1
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Jeong K, Seo J, Han M, Jung D. Korean radiographers' awareness, experiences, and education needs in forensic medicine and forensic radiology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32219. [PMID: 38873674 PMCID: PMC11170207 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the need for education in forensic medicine and forensic radiology among radiographers by investigating the perceptions and experiences of Korean radiographers working in medical institutions. A structured questionnaire was administered to participants, collected, and analyzed. The results showed that despite receiving frequent forensic cases, Korean radiographers face difficulties in taking appropriate measures about forensic radiology due to a lack of awareness and knowledge of its forensic aspects. The participants indicated that university education in forensic medicine and forensic radiology is necessary. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and implement policies for forensic education programs to enhance radiographers' forensic knowledge and capabilities. Universities should conduct courses on forensic radiology and provide continuing education for radiographers working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeonghwan Jeong
- Department of Radiological Science, Daewon University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Seo
- Department of Radiological Science, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihyun Han
- Department of Nursing, Keimyung College University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyung Jung
- Department of Radiological Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Oh SO, Bay BH, Kim HJ, Lee HY, Yoon S. Commemoration of body donors in a religiously diverse society: A tale of two Korean medical schools. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024. [PMID: 38797957 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although a diversity of religions exists in South Korea, with Buddhism and Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism) being the two main faiths, Korean beliefs are deeply rooted in Confucianism. Despite the notion that the Confucian norm of filial piety discourages body donation to medical science, there has been a mindset shift in favor of body donation, driven by a heightened awareness of the body bequest programs and the care and dignity accorded to the altruistic body donors, together with the institution of commemorative services to honor them. As spirituality and religion are known to be factors that influence body donation, how religious- and non-religious-based memorial services are held to honor the donors as exemplified by two Korean medical schools-from a public university with no religious affiliation and from a Protestant-based university-are described here. The key concept of expressing gratitude and respect for the donors and their family members has positively impacted body bequest programs in this multi-religious society. Commemorative services held to pay tribute to the altruistic body donors may play an important role in inspiring a humanistic spirit in students, regardless of religious or non-religious beliefs, as exemplified by the two Korean medical schools. The takeaway here is that the elevation of spirituality in memorial services effectively resonates with society, thereby demonstrating the impact of spiritual principles independent of religious influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Ock Oh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Institute, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sik Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
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3
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Jones DG. Do religious and cultural considerations militate against body donation? An overview and a Christian perspective. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024. [PMID: 38634610 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of anatomy as a scientific undertaking appears to have left little room for religious and cultural input into the conduct of anatomical investigations. This has been brought to the fore by questionnaires regarding the willingness or otherwise of individuals to donate their bodies for dissection, with higher levels of willingness from those without religious affiliations. This has led to the assumption that there is inherent opposition to body donation by those with a religious stance, although there has been little exploration of this. This is increasingly important with growing awareness that anatomy is an international discipline, leading to increasing attention to the religious and cultural contexts within which it is practiced. There is a diversity of responses toward body donation within different countries, as well as by those influenced by Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Additionally, there are diverse cultural attitudes within Confucianism in Asia, Zulu in Africa, and Māori in New Zealand. Even those within the Christian church are influenced by a variety of values, some of which are in tension, with emphasis on the sacredness of life and the significance of burial being negative toward body donation, with informed consent and altruism pointing in a positive direction. The challenge for anatomists is to understand those within their communities, seek to appreciate their perspectives, and also make known the potential of body donation and dissection for enhancing medical practice and improving the education of future health workers.
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4
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Ma A, Ding Y, Lu J, Wo Y, Ding W. An examination of the status, contexts of anatomical body donation, and perspectives in China. Ann Anat 2024; 253:152230. [PMID: 38367949 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Body donation is a valuable resource in medical education, research, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Consequently, donors are honored as "Silent Mentors" in Chinese medical schools. This article briefly reviews the history, current status, and strategies to promote body donation in China (excluding data from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions) and discusses the problems encountered in body donation work in China. After establishing the People's Republic of China in 1949, the central government issued regulations on the use of dissected bodies. In 2001, the "Shanghai Regulations on Body Donation" were officially implemented and became China's first local legislative regulation on body donation. Subsequently, local legislative regulations and rules on body donation were issued in various regions to promote smooth and orderly body donation. There has been tremendous development in body donation in China for more than 40 years; however, the progress of this partial work has been uneven in various areas owing to the influence of traditional ethical concepts. It is, therefore, imperative to legislate body donations at a national level. Raising the public's scientific literacy and changing the traditional concept of funerals can create a positive social atmosphere for body donation, thus increasing the public's awareness and willingness to donate their bodies. Donating the body at the end of life contributes to life science and medical causes and is a noble act worthy of praise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airong Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ying Ding
- Health School affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianfei Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan Wo
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Wenlong Ding
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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5
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He Y, Liu Q, Wen H, Yuan L, Luo C, Yuan R, Xiao Z, Li L. The relationship between body donation and attitudes toward death and altruism in Changsha City in China. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 16:1200-1208. [PMID: 37328430 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, China has been facing a shortage of cadavers for teaching medical students. A better comprehension of the attitudes and factors influencing the general public's opinion toward body donation would be invaluable for planning and implementing body donation programs. Although altruistic attitude and attitudes toward death have received considerable attention in recent years globally, they have been largely understudied in China. Herein, the potential relationship between attitudes toward altruism and death, and willingness toward whole-body donation in a sample of university students in Changsha City in China were analyzed. A multi-stage sampling method was adopted to recruit 478 Chinese college students from two universities: the Medical College of Hunan Normal University (n = 272) and the College of Civil engineering of Hunan University (n = 206). The study participants were assessed by a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R-C) questionnaire, and the altruism scale. Moreover, Chinese University students demonstrated moderate willingness to donate their bodies. The mean score of the willingness of study participants to donate their bodies was 3.138 ± 0.933 (5-point Likert scale). Acceptance toward death, gender, and type of university were positive factors, whereas fear of death negatively affected willingness toward body donation. Regression analysis showed that factors, including gender (β = 0.237), type of university (β = 0.193), natural acceptance (β = 0.177), and fear of death (β = -0.160) influenced willingness toward body donation. Overall, the present study provides hitherto undocumented evidence on factors influencing willingness toward body donation among Chinese university students, which can assist in designing public awareness programs for encouraging body donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wen
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Yuan
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuhong Luo
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yuan
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhiYong Xiao
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Li
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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6
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Li M, Li H, Azar AS. Socio-economic factors are the main factors affecting organ donation. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2023; 69:e20230940. [PMID: 37820179 PMCID: PMC10561909 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20230940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Henan Open University, Academy of Marxism – Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Li
- Taizhou University, School of medicine – Taizhou, China
| | - Ali Sorayyaei Azar
- Management & Science University, School of Education and Social Sciences, Department of Education – Shah Alam, Malaysia
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7
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Oo EM, Saw KEE, Htun TZ, Latt ZZ. Motivational factors, attitudes, and knowledge about the cadaveric body donation program among body donors in Myanmar. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 16:789-801. [PMID: 37059699 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To achieve the simple goal of cadaveric body donation (CBD) program-gaining deceased donors-numerous scientific studies have been conducted, including the current study. This cross-sectional descriptive study used questionnaires to assess the motivational factors, attitudes, and knowledge of registered body donor participants toward CBD. Among 372 respondents, most (80.6%) were motivated by specific reasons such as "to save lives through medical education," "to contribute to medical research," and "to help medical students." Most respondents had good attitudes (61.7%) but poor knowledge (55.9%) about the CBD program, and there was no association among them (p = 0.08). However, the good knowledge and good attitude level were found 1.7 times (p = 0.02) and 2.4 times (p = 0.005) more, respectively, in basic-educated respondents than in highly educated respondents, implying the influence of peer conversation and message diffusion instead of knowledge or attitudes acquired through education. Additionally, 75% of respondents had co-registration within their family, peers were chosen by 66.7% of respondents as a source of information, and married respondents had 1.8 times better knowledge than unmarried respondents (p = 0.01), indicating the possibility of peer influence and growing peer communication. This study explored the poor knowledge status of registered donors, who are the cornerstone of knowledge propagation in the general population. Hence, after implementing this study, a knowledge-raising campaign for registered donors was conducted by distributing pamphlets about the CBD program, explaining keystone information, and supplementing a follow-up study. Moreover, this study will help us plan further strategies for program enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Mon Oo
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine Taunggyi, Taunggyi, Myanmar
| | - Khin Ei Ei Saw
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine Taunggyi, Taunggyi, Myanmar
| | - Thaw Zin Htun
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine Taunggyi, Taunggyi, Myanmar
| | - Zaw Zaw Latt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine Taunggyi, Taunggyi, Myanmar
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8
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Smith CF, Munro R, Davies DC, Wilkinson T, Shaw H, Claridge K, Llewellyn S, Mc Ateer P, Ward S, Farsides T. Understanding beliefs, preferences and actions amongst potential body donors. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2023; 16:224-236. [PMID: 35726397 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Body donation is a prosocial act providing a unique learning experience to students, ultimately impacting on patient care and science. With an increasing number of training professionals, there is an increasing need for body donors, yet little is understood about donors' beliefs and preferences. A four-center study aimed to understand donors' perceptions, 843 responses highlighted a significant relationship between completing a body donor consent form and being both an organ donor and having ever donated blood (p < 0.01). In exploring donor intentions, 69% had been considering donation for fewer than five years, 40% knew another body donor, and 27% had a family member or friend currently registered. Of those who had requested donor information packs, 97% had completed body donation consent forms. Of these, 92% had not selected any time restriction for their donation and 96% had consented to images being taken. Almost all (98%) were aware that their donation might not be accepted. Donors' motives highlighted a wish to: improve education, improve health care, advance science, and contribute to the greater good. A bimodal response was observed with body donation being used to save relatives money and inconvenience. Donors felt comfortable with their bodies being used by medical, dental, and allied health professionals; however, donors were less comfortable with their bodies being used by other groups. Only 57% were comfortable with artists, beauticians and yoga teachers using their remains. Understanding donors' motivations and decision-making process is vital to ensure resources for future and to meet any changing requirements of both donors and those studying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire F Smith
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ross Munro
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - D Ceri Davies
- Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tracey Wilkinson
- Centre for Human Anatomy and Identification, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee University, Dundee, UK
| | - Hannah Shaw
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kim Claridge
- London Anatomy Office, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Siobhan Ward
- Discipline of Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tom Farsides
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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9
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Badanta B, González-Cano-Caballero M, Suárez-Reina P, Lucchetti G, de Diego-Cordero R. How Does Confucianism Influence Health Behaviors, Health Outcomes and Medical Decisions? A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2022; 61:2679-2725. [PMID: 35141796 PMCID: PMC9314298 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of Confucianism on health behaviors, health outcomes and medical decisions. The research was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, PsycINFO and Web of Science, without restrictions of language and year of publication. The search process identified 833 publications matching the search criteria, and after the review process, 40 articles were included. Family is a central aspect of Confucianism, and it seems to affect participation in medical decisions, taking care of relatives, ethical dilemmas and mental health problems. Although most Confucianist influence seems to be positive, some ways of thinking could increase suffering, burnout and a delay in healthcare seeking. Understanding these values could help health professionals to deal with the growing contingent of patients with different cultures and religious beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Badanta
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, C/Avenzoar, 6, Seville, Spain
| | - María González-Cano-Caballero
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, C/Avenzoar, 6, Seville, Spain
| | - Paola Suárez-Reina
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Giancarlo Lucchetti
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Brazil
| | - Rocío de Diego-Cordero
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, C/Avenzoar, 6, Seville, Spain
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10
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El‐Haddad J, Štrkalj G, Pather N. A global perspective on embryological and fetal collections: Where to from here? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:869-885. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce El‐Haddad
- Department of Anatomy, School and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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11
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Muthiah MD, Chua MSH, Griva K, Low I, Lim WH, Ng CH, Hwang JYF, Yap JCH, Iyer SG, Bonney GK, Anantharaman V, Huang DQ, Tan EXX, Lee GH, Kow AWC, Tai BC. A Multiethnic Asian Perspective of Presumed Consent for Organ Donation: A Population-Based Perception Study. Front Public Health 2021; 9:712584. [PMID: 34676192 PMCID: PMC8525798 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.712584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Organ shortage is still a world-wide problem, resulting in long waiting lists for kidney, liver, and heart transplant candidates across many transplant centers globally. This has resulted in the move toward presumed consent to increase deceased organ donation rates. However, there remains a paucity of literature on public attitude and barriers regarding the opt-out system, with existing studies limited to Western nations. Therefore, this study aimed to understand public sentiment and different barriers toward organ donation from the perspective of Singapore, a highly diverse and multiethnic Asian society. Methods: A cross-sectional community semi-structured interview was conducted in a public housing estate in Singapore. Pilot test was undertaken before participants were interviewed face-to-face by trained personnel. All statistical evaluations were conducted using Stata. The χ2-test compared subgroups based on patient characteristics while multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of willingness to donate/ assent. Effect estimates were quantified using odds ratio (OR). Findings: Out of 799 individuals, 85% were agreeable to organ donation after death and 81% were willing to assent to donations of family members' organs, which declined by 16% (p < 0.001) after a clinical scenario was presented. Demographic factors including ethnicity, education, marital, and employment status affected willingness to donate and assent. Knowledge correlated significantly with willingness to donate and assent. In particular, knowledge regarding brain death irreversibility had the strongest correlation (AOR 2.15; 95% CI 1.60–2.89). Conclusions: Organ donation rates remain low albeit presumed consent legislation, due to patient-level barriers, including but not limited to knowledge gaps, cultural values, religious backgrounds, and emotional impact at relatives' death. To effectively boost donor rates, it is crucial for policy makers to invest in public education and improve transplant provisions and family protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Muthiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melissa Sin Hui Chua
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Konstadina Griva
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivan Low
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen Hui Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeff Y F Hwang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason C H Yap
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shridhar G Iyer
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glenn K Bonney
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vathsala Anantharaman
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Nephrology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Q Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Xiang-Xuan Tan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guan-Huei Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alfred W C Kow
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee Choo Tai
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Brenna CTA. Bygone theatres of events: A history of human anatomy and dissection. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:788-802. [PMID: 34551186 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last four millennia, the discipline of anatomy and its relationships with medicine and society have evolved dramatically. Human dissection, the perennial tool for anatomical discovery and education, has both guided this evolution and matured alongside it. Soon after the first cadaveric dissections recorded in ancient Greece, China, India, and Persia, clear endorsements of its practice fell largely silent in the anatomical record for 1,500 years before reappearing in Europe at the dawn of the Renaissance. Between the 13th and 18th centuries CE, the performance of anatomical dissection became a popular form of education and public entertainment, and the demand for human cadavers steadily increased among European anatomical schools while supply remained limited by legal statute. This gave rise to an informal group of amateur and professional body snatchers called the Resurrectionists and, later, inspired the Anatomy Act of 1832 CE. In the 20th and 21st centuries CE, voluntary body bequeathal programs have enabled the practice of human dissection to continue in academic centers as a cornerstone of anatomical education, now with a newfound focus on the development of affective skills. This article provides an abridged account of anatomy's development, highlighting key moments in its growth, the valuable contributions of many different societies to the discipline, and the important roles of several luminary anatomists of antiquity. Within the broader context of this history, it offers an overview of anatomical dissection's evocative past, spanning from its inception to its present-day practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor T A Brenna
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Naidoo N, Al-Sharif GA, Khan R, Azar A, Omer A. In death there is life: perceptions of the university community regarding body donation for educational purposes in the United Arab Emirates. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07650. [PMID: 34381903 PMCID: PMC8333108 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human body dissection is the traditional instructional method for anatomy education worldwide, providing a kinaesthetic learning experience that is often challenging to achieve with other teaching techniques. However, due to lack of body donation programs in Middle Eastern medical schools, dead bodies are imported from abroad. Since literature suggests that the body shortage is influenced by reluctance to donate one's body, this study aimed to determine the perceptions of faculty, staff, and students regarding body donation for educational purposes at a new Dubai-based medical school. An online dually translated questionnaire was administered to the target population (322), of which 150 participants representative of faculty, staff, and students, responded. Although 111 (74.0 %) of participants considered body donation to be appropriate for educational and research purposes, only 44 (29.3 %) of participants expressed willingness to donate their bodies. Reluctance to donate 106 (70.7 %) appeared to be mostly influenced by religion, psychological barrier, and familial reasons. The emergence of four themes (i.e., resource, barrier, humanitarian, and awareness) and the identification of a potential donor group within the group that was willing to donate provided insight into the level of awareness within the university community. Furthermore, such findings may assist to establish future body donation programs and strategize recruitment approaches, especially when there is an ensuing dearth of anatomical donations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa Naidoo
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghadah A. Al-Sharif
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raeesa Khan
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aida Azar
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Omer
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Xiong X, Lai K, Jiang W, Sun X, Dong J, Yao Z, He L. Understanding public opinion regarding organ donation in China: A social media content analysis. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211009665. [PMID: 33861661 PMCID: PMC10454996 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211009665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ donation provides a life-saving opportunity for patients with organ failure. China, like most countries, is faced with organ shortages. Understanding public opinion regarding organ donation in China is critical to ensure an increased donation rate. Our study explored public concerns and attitudes toward organ donation, factors involved, and how the public pays attention to organ donation. Sixteen million users' public information (i.e. gender, age, and geographic information) and posts from January 2017 to December 2017 were collected from Weibo, a social media platform. Of these, 1755 posts related to organ donation were included in the analysis. We categorized the posts and coded the users' attitudes toward organ donation and the associations between the demographics. The most popular posts mentioning organ donation were "publicly expressing the willingness to donate organs." Furthermore, 87.62% of posts exhibited a positive attitude toward organ donation, whereas only 7.44% exhibited a negative attitude. Most positive posts were "saluting the organ donors," and most negative posts involved "fear of the family's passive medical decision." There was no significant gender difference in the users' attitudes, but older people generally had a more negative attitude. Users with negative attitudes mainly distrust the medical system and are worried that the donated organs may be used in improper trading. Social media may be an important channel for promoting organ donation activities, and it is important to popularize scientific knowledge related to organ donation in order to eliminate the public's misunderstanding of organ donation and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Xiong
- School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Lai
- School of Journalism and Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenshi Jiang
- Department of Medical Affair, Intelligence Sharing for Life Science Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuyong Sun
- Institute of Transplantation Medicine, No. 923 Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Nanning, China
| | - Jianhui Dong
- Institute of Transplantation Medicine, No. 923 Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Nanning, China
| | - Ziqin Yao
- Organ Procurement Organization, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lingnan He
- School of Communication and Design, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Big Data Analysis and Simulation of Public Opinion, Guangzhou, China
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15
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De Gama BZ, Jones DG, Bhengu TT, Satyapal KS. Cultural practices of the Zulu ethnic group on the body and their influence on body donation. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2020; 13:721-731. [PMID: 32077216 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cultural practices in the African continent have been thought to impact negatively on body donation. Thus, most African countries continue to rely on unclaimed bodies for dissection programs, or bequests from the white population. The latter situation is dominant in South African medical schools. Since South Africa is multi-cultural with nine main ethnic groups of the Black African population, it is important to seek the reasons behind lack of participation in body donation. This report represents a move in this direction with its qualitative study of the cultural practices of the Zulu ethnic group in the province of KwaZulu-Natal from the perspective of a variety of participants, with emphasis on their treatment of the human body after death. Four themes emerged from interviews: (1) Death is not the end; (2) Effect of belief in ancestors; (3) Significance of rituals and customs carried out on human tissue; and (4) Burial as the only method of body disposal. Each of these themes is discussed in relation to the likelihood of body donation being seen by Zulus as an acceptable practice. It is concluded that this is unlikely, on account of the need to preserve the linkage between the physical human body and the spirit of the deceased person, and the perceived ongoing relationship between the spirit of the dead and the living. In view of these conclusions, a number of options are canvassed about the manner in which anatomists in KwaZulu-Natal might obtain bodies for dissection. These possibilities have implications for anatomists working in comparable cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Z De Gama
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - David Gareth Jones
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thamsanqa T Bhengu
- Division of Education and Leadership Studies, School of Education, College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kapil S Satyapal
- Division of Clinical Anatomy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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16
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Jiang J, Zhang M, Meng H, Cui X, Yang Y, Yuan L, Su C, Wang J, Zhang L. Demographic and motivational factors affecting the whole-body donation programme in Nanjing, China: a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e035539. [PMID: 32895264 PMCID: PMC7478054 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the demographics and motivations of whole-body donors in China, and help suggest a solution to the problem of low body donation numbers. DESIGN A cross-sectional study on body donors in China. Demographic analysis of the donating information of deceased donors and in-depth interviews of potential body donors. SETTING Eleven districts in Nanjing, China. PARTICIPANTS Deceased whole-body donors who had donated their bodies to the body donation receiving station of Nanjing Medical University between 1 July 2009 and 30 June 2019 (n=835), and living registered whole-body donors (n=68). RESULTS Among the whole-body donor population, the numbers of males, people older than 65 years and those working as teachers, government officials, medical staff and farmers were significantly higher than those of the general Nanjing population. Donors with an education level of college or above accounted for nearly half of the deceased donors, and considered donating their bodies earlier in their lives than others. Cancer and heart disease were the major causes of death among donors. Interviews of the 68 living donors revealed the following major motivations for the decision to donate: to support medical education; to reduce their children's funeral burden; no longer holding traditional Chinese views on life and death; influence by role models and annoyance at complex funeral ceremonies. CONCLUSIONS Older people, people with an education level of college or above, labourers, teachers, government officials and farmers are the major groups that donate their bodies. Although people's motivations for donation are complex, their desire to support medical education is the most prevalent motivation. By helping focus on target groups for promotional messaging and identifying their prime motivations, this study's findings can provide a reference for promoting body donation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Jiang
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Meng
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Cui
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuan Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinfan Wang
- Research Center of Doctor-Patient Communication, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Research Center of Doctor-Patient Communication, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Body Donation Receiving Station, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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17
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Zdilla MJ. Creating a Human Gross Anatomy Laboratory: The Experience at a Primarily Undergraduate Institution. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2020; 13:636-647. [PMID: 31990441 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper details the creation of a human gross anatomy laboratory from a defunct chemistry laboratory at West Liberty University, a small primarily undergraduate institution in West Virginia. The article highlights important considerations with regard to the development of a human gross anatomy laboratory including access to human gifts; assessment of the space for size, security, and privacy; assessment of the utilities; acquisition of a dissection table; ventilation; aesthetics in functional design; expenses; and sustainability. The report also identifies favorable conditions and potential pitfalls regarding the creation of a human gross anatomy laboratory. This paper demonstrates that a human gross anatomy laboratory can be created quickly and at little expense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Zdilla
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia
- Department of Graduate Health Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, West Virginia
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine (PALM), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia
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18
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Pan SQ, Chan LK, Yan Y, Yang X. Survey of Gross Anatomy Education in China: The Past and the Present. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2020; 13:390-400. [PMID: 32107879 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Medical education in mainland China has undergone massive expansion and reforms in the past decades. A nation-wide survey of the five-year clinical medicine programs aimed to examine the course hours, pedagogies, learning resources and teaching staff of anatomy both at present and over the past three decades (1990-1999, 2000-2009, and 2010-2018). The directors or senior teachers from 90 out of the 130 five-year clinical medicine programs were invited to fill out a factual questionnaire by email. Ultimately, sixty-five completed questionnaires were received from 65 different schools. It was found that the total number of gross anatomy course hours has decreased by 11% in the past 30 years and that systematic and regional anatomy have been increasingly taught separately among the surveyed medical schools. Problem-based learning has been adopted in thirty-five (54%) of the surveyed schools, and team-based learning is used in ten (15%) of the surveyed schools. The surveyed schools reported receiving more donated cadavers in recent years, with the average number increasing from 20.67 ± 20.29 in 2000-2009 to 36.10 ± 47.26 in 2010-2018. However, this has not resulted in a decrease in the number of students who needed to share one cadaver (11.85 ± 5.03 in 1990-1999 to 14.22 ± 5.0 in 2010-2018). A decreasing trend regarding the teacher-student ratio (1:25.5 in 2000-2009 to 1:33.2 in 2010-2018) was also reported. The survey demonstrated the historical changes in gross anatomy education in China over the past thirty years.
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MESH Headings
- Anatomy/education
- Anatomy/statistics & numerical data
- Anatomy/trends
- Cadaver
- China
- Curriculum/statistics & numerical data
- Curriculum/trends
- Dissection/statistics & numerical data
- Dissection/trends
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/history
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/statistics & numerical data
- Education, Medical, Undergraduate/trends
- Faculty/statistics & numerical data
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Problem-Based Learning/statistics & numerical data
- Schools, Medical/history
- Schools, Medical/statistics & numerical data
- Schools, Medical/trends
- Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data
- Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data
- Teaching/history
- Teaching/statistics & numerical data
- Teaching/trends
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Qiang Pan
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lap Ki Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yan
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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19
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Who is willing to donate their bodies in China? Perceptions, attitudes and influencing factors among citizens of Changsha. Ann Anat 2020; 229:151483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Zhang H, Ma C. Body Donation in Beijing, China in the Last 20 Years: Current Status and Future Development. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2020; 13:272-273. [PMID: 31356734 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Medical Student, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Professor and Chair, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Chan WCH, Chan SO, Wong ALY, Ng PKL. Understanding family involvement in body donation in Hong Kong: A qualitative study of registered donors and bereaved family members. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:270-278. [PMID: 31566842 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Encouraging the public to donate their bodies after death is crucial for anatomy teaching in medical education. In Hong Kong, success may be affected if family members override the registered donors' wish after death, and thus the role of family in body donation is worth more attention. This study aims to examine how family is involved in the process of body donation. A qualitative study was conducted in Hong Kong. Registered donors and bereaved family members were recruited from a body donation scheme organised by a medical school. In-depth interviews were done and thematic analysis was conducted. Five themes were found: (a) decision-making: individual versus family; (b) family conflicts: avoidance versus confrontation; (c) trust in family members: discuss versus do not discuss; (d) family members' struggles in implementation; (e) informed end-of-life planning. Findings revealed that donors may not necessarily discuss their decisions about body donation with family members directly. Instead, it was found that family was involved in the body donation process in different ways and to different extents. For example, donors considered family members' views about body donation, but they chose not to involve them in the discussions if they expected objections, in order to avoid conflicts. Bereaved family members considered understanding family members' body donation decisions prior to death important, and they shared the implications of body donation for funeral arrangements and the grieving process. Findings help to understand the role of the family in body donation, especially in the Hong Kong Chinese context, and may give insights into how the body donation scheme could be enhanced to facilitate better communication between registered donors and family members as well as to support bereaved family members in implementing the decision to donate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Chi Ho Chan
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sun On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | - Pasu Kwai Lun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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22
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Nie JB, Jones DG. Confucianism and organ donation: moral duties from xiao (filial piety) to ren (humaneness). MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2019; 22:583-591. [PMID: 30903406 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-019-09893-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There exists a serious shortage of organs for transplantation in China, more so than in most Western countries. Confucianism has been commonly used as the cultural and ethical reason to explain the reluctance of Chinese and other East-Asian people to donate organs for medical purposes. It is asserted that the Confucian emphasis on xiao (filial piety) requires individuals to ensure body intactness at death. However, based on the original texts of classical Confucianism and other primary materials, we refute this popular view. We base our position on the related Confucian norms of filial piety and ren (humaneness, humanity or benevolence), the tension between differentiated love and universal love, and belief in the goodness of human nature. In light of this, we argue that the Confucian ethical outlook actually calls for organ donation at an individual level, and supports an opt-out (presumed consent) system at the level of social policy. Furthermore, because the popular view is based on a number of dominant but misleading modes of thinking about cultural differences, our revisionist account of Confucian moral duties regarding organ donation has implications for developing a more adequate transcultural and global bioethics. These will be discussed and expanded upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bao Nie
- Bioethics Centre, University of Otago, 71 Frederick St, PO Box 913, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - D Gareth Jones
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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23
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Nie JB, Jones DG. Confucian Ethics on the Commercial Use of Human Bodies and Body Parts: Yi (Righteousness) or/and Li (Profit)? ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2019; 12:444-453. [PMID: 30900810 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China as elsewhere in the world, human bodies and body parts have long been used for a wide range of medical and non-medical purposes. In recent decades, China has played a considerable role in some of the public exhibitions of plastinated bodies and body parts, and the commercial trade in organ donations. These contemporary developments have raised numerous challenging ethical and governance questions. In spite of the growing role of China in these, there have been few studies devoted to Chinese ethical thinking that might govern its policies on the use of human bodies and body parts, and in particular on the issue of commercialization. The present study is an attempt to bridge this gap, and concludes that Confucian thinking stresses the primacy of righteousness over profits and utilities. This conclusion is reached directly by drawing on Confucian ethical responses to the peculiar practice of using human body parts, such as placenta and flesh, as drugs in traditional Chinese medicine in imperial China and what has been called "yili zhibian," the major Confucian discourse on yi (righteousness or justice) and li (profit or interest) in its long history. The principle of prioritizing righteousness over profit leads to a general moral opposition to the commodification of human bodies and body parts. While Confucianism may not place an absolute prohibition on any such use, it does require that any commercial uses are made subject to the fundamental moral principles, such as righteousness, as well as adequate ethical governance procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bao Nie
- Bioethics Centre, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Gareth Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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24
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Kramer B, Hutchinson EF, Brits DM, Billings BK. Making the Ethical Transition in South Africa: Acquiring Human Bodies for Training in Anatomy. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2019; 12:264-271. [PMID: 30179313 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While dissection remains the method of choice for teaching human anatomy, ethical requirements for obtaining cadavers has made the process of acquiring human bodies more strenuous for institutions. In Africa and at the School of Anatomical Sciences in South Africa, dependence on unclaimed bodies has been prevalent. The aim of the present study was to determine whether more rigorous application of ethical consent has altered the provenance of the cadavers in the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand. The numbers of bequeathed/donated/unclaimed cadavers received over the period 2013-2017, as well as their sex and population affinity were analyzed. The majority (96.8%) of the cadavers dissected over the period were from bequests/donations. Marginally more females than males were available. In addition, the population affinity of the cadavers had changed from a majority of South African African (unclaimed) bodies to a majority of South African White (bequest/donated) bodies. The study shows that even with ethical constraints it is possible to transition from the use of mainly unclaimed bodies to the acquisition of bequeathed/donor bodies. However, there may be challenges in relation to anatomical collections in the School as few of the bequest/donated cadavers remain in the School to be added to the collections. These changes also affect the demographics of the Schools' collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverley Kramer
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Erin F Hutchinson
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Desiré M Brits
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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25
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Girani L, Xie X, Lei T, Wei L, Wang Y, Deng S. Xenotransplantation in Asia. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12493. [PMID: 30710388 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Girani
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of an Transplant Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Tiantian Lei
- School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
| | - Liang Wei
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of an Transplant Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Yi Wang
- Health Management Center Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
- Department of Pharmacy Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital Chengdu China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Organ Transplant and Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of an Transplant Science & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital Chengdu China
- School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu China
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26
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Zhang H, Chen K, Wang N, Zhang D, Yang Q, Zhang Q, Liu P, Wan M, Gong C, Hong X, Qiu W, Qian X, Chen Y, Ma C. Analysis of Brain Donors’ Demographic and Medical Characteristics to Facilitate the Construction of a Human Brain Bank in China. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:1245-1254. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Eight-year MD Program, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Eight-year MD Program, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Naili Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyao Wan
- Eight-year MD Program, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Changlin Gong
- Eight-year MD Program, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Hong
- Eight-year MD Program, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Qiu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Qian
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Embryology, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Joint Laboratory of Anesthesia and Pain, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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