218. [PMID: 29234158 PMCID: PMC5836593 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although nonparametric methods in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are robust in quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) detection, the absence of polygenic background control in single-marker association in genome-wide scans results in a high false positive rate. To overcome this issue, we proposed an integrated nonparametric method for multi-locus GWAS. First, a new model transformation was used to whiten the covariance matrix of polygenic matrix K and environmental noise. Using the transferred model, Kruskal-Wallis test along with least angle regression was then used to select all the markers that were potentially associated with the trait. Finally, all the selected markers were placed into multi-locus model, these effects were estimated by empirical Bayes, and all the nonzero effects were further identified by a likelihood ratio test for true QTN detection. This method, named pKWmEB, was validated by a series of Monte Carlo simulation studies. As a result, pKWmEB effectively controlled false positive rate, although a less stringent significance criterion was adopted. More importantly, pKWmEB retained the high power of Kruskal-Wallis test, and provided QTN effect estimates. To further validate pKWmEB, we re-analyzed four flowering time related traits in Arabidopsis thaliana, and detected some previously reported genes that were not identified by the other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Statistical Genomics Lab, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang-Jun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Statistical Genomics Lab, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Statistical Genomics Lab, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Anti-centromere antibody exhibits specific distribution levels among anti-nuclear antibodies and may characterize a distinct subset in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6911. [PMID: 28761166 PMCID: PMC5537247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-centromere antibody (ACA) is one of the classical anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) staining patterns. However, characteristics of ACA in comparison with the other ANA patterns and clinical features of ACA-positive subjects have not been elucidated. Here, we examined all ANA patterns by indirect immunofluorescence for 859 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Together with the ANA data of 9,575 healthy volunteers, we compared distributions of the ANA levels. ACA was the only ANA that demonstrated a definite bimodal distribution of levels. ACA showed significantly higher levels than the other ANA staining patterns in both RA and healthy population (p < 0.0001). ACA-positivity was associated with old age and was observed more in females. We further recruited another cohort of 3,353 RA patients and confirmed the findings. ACA was also associated with Raynaud's phenomenon (p = 6.8 × 10-11) in RA. As a conclusion, ACA displays a specific ANA staining pattern with a bimodal distribution, and ACA-positive RA may constitute a distinct subset with specific clinical features.
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Autoantibody profiles and their association with blood eosinophils in asthma and COPD. Allergol Int 2017; 66:332-337. [PMID: 27592398 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been proposed, and autoantibodies are a hallmark of autoimmunity. This study aimed to compare the autoantibody profiles of asthma and COPD, and the relationship between autoantibodies and features of these diseases. METHODS We recruited 110 asthma patients and 92 COPD patients for a prospective study. Six autoantibody types were evaluated: antinuclear antibody, anti-cytoplasmic antibodies, rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (MPO-ANCA) and proteinase 3-ANCA. Other clinical data were also recorded concurrently. RESULTS An antinuclear antibody titre of ≥1:160 presented only in asthma but not in COPD (10% vs. 0%, p = 0.0002). Eosinophil counts in blood were negative predictors of antinuclear antibody in asthma. Conversely, eosinophil counts in blood and immunoglobulin-E levels of ≥100 IU/mL were positively associated with rheumatoid factor in asthma but not in COPD. There was no relationship between antinuclear antibody or rheumatoid factor and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS It is possible that asthma tends to involve autoimmunity associated with antinuclear antibody more frequently than COPD because asthma is the more robust factor for antinuclear antibody positivity. Antinuclear antibody and rheumatoid factor are associated with eosinophilic responses, but they do not work as biomarkers for disease severity.
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13
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van Wesemael TJ, Ajeganova S, Humphreys J, Terao C, Muhammad A, Symmons DPM, MacGregor AJ, Hafström I, Trouw LA, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Huizinga TWJ, Mimori T, Toes REM, Matsuda F, Svensson B, Verstappen SMM, van der Woude D. Smoking is associated with the concurrent presence of multiple autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis rather than with anti-citrullinated protein antibodies per se: a multicenter cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:285. [PMID: 27906045 PMCID: PMC5134292 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The contribution of smoking to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is hypothesized to be mediated through formation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). In RA, however, autoantibodies such as ACPA, rheumatoid factor (RF), and anti-carbamylated protein antibodies (anti-CarP) often occur together, and it is thus unclear whether smoking is specifically associated with some autoantibodies rather than others. We therefore investigated whether smoking is only associated with ACPA or with the presence of multiple RA-related autoantibodies. Methods A population-based Japanese cohort (n = 9575) was used to investigate the association of smoking with RF and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP2) in individuals without RA. Furthermore, RA patients fulfilling the 1987 criteria from three early arthritis cohorts from the Netherlands (n = 678), the United Kingdom (n = 761), and Sweden (n = 795) were used. Data on smoking, RF, anti-CCP2, and anti-CarP were available. A total score of autoantibodies was calculated, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by logistic regression. Results In the population-based non-RA cohort, no association was found between smoking and one autoantibody (RF or anti-CCP2), but smoking was associated with double-autoantibody positivity (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.32–6.58). In RA patients, there was no association between smoking and the presence of one autoantibody (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.78–1.26), but smoking was associated with double-autoantibody positivity (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.04–1.68) and triple-autoantibody positivity (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.53–2.73). Conclusions Smoking is associated with the concurrent presence of multiple RA-associated autoantibodies rather than just ACPA. This indicates that smoking is a risk factor for breaking tolerance to multiple autoantigens in RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1177-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke J van Wesemael
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sofia Ajeganova
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Humphreys
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ammar Muhammad
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah P M Symmons
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Ingiäld Hafström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annette H M van der Helm-van Mil
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tsuneyo Mimori
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Björn Svensson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology C1-R, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Schur PH. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of systemic lupus erythematosus: Still more questions for the next generations: A Tribute and Thanks and in Memory of my mentor: Henry G. Kunkel. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:117-121. [PMID: 27506962 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a review, personal memoir, a tribute to Henry Kunkel, and a critique regarding laboratory tests used for the evaluation, diagnosis, and understanding Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases, in particular systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Schur
- Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Prapinjumrune C, Prucktrakul C, Sooktonglarng T, Thongprasom K. Serum antinuclear antibody in adult Thais. Gerodontology 2016; 34:86-89. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanwit Prapinjumrune
- Oral Medicine Department; Faculty of Dentistry; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Chalakorn Prucktrakul
- Oral Medicine Department; Faculty of Dentistry; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Kobkan Thongprasom
- Oral Medicine Department; Faculty of Dentistry; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
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16
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Puig M, Castellano D, Pantano L, Giner-Delgado C, Izquierdo D, Gayà-Vidal M, Lucas-Lledó JI, Esko T, Terao C, Matsuda F, Cáceres M. Functional Impact and Evolution of a Novel Human Polymorphic Inversion That Disrupts a Gene and Creates a Fusion Transcript. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005495. [PMID: 26427027 PMCID: PMC4591017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many years of study into inversions, very little is known about their functional consequences, especially in humans. A common hypothesis is that the selective value of inversions stems in part from their effects on nearby genes, although evidence of this in natural populations is almost nonexistent. Here we present a global analysis of a new 415-kb polymorphic inversion that is among the longest ones found in humans and is the first with clear position effects. This inversion is located in chromosome 19 and has been generated by non-homologous end joining between blocks of transposable elements with low identity. PCR genotyping in 541 individuals from eight different human populations allowed the detection of tag SNPs and inversion genotyping in multiple populations worldwide, showing that the inverted allele is mainly found in East Asia with an average frequency of 4.7%. Interestingly, one of the breakpoints disrupts the transcription factor gene ZNF257, causing a significant reduction in the total expression level of this gene in lymphoblastoid cell lines. RNA-Seq analysis of the effects of this expression change in standard homozygotes and inversion heterozygotes revealed distinct expression patterns that were validated by quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, we have found a new fusion transcript that is generated exclusively from inverted chromosomes around one of the breakpoints. Finally, by the analysis of the associated nucleotide variation, we have estimated that the inversion was generated ~40,000–50,000 years ago and, while a neutral evolution cannot be ruled out, its current frequencies are more consistent with those expected for a deleterious variant, although no significant association with phenotypic traits has been found so far. Since the discovery of chromosomal inversions almost 100 years ago, how they are maintained in natural populations has been a highly debated issue. One of the hypotheses is that inversion breakpoints could affect genes and modify gene expression levels, although evidence of this came only from laboratory mutants. In humans, a few inversions have been shown to associate with expression differences, but in all cases the molecular causes have remained elusive. Here, we have carried out a complete characterization of a new human polymorphic inversion and determined that it is specific to East Asian populations. In addition, we demonstrate that it disrupts the ZNF257 gene and, through the translocation of the first exon and regulatory sequences, creates a previously nonexistent fusion transcript, which together are associated to expression changes in several other genes. Finally, we investigate the potential evolutionary and phenotypic consequences of the inversion, and suggest that it is probably deleterious. This is therefore the first example of a natural polymorphic inversion that has position effects and creates a new chimeric gene, contributing to answer an old question in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Puig
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Castellano
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Pantano
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Giner-Delgado
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Izquierdo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magdalena Gayà-Vidal
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Lucas-Lledó
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Biobank, Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mario Cáceres
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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