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Rutkowsky JM, Roland Z, Valenzuela A, Nguyen AB, Park HH, Six N, Dursun I, Kim K, Lein PJ, Ramsey JJ. The impact of continuous and intermittent ketogenic diets on cognitive behavior, motor function, and blood lipids in TgF344-AD rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:5811-5828. [PMID: 38613791 PMCID: PMC11042947 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Studies suggest that ketogenic diets (KD) may improve memory in mouse models of aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study determined whether a continuous or intermittent KD (IKD) enhanced cognitive behavior in the TgF344-AD rat model of AD. At 6 months-old, TgF344-AD and wild-type (WT) littermates were placed on a control (CD), KD, or IKD (morning CD and afternoon KD) provided as two meals per day for 2 or 6 months. Cognitive and motor behavior and circulating β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), AD biomarkers and blood lipids were assessed. Animals on a KD diet had elevated circulating BHB, with IKD levels intermediate to CD and KD. TgF344-AD rats displayed impaired spatial learning memory in the Barnes maze at 8 and 12 months of age and impaired motor coordination at 12 months of age. Neither KD nor IKD improved performance compared to CD. At 12 months of age, TgF344-AD animals had elevated blood lipids. IKD reduced lipids to WT levels with KD further reducing cholesterol below WT levels. This study shows that at 8 or 12 months of age, KD or IKD intervention did not improve measures of cognitive or motor behavior in TgF344-AD rats; however, both IKD and KD positively impacted circulating lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rutkowsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zabrisky Roland
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anthony Valenzuela
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - An B. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Heui Hye Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Natalie Six
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ilknur Dursun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jon J. Ramsey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ma L, Ge Y, Brown J, Choi SC, Elshikha A, Kanda N, Terrell M, Six N, Garcia A, Mohamadzadeh M, Silverman G, Morel L. Dietary tryptophan and genetic susceptibility expand gut microbiota that promote systemic autoimmune activation. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.16.575942. [PMID: 38293097 PMCID: PMC10827173 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Tryptophan modulates disease activity and the composition of microbiota in the B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (TC) mouse model of lupus. To directly test the effect of tryptophan on the gut microbiome, we transplanted fecal samples from TC and B6 control mice into germ-free or antibiotic-treated non-autoimmune B6 mice that were fed with a high or low tryptophan diet. The recipient mice with TC microbiota and high tryptophan diet had higher levels of immune activation, autoantibody production and intestinal inflammation. A bloom of Ruminococcus gnavus (Rg), a bacterium associated with disease flares in lupus patients, only emerged in the recipients of TC microbiota fed with high tryptophan. Rg depletion in TC mice decreased autoantibody production and increased the frequency of regulatory T cells. Conversely, TC mice colonized with Rg showed higher autoimmune activation. Overall, these results suggest that the interplay of genetic and tryptophan can influence the pathogenesis of lupus through the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhuan Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Josephine Brown
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ahmed Elshikha
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Nathalie Kanda
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Morgan Terrell
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Natalie Six
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Abigail Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Six N, Renders J, De Beenhouwer J, Sijbers J. Joint multi-contrast CT for edge illumination X-ray phase contrast imaging using split Barzilai-Borwein steps. Opt Express 2024; 32:1135-1150. [PMID: 38297672 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Edge illumination (EI) is an X-ray imaging technique that, in addition to conventional absorption contrast, provides refraction and scatter contrast. It relies on an absorption mask in front of the sample that splits the X-ray beam into beamlets, which hits a second absorption mask positioned in front of the detector. The sample mask is then shifted in multiple steps with respect to the detector mask, thereby measuring an illumination curve per detector element. The width, position, and area of this curve estimated with and without the sample in the beam is then compared, which ultimately provides absorption, refraction, and scatter contrast for each detector pixel. From the obtained contrast sinograms, three contrast tomograms can be computed. In summary, conventional EI relies on a two-stage process comprised of a computational and time intensive contrast retrieval process, followed by tomographic reconstruction. In this work, a novel joint reconstruction method is proposed, which utilizes a combined forward model to reconstruct the three contrasts simultaneously, without the need for an intermediate contrast retrieval step. Compared to the state-of-the-art, this approach reduces reconstruction times, as the retrieval step is skipped and allows a much more flexible acquisition scheme, as there is no need to sample a full illumination curve at each projection angle. The proposed method is shown to improve reconstruction quality on subsampled datasets, enabling the reconstruction of three contrasts from single-shot datasets.
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Goldberg M, Six N, Chaussain C, DenBesten P, Veis A, Poliard A. Dentin extracellular matrix molecules implanted into exposed pulps generate reparative dentin: a novel strategy in regenerative dentistry. J Dent Res 2009; 88:396-9. [PMID: 19493881 PMCID: PMC2834224 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509337101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Goldberg
- Laboratoire de Réparation et Remodelage des Tissus Oro-faciaux, EA 2496, Groupe Matrices Extracellulaires et Biominéralisation, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris-Descartes, Montrouge, France.
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Goldberg M, Lacerda-Pinheiro S, Priam F, Jegat N, Six N, Bonnefoix M, Septier D, Chaussain-Miller C, Veis A, Denbesten P, Poliard A. Matricellular molecules and odontoblast progenitors as tools for dentin repair and regeneration. Clin Oral Investig 2007; 12:109-12. [PMID: 18157557 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-007-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the in vivo experiments carried out by our group after implantation of bioactive molecules (matricellular molecules) into the exposed pulp of the first maxillary molar of the rat or the mandibular incisor of rats and mice. We describe the cascade of recruitment, proliferation and terminal differentiation of cells involved in the formation of reparative dentin. Cloned immortalized odontoblast progenitors were also implanted in the incisors and in vitro studies aimed at revealing the signaling pathways leading from undifferentiated progenitors to fully differentiated polarized cells. Together, these experimental approaches pave the way for controlled dentin regenerative processes and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldberg
- Laboratoire de Réparation et de Remodelages Oro-Faciaux (EA 2496), Université Paris Descartes, Montrouge, France.
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Abstract
Phosphorylated extracellular matrix proteins, including matrix extracellular phosphoprotein (MEPE), are involved in the formation and mineralization of dental tissues. In this study, we evaluated the potential of Dentonin, a synthetic peptide derived from MEPE, to promote the formation of reparative dentin. Agarose beads, either soaked with Dentonin or unloaded, were implanted into the pulps of rat molars, and examined 8, 15, and 30 days after treatment. At day 8, Dentonin promoted the proliferation of pulp cells, as visualized by PCNA-labeling. RP59-positive osteoblast progenitors were located around the Dentonin-soaked beads. PCNA- and RP59-labeling were decreased at day 15, while osteopontin, weakly labeled at day 8, was increased at 15 days, but dentin sialoprotein was undetectable at any time. At 8 days, precocious reparative dentin formation occurred in pulps containing Dentonin-soaked beads, with formation slowing after 15 days. These results suggest that Dentonin affects primarily the initial cascade of events leading to pulp healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Six
- Laboratoire de Réparation et Remodelage des Tissus Orofaciaux, EA 2496, Groupe Matrices Extracellulaires et Biominéralisation, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris 5, 92120 Montrouge, France
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Goldberg M, Six N, Decup F, Bourd K, Palmier K, Salih E, Veis A, Lasfargues JJ. [Mineralization of the dental pulp: contributions of tissue engineering to tomorrow's therapeutics in odontology]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2002; 50:194-203. [PMID: 11980334 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(02)00288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When bioactive molecules such as bone sialoprotein (BSP), bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7, also termed OP-1) and chondrogenic Inducing Agents (CIA, A+4 and A-4) were implanted in the pulp of the first upper molars, mineralizations were induced. They were either limited to the formation of a reparative dentinal bridge closing the pulpal wound (CIA A+4), or filled the mesial part of the coronal pulp (BSP), or filled totally the pulp located in the root canal (BMP-7 and CIA A-4). Consequently, these molecules may change in the next future the every day practice in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldberg
- Laboratoire biologie et physiopathologie crâniofaciales EA 2496, faculté de chirurgie dentaire, université Paris V, 1, rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
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Six N, Decup F, Lasfargues JJ, Salih E, Goldberg M. Osteogenic proteins (bone sialoprotein and bone morphogenetic protein-7) and dental pulp mineralization. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2002; 13:225-232. [PMID: 15348647 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013846516693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP) cross-linked to collagen/gelatin was implanted in the pulp of rat's upper molars. Comparison was carried out with a sham group (non implanted), with a group of rats receiving the carrier alone, and a group of molars where the perforated pulps were capped with calcium hydroxide. The cavities were occluded with a glass-ionomer cement (GIC). After 8, 14 and 30 days respectively the rats were killed by intracardiac perfusion of the fixative and processed for light microscopy. Dentin and predentin debris pushed into the pulp during the preparation enhanced self-repair processes, with large pulp remnants. The carrier alone induced slight inflammation, and calcium hydroxide the formation of a reparative dentin bridge. BSP stimulated the recruitment of cells which produced an homogeneous atubular dentin-like structure, filling after one month the mesial third of the crown pulp. Osteogenic protein (OP-1) used in the same experimental conditions induced the formation of osteodentin in the coronal pulp and the radicular part of the pulp was totally filled by a mineralized material. The differences reported here suggest two possible different therapeutic approaches with the two osteogenic proteins, BSP inducing pulp mineralization in the crown part, and OP-1 occluding the root part of the pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Six
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie Crânio-Faciale, EA 2496, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Université Paris V, Montrouge, France
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Goldberg M, Six N, Decup F, Buch D, Soheili Majd E, Lasfargues JJ, Salih E, Stanislawski L. Application of bioactive molecules in pulp-capping situations. Adv Dent Res 2001; 15:91-5. [PMID: 12640750 DOI: 10.1177/08959374010150012401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of bioactive molecules in pulpal wound healing, we carried out experiments using the rat upper molars as an in vivo model. Cavities were prepared on the mesial aspect, and pulp perforation was accomplished by the application of pressure with the tip of a steel probe. After the pulp-capping procedure, the cavities were filled with a glass-ionomer cement. Comparison was made between and among: (1) sham-operated controls with dentin and predentin fragments implanted in the pulp during perforation after 8, 14, and 28 days; (2) carrier without bioactive substance; (3) calcium hydroxide; (4) Bone Sialoprotein (BSP); (5) different concentrations of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7), also termed Osteogenic Protein-1 (OP-1); and (6) N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), an anti-oxidant agent preventing glutathione depletion. Histologic and morphometric comparison, carried out among the first 4 groups on demineralized tissue sections, indicated that, at 28 days after implantation, BSP was the most efficient bioactive molecule, inducing homogeneous and well-mineralized reparative dentin. BMP-7 gave reparative dentin of the osteodentin type in the coronal part of the pulp, and generated the formation of a homogeneous mineralized structure in the root canal. These findings indicate that the crown and radicular parts of the pulp bear their own specificity. Both BSP and BMP-7 were superior to calcium hydroxide in their mineralization-inducing properties, and displayed larger areas of mineralization containing fewer pulp tissue inclusions. The overall mineralization process to these molecules appeared to proceed by mechanisms that involved the recruitment of cells which differentiate into osteoblast-like cells, producing a mineralizing extracellular matrix. We also provide preliminary evidence that NAC induces reparative dentin formation in the rat molar model. Pulp-capping with bioactive molecules provides new prospects for dental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldberg
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie Cranio-faciales, EA 2496, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Paris V, I rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aims were to investigate the pulp biocompatibility of Fuji IX, a glass ionomer cement (GIC) used as a restorative material in cavities prepared in rat's upper molars, and to assess the value of this in vivo model for testing dental biomaterials. METHOD Half-moon class V-like cavities were drilled on the mesial aspect of 26 rat upper first molars. Half of the experimental rats whose molars were restored with the GIC were killed after 8days and the second half after 30days. They were compared with two control groups, also submitted to cavity preparation, but with cavities left unfilled. Again, half of the control rats were killed at 8 days and the second half after 30days. Following intracardiac perfusion with the fixative solution, the specimens were processed to histologic procedures. RESULTS After 8 days, in both groups a few inflammatory cells were observed. The odontoblastic layer was disrupted and dilated blood vessels were seen in the pulp area related to the cut tubules. The experimental group displayed a moderate inflammatory reaction whereas only a slight reaction was detected in the control group. In few teeth, bacteria were visualized in dentine tubules beneath the GIC restoration. Such colonies were not observed in unfilled molars.After 30days, in both groups, the pulp tissue recovered and displayed a normal appearance. Disruptions of the odontoblast layer were not visible anymore. Bacteria penetration into dentine tubules was reduced compared with the 8-day situation. A thick layer of reparative osteodentine was formed. However no difference in thickness was detected between the experimental and control groups, supporting that the formation of reparative dentine is not impaired. Irregular mineralizations including calcospherites were induced by the GIC. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that, despite small alterations in the mineralization processes, the GIC Fuji IX has a good biocompatibility and does not induce any harmful effect on pulp cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Six
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
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Decup F, Six N, Palmier B, Buch D, Lasfargues JJ, Salih E, Goldberg M. Bone sialoprotein-induced reparative dentinogenesis in the pulp of rat's molar. Clin Oral Investig 2000; 4:110-9. [PMID: 11218498 DOI: 10.1007/s007840050126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone sialoprotein (BSP), an osteogenic protein (OP), mixed with a carrier, was implanted in the pulp of rat first upper molars (OP group). Cavities were prepared with dental burs and pulp perforation was carried out by pressure with the tip of a steel probe. After 8, 14, and 30 days, the rats were killed and the pulps of the OP group were compared with (1) a sham group (S group), (2) a group where the carrier was implanted alone (C group), and (3) capping with calcium hydroxide (Ca group). After 8 days, a few inflammatory cells were seen, mostly located at the pulp surface near the perforation. In the Ca group, a dentin bridge started to form, in contrast to the other groups. After 15 days, globular structures were seen in the pulps of the S and C groups. A reparative osteodentin bridge isolated the pulp from the cavity in the Ca group. Variable reactions were seen in the OP group, with some evidence of cell and matrix alignments or plugs of osteodentin in continuity with an inner layer of reparative dentin. After 30 days, irregular osteodentin formation was observed in the pulps of the S and C groups, with a tendency for globular structures to merge, but with interglobular spaces filled by pulp remnants. In the Ca group, osteodentin was observed in the mesial part of the pulp chamber. In the BSP-implanted group, the osteogenic protein stimulated the formation of a homogeneous dentin-like deposit occupying most of the mesial part of the pulp. Apparently, BSP stimulates the differentiation of cells which secrete an organized extracellular matrix more efficiently than any other capping material used so far. Altogether, the results reported here support that bone sialoprotein displays novel bioactive properties and is capable of stimulating in 1 month's time the development of a thick reparative dentinal tissue in the pulp, occluding the perforation and filling the mesial third of the pulp chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Decup
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiopathologie Cranio-Faciale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire-Paris V, 1 rue Maurice Arnoux, 92120 Montrouge, France
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Abstract
1 In vivo treatment with RNase considerably increases (80%) the RNA content of anucleate and nucleate fragments as well as of whole algae (Acetabularia mediterranea). A parallel increase in the incorporation of phenylalanine into proteins is observed. 2 Prolonged actinomycin (30 \gmg/ml) treatment (7\2-15 days) results in a decrease in the amount of RNA in whole algae and in anucleate apical fragments. This is not, however, the case for the basal anucleate fragments of the stalk. The fact that RNA synthesis in this region resists such treatment with actinomycin seems to bear some relation to the extreme limitation of their morphogenetic capacities. 3 The biological effects of RNase are increased by the simultaneous addition in vivo of actinomycin. 4 Thymus histones and polylysine influence morphogenesis in the same manner as actinomycin though to a lesser extent. 5 Anucleate fragments are much more sensitive than the nucleate fragments to levorphanol, which probably inhibits preferentially ribosomal RNA synthesis. 6 The significance of these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brachet
- Laboratoire de Morphologie animale, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Brachet J, Six N, Bosseler F. [Differential effect of ribonuclease on amino acid incorporation into the proteins on onion root ends in vivo]. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 1964; 72:313-5. [PMID: 4157954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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