1
|
Yao Q, Gong W, Wu X, Gan D, Tao C, Lin S, Qu M, Ouyang Z, Chen M, Hu X, Xiao G. Comparison of Kindlin-2 deficiency-stimulated osteoarthritis-like lesions induced by Prg4CreERT2 versus AggrecanCreERT2 transgene in mice. J Orthop Translat 2023; 41:12-19. [PMID: 37292436 PMCID: PMC10244901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetically modified mice are the most useful tools for investigating the gene functions in articular cartilage biology and the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. The AggrecanCreERT2 mice are one of the most reported mouse lines used for this purpose. The Prg4 (proteoglycan 4) gene encodes the lubricin protein and is expressed selectively in chondrocytes located at the superficial layer of the articular cartilage. While the Prg4GFPCreERT2 knock-in inducible-Cre transgenic mice were generated a while ago, so far, few studies have used this mouse line to perform gene functional studies in cartilage biology. Methods We have recently reported that deleting the Fermt2 gene, which encodes the key focal adhesion protein Kindlin-2, in articular chondrocytes by using the AggrecanCreERT2 transgenic mice, results in spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) lesions, which highly mimics the human OA pathologies. In this study, we have compared the Kindlin-2 deficiency-caused OA phenotypes induced by Prg4GFPCreERT2 with those caused by AggrecanCreERT2 using imaging and histological analyses. Results We find that Kindlin-2 protein is deleted in about 75% of the superficial articular chondrocytes in the tamoxifen (TAM)-treated Prg4GFPCreERt2/+; Fermt2fl/fl mice compared to controls. At 6 months after TAM injections, the OARSI scores of AggrecanCreERT2/+; Fermt2fl/fl and Prg4GFPCreERt2/+; Fermt2fl/fl mice were 5 and 3, respectively. The knee joints histological osteophyte and synovitis scores were also significantly decreased in Prg4GFPCreERT2/+; Fermt2fl/fl mice compared to those in AggrecanCreERT2/+; Fermt2fl/fl mice. Furthermore, magnitudes of upregulation of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes Mmp13 and hypertrophic chondrocyte markers Col10a1 and Runx2 were decreased in Prg4GFPCreERT2/+; Fermt2fl/fl versus AggrecanCreERT2/+; Fermt2fl/fl mice. We finally examined the susceptibility of Prg4GFPCreERT2/+; Fermt2fl/fl mouse model to surgically induce OA lesions. The pathological features of OA in the TAM-DMM model exhibited significant enhancement in cartilage erosion, proteoglycan loss, osteophyte, and synovitis and an increase in OARSI score in articular cartilage compared with those in corn-oil DMM mice. Conclusion Kindlin-2 loss causes milder OA-like lesions in Prg4GFPCreERT2/+;Fermt2fl/fl than in AggrecanCreERT2/+; Fermt2fl/fl mice. In contrast, Kindlin-2 loss similarly accelerates the destabilization of the medial meniscus-induced OA lesions in both mice.Translational Potential of this Article: Our study demonstrates that Prg4GFPCreERT2 is a useful tool for gene functional study in OA research. This study provides useful information for investigators to choose appropriate Cre mouse lines for their research in cartilage biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weiyuan Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Osteoarthropathy, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Xiaohao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Donghao Gan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chu Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sixiong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Minghao Qu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhongtian Ouyang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingjue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinjia Hu
- Department of Osteoarthropathy, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao Q, Wu X, Tao C, Gong W, Chen M, Qu M, Zhong Y, He T, Chen S, Xiao G. Osteoarthritis: pathogenic signaling pathways and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:56. [PMID: 36737426 PMCID: PMC9898571 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 267.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that leads to disability and affects more than 500 million population worldwide. OA was believed to be caused by the wearing and tearing of articular cartilage, but it is now more commonly referred to as a chronic whole-joint disorder that is initiated with biochemical and cellular alterations in the synovial joint tissues, which leads to the histological and structural changes of the joint and ends up with the whole tissue dysfunction. Currently, there is no cure for OA, partly due to a lack of comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanism of the initiation and progression of the disease. Therefore, a better understanding of pathological signaling pathways and key molecules involved in OA pathogenesis is crucial for therapeutic target design and drug development. In this review, we first summarize the epidemiology of OA, including its prevalence, incidence and burdens, and OA risk factors. We then focus on the roles and regulation of the pathological signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, focal adhesion, HIFs, TGFβ/ΒΜP and FGF signaling pathways, and key regulators AMPK, mTOR, and RUNX2 in the onset and development of OA. In addition, the roles of factors associated with OA, including MMPs, ADAMTS/ADAMs, and PRG4, are discussed in detail. Finally, we provide updates on the current clinical therapies and clinical trials of biological treatments and drugs for OA. Research advances in basic knowledge of articular cartilage biology and OA pathogenesis will have a significant impact and translational value in developing OA therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaohao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chu Tao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weiyuan Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Mingjue Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Minghao Qu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tailin He
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Wu B, Lin J, Yu D, Du X, Sheng Z, Yu Y, An C, Zhang X, Li Q, Zhu S, Sun H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Zhou J, Bunpetch V, El-Hashash A, Ji J, Ouyang H. High-Resolution Dissection of Chemical Reprogramming from Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts into Fibrocartilaginous Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:478-492. [PMID: 32084387 PMCID: PMC7066361 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury and degeneration causing pain and loss of quality-of-life has become a serious problem for increasingly aged populations. Given the poor self-renewal of adult human chondrocytes, alternative functional cell sources are needed. Direct reprogramming by small molecules potentially offers an oncogene-free and cost-effective approach to generate chondrocytes, but has yet to be investigated. Here, we directly reprogrammed mouse embryonic fibroblasts into PRG4+ chondrocytes using a 3D system with a chemical cocktail, VCRTc (valproic acid, CHIR98014, Repsox, TTNPB, and celecoxib). Using single-cell transcriptomics, we revealed the inhibition of fibroblast features and activation of chondrogenesis pathways in early reprograming, and the intermediate cellular process resembling cartilage development. The in vivo implantation of chemical-induced chondrocytes at defective articular surfaces promoted defect healing and rescued 63.4% of mechanical function loss. Our approach directly converts fibroblasts into functional cartilaginous cells, and also provides insights into potential pharmacological strategies for future cartilage regeneration. A chemical method to derive functional murine articular chondrocytes from fibroblasts Chemical-induced chondrocytes promote in vivo regeneration of articular defects In single-cell analysis, intermediate reprogramming events resemble cartilage development
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bingbing Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junxin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaotian Du
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zixuan Sheng
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yeke Yu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chengrui An
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qikai Li
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shouan Zhu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianzhu Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Varitsara Bunpetch
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ahmed El-Hashash
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junfeng Ji
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital and Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Articular Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111305. [PMID: 31652798 PMCID: PMC6912428 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable advancement over the last few years in the treatment of osteoarthritis, common chronic disease and a major cause of disability in older adults. In this pathology, the entire joint is involved and the regeneration of articular cartilage still remains one of the main challenges, particularly in an actively inflammatory environment. The recent strategies for osteoarthritis treatment are based on the use of different therapeutic solutions such as cell and gene therapies and tissue engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of current regenerative strategies highlighting the pros and cons, challenges and opportunities, and we try to identify areas where future work should be focused in order to advance this field.
Collapse
|
5
|
Anderson DE, Markway BD, Weekes KJ, McCarthy HE, Johnstone B. Physioxia Promotes the Articular Chondrocyte-Like Phenotype in Human Chondroprogenitor-Derived Self-Organized Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:264-274. [PMID: 28474537 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomaterial-based tissue engineering has not successfully reproduced the structural architecture or functional mechanical properties of native articular cartilage. In scaffold-free tissue engineering systems, cells secrete and organize the entire extracellular matrix over time in response to environmental signals such as oxygen level. In this study, we investigated the effect of oxygen on the formation of neocartilage from human-derived chondrogenic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Articular chondrocytes (ACs) and articular cartilage progenitor cells (ACPs) derived from healthy human adults were guided toward cell condensation by centrifugation onto plate inserts that were uncoated or coated with either agarose or fibronectin. Neocartilage discs were cultured at hyperoxic (20%) or physioxic (5%) oxygen levels, and biochemical, biomechanical, and molecular analyses were used to compare the cartilage produced by ACs versus ACPs. RESULTS Fibronectin-coated inserts proved optimal for growing cartilaginous discs from both cell types. In comparison with culture in hyperoxia, AC neocartilage cultured at physioxia exhibited a significant increase in chondrogenic gene expression, proteoglycan production, and mechanical properties with a concomitant decrease in collagen content. At both oxygen levels, ACP-derived neocartilage produced tissue with significantly enhanced mechanical properties and collagen content relative to AC-derived neocartilage. Both ACs and ACPs produced substantial collagen II and reduced levels of collagens I and X in physioxia relative to hyperoxia. Neocartilage from ACPs exhibited anisotropic organization characteristic of native cartilage with respect to collagen VI of the pericellular matrix when compared with AC-derived neocartilage; however, only ACs produced abundant surface-localized lubricin. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Guiding human-derived cells toward condensation and subsequent culture in physioxia promoted the articular cartilage tissue phenotype for ACs and ACPs. Unlike ACs, ACPs are clonable and highly expandable while retaining chondrogenicity. The ability to generate large tissues utilizing a scaffold-free approach from a single autologous progenitor cell may represent a promising source of neocartilage destined for cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Anderson
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Brandon D Markway
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Kenneth J Weekes
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Helen E McCarthy
- 2 School of Biosciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Johnstone
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Articular cartilage has obvious and fundamental roles in joint function and body movement. Much is known about its organization, extracellular matrix, and phenotypic properties of its cells, but less is known about its developmental biology. Incipient articular cartilage in late embryos and neonates is a thin tissue with scanty matrix and small cells, while adult tissue is thick and zonal and contains large cells and abundant matrix. What remains unclear is not only how incipient articular cartilage forms, but how it then grows and matures into a functional, complex, and multifaceted structure. This review focuses on recent and exciting discoveries on the developmental biology and growth of articular cartilage, frames them within the context of classic studies, and points to lingering questions and research goals. Advances in this research area will have significant relevance to basic science, and also considerable translational value to design superior cartilage repair and regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah S Decker
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|