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Guo ZS, Lu MM, Liu DW, Zhou CY, Liu ZS, Zhang Q. Identification of amino acids metabolomic profiling in human plasma distinguishes lupus nephritis from systemic lupus erythematosus. Amino Acids 2024; 56:56. [PMID: 39292313 PMCID: PMC11410987 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is an immunoinflammatory glomerulonephritis associated with renal involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Given the close relationship between plasma amino acids (AAs) and renal function, this study aimed to elucidate the plasma AA profiles in LN patients and identify key AAs and diagnostic patterns that distinguish LN patients from those with SLE and healthy controls. Participants were categorized into three groups: normal controls (NC), SLE, and LN. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was employed to quantify AA levels in human plasma. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were utilized to identify key AAs. The diagnostic capacity of the models was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and area under the ROC curve (AUC) values. Significant alterations in plasma AA profiles were observed in LN patients compared to the SLE and NC groups. The OPLS-DA model effectively separated LN patients from the SLE and NC groups. A joint model using histidine (His), lysine (Lys), and tryptophan (Trp) demonstrated exceptional diagnostic performance, achieving an AUC of 1.0 with 100% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in predicting LN. Another joint model comprising arginine (Arg), valine (Val), and Trp also exhibited robust predictive performance, with an AUC of 0.998, sensitivity of 93.80%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 95.78% in distinguishing between SLE and LN. The joint forecasting models showed excellent predictive capabilities in identifying LN and categorizing lupus disease status. This approach provides a novel perspective for the early identification, prevention, treatment, and management of LN based on variations in plasma AA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui-Shuang Guo
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Man-Man Lu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Wei Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yu Zhou
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
- Blood Purification Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhang-Suo Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
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He Y, Nong Y, Qin J, Feng L, Qin J, Wang Q, Deng L, Tang S, Zhang M, Fan X, Dong M, Wei J, Pan S, Su Z. Protective effects of oyster polypeptide on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:7143-7158. [PMID: 38629663 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oyster polypeptide (OP) is a mixture of oligopeptides extracted from oysters through enzyme lysis, separation, and purification. It is associated with immunomodulatory effects, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. This study therefore combined proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) urinary metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the gut microbiome to determine the immunoprotective mechanisms of OP in rats subjected to cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. RESULTS Oyster polypeptide restored the body weight and the structure of spleen and thymus in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. It upregulated the levels of white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), platelets (PLT), red blood cells (RBCs), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), cytokines such as interleukin‑6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increased the numbers of CD3+ and CD4+ T cells in the immunosuppressed rats. The 1H-NMR metabolomics results showed that OP significantly reversed the levels of ten metabolites in urine, including 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, dimethylamine, taurine, N-phenylacetylglycine, alanine, betaine, creatinine, uracil, and benzoate. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that OP restored the gut microbiome homeostasis by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Finally, a combination of metabolomics and microbiomics found that the metabolism of taurine and hypotaurine, and the metabolism of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate were disturbed, but these metabolic pathways were restored by OP. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that OP had immunoprotective effects in rats with cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression by restoring key metabolic pathways and the gut microbiome homeostasis. Our findings provide a framework for further research into the immunoregulatory mechanisms of OP and its potential use in drugs and nutritional supplements. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- First clinical medical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yunyuan Nong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junliang Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Linlin Feng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinghua Qin
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qianyi Wang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Siqi Tang
- First clinical medical college, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Min Dong
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinbin Wei
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shihan Pan
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiheng Su
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules Research and Evaluation, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Biomedicine Precision Development and High-value Utilization Engineering Research Center, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Antigeriatric Drugs, Nanning, China
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Garcia AC, Six N, Ma L, Morel L. Intersection of the microbiome and immune metabolism in lupus. Immunol Rev 2024; 325:77-89. [PMID: 38873851 PMCID: PMC11338729 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease resulting from a dysregulation of the immune system that involves gut dysbiosis and an altered host cellular metabolism. This review highlights novel insights and expands on the interactions between the gut microbiome and the host immune metabolism in lupus. Pathobionts, invasive pathogens, and even commensal microbes, when in dysbiosis, can all trigger and modulate immune responses through metabolic reprogramming. Changes in the microbiota's global composition or individual taxa may trigger a cascade of metabolic changes in immune cells that may, in turn, reprogram their functions. Factors contributing to dysbiosis include changes in intestinal hypoxia, competition for glucose, and limited availability of essential nutrients, such as tryptophan and metal ions, all of which can be driven by host metabolism changes. Conversely, the accumulation of some host metabolites, such as itaconate, succinate, and free fatty acids, could further influence the microbial composition and immune responses. Overall, mounting evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between host immunometabolism and the microbiota in lupus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Castellanos Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie Six
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Longhuan Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Cao S, Jiang J, Yin H, Wang L, Lu Q. Abnormal energy metabolism in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 134:112149. [PMID: 38692019 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease with significant socioeconomic impact worldwide. Orderly energy metabolism is essential for normal immune function, and disordered energy metabolism is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of SLE. Disorders of energy metabolism are characterized by increased reactive oxygen species, ATP deficiency, and abnormal metabolic pathways. Oxygen and mitochondria are critical for the production of ATP, and both mitochondrial dysfunction and hypoxia affect the energy production processes. In addition, several signaling pathways, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway also play important regulatory roles in energy metabolism. Furthermore, drugs with clear clinical effects on SLE, such as sirolimus, metformin, and tacrolimus, have been proven to improve the disordered energy metabolism of immune cells, suggesting the potential of targeting energy metabolism for the treatment of SLE. Moreover, several metabolic modulators under investigation are expected to have potential therapeutic effects in SLE. This review aimed to gain insights into the role and mechanism of abnormal energy metabolism in the pathogenesis of SLE, and summarizes the progression of metabolic modulator in the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Cao
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiao Jiang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Haoyuan Yin
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Lai Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, 210042, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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Ma Y, Wei X, Peng J, Wei F, Wen Y, Liu M, Song B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Peng T. Ephedra sinica polysaccharide regulate the anti-inflammatory immunity of intestinal microecology and bacterial metabolites in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1414675. [PMID: 38846095 PMCID: PMC11153800 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1414675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ephedra sinica polysaccharide (ESP) exerts substantial therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanism through which ESP intervenes in RA remains unclear. A close correlation has been observed between enzymes and derivatives in the gut microbiota and the inflammatory immune response in RA. Methods A type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model was treated with Ephedra sinica polysaccharide. The therapeutic effect of ESP on collagen-induced arthritis mice was evaluated. The anti-inflammatory and cartilage-protective effects of ESP were also evaluated. Additionally, metagenomic sequencing was performed to identify changes in carbohydrate-active enzymes and resistance genes in the gut microbiota of the ESP-treated CIA mice. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were performed to observe the levels of serum metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in the gut. Spearman's correlational analysis revealed a correlation among the gut microbiota, antibiotic-resistance genes, and microbiota-derived metabolites. Results ESP treatment significantly reduced inflammation levels and cartilage damage in the CIA mice. It also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1-β and protected the intestinal mucosal epithelial barrier, inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration and mucosal damage. Here, ESP reduced the TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6 levels in the synovium, inhibited the p65 expression and pp65 phosphorylation in the NF-κB signaling pathway, and blocked histone deacetylase (HDAC1 and HDAC2) signals. ESP influenced the gut microbiota structure, microbial carbohydrate-active enzymes, and microbial resistance related to resistance genes. ESP increased the serum levels of L-tyrosine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, octadecanoic acid, N-oleoyl taurine, and decreased N-palmitoyl taurine in the CIA mice. Conclusion ESP exhibited an inhibitory effect on RA. Its action mechanism may be related to the ability of ESP to effectively reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, protect the intestinal barrier, and regulate the interaction between mucosal immune systems and abnormal local microbiota. Accordingly, immune homeostasis was maintained and the inhibition of fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) proliferation through the HDAC/TLR4/NF-κB pathway was mediated, thereby contributing to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmiao Ma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiuhong Wei
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiehao Peng
- Department of Third Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fuxia Wei
- Department of Third Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mingran Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Third Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Famous Chinese Medicine Studio, Shanxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Classical Prescription Strengthening Yang, Shanxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Taiyuan, Taiyuan, China
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Wang M, Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Li H, Xie Z, Wen C. The mechanism of Langchuangding in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus via modulating TLR7-IRF7-IFNα pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26022. [PMID: 38455571 PMCID: PMC10918011 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Object Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant activity of the immune system. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) which the main producer of activated type I interferon, are related to SLE disease activity. To investigate the mechanism of Langchuangding (LCD) improving SLE based on TLR7-IRF7-IFNα pathway. Methods SLE patients were randomly divided into Chinese medicine combined with western medicine (CWM) group and western medicine (WM) group, to observe the effect of LCD. The percent of pDCs in peripheral blood of SLE patients were detected by flow cytometry, and the influence of LCD on gene expression in SLE patients were detected by gene microarray. Mouse bone marrow cells were differentiated into dendritic like cells (DLC), then divided into Blank, immune complex (IC), LCD and dexamethasone (DXM) group. Employed RT-qPCR to detect MyD88, and IRF7 mRNA, and western blotting to determinate TLR7, MyD88, and p-IRF7 proteins. The IFNα in SLE patients were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Employ dual luciferase to observe the interferon stimulated response element (ISRE) gene. Results pDCs in WM group was higher than that of CWM group. The plasma IFNα in CWM group was significantly lower than that in WM group. The gene microarray showed that the gene expression of IFNα related signaling pathway in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and genes related to activation and proliferation of immune cells were down-regulated after LCD treatment. The DLCs MyD88, and IRF7 mRNA were down-regulated, TLR7, MyD88, and p-IRF7 proteins were significantly reduced, and the supernatant IFNα was significantly decreased in LCD group. LCD were mildly inhibited activation of ISRE in 293T cells. Conclusions In certain degree, LCD is beneficial to SLE patients. LCD therapy SLE may be through TLR7 signaling pathway, and IRF7 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haichang Li
- Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhijun Xie
- Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
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Wang Z, Hu D, Pei G, Zeng R, Yao Y. Identification of driver genes in lupus nephritis based on comprehensive bioinformatics and machine learning. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1288699. [PMID: 38130724 PMCID: PMC10733527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1288699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common and severe glomerulonephritis that often occurs as an organ manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the complex pathological mechanisms associated with LN have hindered the progress of targeted therapies. Methods We analyzed glomerular tissues from 133 patients with LN and 51 normal controls using data obtained from the GEO database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subjected to enrichment analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to identify key gene modules. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest were used to identify hub genes. We also analyzed immune cell infiltration using CIBERSORT. Additionally, we investigated the relationships between hub genes and clinicopathological features, as well as examined the distribution and expression of hub genes in the kidney. Results A total of 270 DEGs were identified in LN. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we clustered these DEGs into 14 modules. Among them, the turquoise module displayed a significant correlation with LN (cor=0.88, p<0.0001). Machine learning techniques identified four hub genes, namely CD53 (AUC=0.995), TGFBI (AUC=0.997), MS4A6A (AUC=0.994), and HERC6 (AUC=0.999), which are involved in inflammation response and immune activation. CIBERSORT analysis suggested that these hub genes may contribute to immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, these hub genes exhibited strong correlations with the classification, renal function, and proteinuria of LN. Interestingly, the highest hub gene expression score was observed in macrophages. Conclusion CD53, TGFBI, MS4A6A, and HERC6 have emerged as promising candidate driver genes for LN. These hub genes hold the potential to offer valuable insights into the molecular diagnosis and treatment of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danni Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangchang Pei
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Division of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Oljuskin T, Markle HL, Azodi N, Hamano S, Matlashewski G, Gannavaram S, Nakhasi HL, Satoskar AR. Leishmania mexicana centrin knockout parasites promote M1-polarizing metabolic changes. iScience 2023; 26:107594. [PMID: 37744404 PMCID: PMC10517399 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease prevalent in 90 countries. Presently, there is no approved vaccine for human use. We developed a live attenuated L. mexicana Cen-/-(LmexCen-/-) strain as a vaccine candidate that showed excellent efficacy, characterized by reduced Th2 and enhanced Th1 responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, respectively, compared to wild-type L. mexicana (LmexWT) infection. Toward understanding the immune mechanisms of protection, we applied untargeted mass spectrometric analysis to LmexCen-/- and LmexWT infections. Data showed enrichment of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in ears immunized with LmexCen-/-versus naive and LmexWT infection. PPP promotes M1 polarization in macrophages, suggesting a switch to a pro-inflammatory phenotype following LmexCen-/- inoculation. Accordingly, PPP inhibition in macrophages infected with LmexCen-/- reduced the production of nitric oxide and interleukin (IL)-1β, hallmarks of classical activation. Overall, our study revealed the immune regulatory mechanisms that may be critical for the induction of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hannah L. Markle
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nazli Azodi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Leadership Program, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Greg Matlashewski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Lu D, Zhu X, Hong T, Yao X, Xie Z, Chen L, Wang Y, Zhang K, Ren Y, Cao Y, Wang X. Serum Metabolomics Analysis of Skin-Involved Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association of Anti-SSA Antibodies with Photosensitivity. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3811-3822. [PMID: 37667802 PMCID: PMC10475307 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s426337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Systemic lupus erythematosus is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease in which skin involvement is a common manifestation. It is currently thought that the photosensitivity of SLE skin involvement is associated with anti-SSA antibodies. This study aimed to expand the current state of knowledge surrounding the molecular pathophysiology of SLE skin photosensitivity through Serum metabolomics analysis. Patients and Methods The serum metabolites of 23 cases of skin-involved SLE (SI) group, 14 cases of no SI (NSI) group, and 30 cases of healthy controls (HC) were analyzed by using UPLC-MS/MS technology, and subgroup analysis was performed according to the expression of anti-SSA antibodies in SI. MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for enrichment analysis and ROC curve construction, identifying serum metabolic markers of skin-involved SLE associated with anti-SSA antibodies. Results We identified several metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with SLE photosensitivity. Two metabolites, SM (d18:1/24:0) and gamma-CEHC can distinguish between anti-SSA antibody-positive and negative SI, with AUC of 0.829 and 0.806. These two photosensitization-related substances may be potential markers of skin involvement in SLE associated with anti-SSA antibody. Conclusion This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of SI patients, and provides a new molecular biological basis for the association between anti-SSA antibodies and skin photoallergic manifestations of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingqi Lu
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinchao Zhu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Hong
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yating Ren
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310053, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Wu Y, Zhao M, Gong N, Zhang F, Chen W, Liu Y. Immunometabolomics provides a new perspective for studying systemic lupus erythematosus. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109946. [PMID: 36931174 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by clinical heterogeneity, unpredictable progression, and flare ups. Due to the heterogeneous nature of lupus, it has been challenging to identify sensitive and specific biomarkers for its diagnosis and monitoring. Despite the fact that the mechanism of SLE remains unknown, impressive progress has been made over the last decade towards understanding how different immune cells contribute to its pathogenesis. Research suggests that cellular metabolic programs could affect the immune response by regulating the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of innate and adaptive immune cells. Many studies have shown that the dysregulation of the immune system is associated with changes to metabolite profiles. The study of metabolite profiling may provide a means for mechanism exploration and novel biomarker discovery for disease diagnostic, classification, and monitoring. Here we review the latest advancements in understanding the role of immunometabolism in SLE, as well as the systemic metabolite profiling of this disease along with possible clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengpei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Gong
- College of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yaoyang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Tian C, Yuan H, Lu Y, He H, Li Q, Li S, Yang J, Wang M, Xu R, Liu Q, Xiang M. CARD9 deficiency promotes pancreatic cancer growth by blocking dendritic cell maturation via SLC6A8-mediated creatine transport. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2204015. [PMID: 37089447 PMCID: PMC10120541 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2204015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is featured with low survival rate and poor outcomes. Herein, we found that the expression of caspase-recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), predominantly expressed in innate immune cells, was positively related to the prognosis of PC patients. CARD9-deficient PC mice exhibited rapider cancer progression and poorer survival rate. CARD9 knockout decreased dendritic cell (DC) maturation and impaired DC ability to activate T cells in vivo and in vitro. Adoptive DC transfer confirmed that the role of CARD9 deficiency in PC relied on DCs. Creatine was identified as the most significant differential metabolite between WT DCs and CARD9-/- DCs wherein it played an essential role in maintaining DC maturation and function. CARD9 deficiency led to decreased creatine levels in DCs by inhibiting the transcription of the creatine-specific transporter, solute carrier family 6 member 8 (SLC6A8). Furtherly, CARD9 deletion blocked p65 activation by abolishing the formation of CARD9-BCL10-MALT1 complex, which prevented the binding between p65 and SLC6A8 promoter. These events decreased the creatine transport into DCs, and led to DC immaturity and impairment in antitumor immunity, consequently promoting PC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huimin Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Henghui He
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Senlin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruochen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- CONTACT Ming Xiang Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hang Kong Road 13, Wuhan430000, China
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12
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Metabonomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to study the therapeutic mechanism of Danggui Sini decoction on collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis rats with Cold Bi syndrome. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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13
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Meng Y, Ma J, Yao C, Ye Z, Ding H, Liu C, Li J, Li G, He Y, Li J, Yin Z, Wu L, Zhou H, Shen N. The NCF1 variant aggravates autoimmunity by facilitating the activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:153619. [PMID: 35788118 PMCID: PMC9374378 DOI: 10.1172/jci153619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a professional type I IFN producer that play critical roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, both genetic regulation of the function of pDCs and their relationships with autoimmunity are largely undetermined. Here, we investigated the causality of the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) missense variant, which is one of the most significant associated risk variants for lupus, and found that the substitution of arginine (R) for histidine (H) at position 90 in the NCF1 protein (NCF1 p.R90H) led to excessive activation of pDCs. A mechanism study demonstrated that p.R90H reduced the affinity of NCF1 for phospholipids, thereby impairing endosomal localization of NCF1. As NCF1 is a subunit of the NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex, this impairment led to an acidified endosomal pH and facilitated downstream TLR signaling. Consistently, the homozygous knockin mice manifested aggravated lupus progression in a pDC-dependent lupus model. More important, pharmaceutical intervention revealed that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) could antagonize the detrimental function of NCF1 p.R90H in the lupus model and systemic lupus erythematosus samples, supporting the idea that NCF1 p.R90H could be identified as a genetic biomarker for HCQ application. Therefore, our study provides insights into the genetic control of pDC function and a paradigm for applying genetic variants to improve targeted therapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyang Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhizhong Ye
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huihua Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanhua Li
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuke He
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- Shenzhen Futian Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: From pathogenesis to therapeutic applications. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Teng X, Brown J, Morel L. Redox Homeostasis Involvement in the Pharmacological Effects of Metformin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:462-479. [PMID: 34619975 PMCID: PMC8982129 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Metformin has been proposed as a treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The primary target of metformin, the electron transport chain complex I in the mitochondria, is associated with redox homeostasis in immune cells, which plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This review addresses the evidence and knowledge gaps on whether a beneficial effect of metformin in lupus may be due to a restoration of a balanced redox state. Recent Advances: Clinical trials in SLE patients with mild-to-moderate disease activity and preclinical studies in mice have provided encouraging results for metformin. The mechanism by which this therapeutic effect was achieved is largely unknown. Metformin regulates redox homeostasis in a context-specific manner. Multiple cell types contribute to SLE, with evidence of increased mitochondrial oxidative stress in T cells and neutrophils. Critical Issues: The major knowledge gaps are whether the efficacy of metformin is linked to a restored redox homeostasis in the immune system, and if it does, in which cell types it occurs? We also need to know which patients may have a better response to metformin, and whether it corresponds to a specific mechanism? Finally, the identification of biomarkers to predict treatment outcomes would be of great value. Future Directions: Mechanistic studies must address the context-dependent pharmacological effects of metformin. Multiple cell types as well as a complex disease etiology should be considered. These studies must integrate the rapid advances made in understanding how metabolic programs direct the effector functions of immune cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 462-479.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Teng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Josephine Brown
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Xie Y, Liu B, Wu Z. Identification of Serum Biomarkers and Pathways of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Skin Involvement Through GC/MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:77-86. [PMID: 35082507 PMCID: PMC8784912 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s345372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Skin involvement is the second most common symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and the prevention of skin lesion development might benefit to lessen the system inflammation burden in SLE. However, the mechanisms of skin lesion in SLE remain unclear. Patients and Methods Metabolome based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for comparison of serum metabolism among 11 SLE patients with skin lesion (SL), 10 SLE patients without skin lesion (SNL), and 16 healthy controls (HC). The analysis of metabolism profiles was through LUG database, Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Results A total of 14 most meaningful metabolites were found in SL patients compared to SNL patients, and 19 metabolic pathways were enriched. Meanwhile, L-alpha-aminobutyric acid, dehydroascorbic acid, glycine, and L-tyrosine achieved an area under receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.8636, 0.8091, 0.7727, and 0.7636, respectively, indicating their diagnostic potential for SL patients. In addition, the combined model of L-alpha-aminobutyric acid and dehydroascorbic acid provided better diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion The metabolomic features of SLE patients with skin lesion could be detected by GC/MS assay. Our study tried to provide new insights into the mechanism of SLE skin injury. Further validation of these findings through larger sample size studies may contribute to the use of metabolic profile analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouwei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aberrations in the innate and in the adaptive arms of the immune system play both important roles in the initiation and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to provide an update on the most recent findings on the cellular pathogenesis of SLE. Our overview focused particularly on results obtained over the last 18 months. RECENT FINDINGS Recent observations have provided an improved understanding of the importance of low-density granulocytes, a highly proinflammatory subset of neutrophils. We also highlighted in this work recent descriptions of the various cellular sources associated with the interferon signature. In addition, novel contributions have also developed our understanding of the potential importance of extrafollicular T-B-cell interactions in SLE pathogenesis. Finally, the role of recently described B and T-cell subsets, that is, atypical memory B cells, T-peripheral helper cells, and Th10 T cells, were also reviewed. SUMMARY Recent findings in the cellular pathogenesis of SLE give a deeper comprehension of previously described mechanisms which drive SLE pathogenesis and shed light on novel players in immune dysregulation that could help to identify potential therapeutic targets.
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