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McNulty MA, Wisner RL, Meyer AJ. NOMENs land: The place of eponyms in the anatomy classroom. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2021; 14:847-852. [PMID: 34145778 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The law of Non-Original Malappropriate Eponymous Nomenclature (NOMEN) states that no phenomenon is named after its discoverer. However, eponymous terms are rife in the anatomical and medical literature. In this viewpoint commentary, the authors discuss the history of anatomical eponyms, explain the additional cognitive load imposed by eponyms that can negatively impact student learning and explore the view that eponyms are "pale, male and stale" in the socially conscious 21st century. The authors probe two of the most common arguments used to keep eponyms in anatomy education: (1) clinicians use them because they are easy, and (2) eponyms remind us of anatomy's history. Educators, clinicians and students need to work together to progress this movement and bring a modern lens to this discussion. Based on the arguments presented in this commentary, the authors propose that eponyms should be removed from anatomy curricula, textbooks and have no place in the anatomy classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A McNulty
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wisner
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Amanda J Meyer
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Musil V, Blankova A, Dvorakova V, Turyna R, Baca V. A plea for an extension of the anatomical nomenclature: Organ systems. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19:1-13. [PMID: 30054998 PMCID: PMC6387675 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is the third part of a series aimed at correcting and extending the anatomical nomenclature. Communication in clinical medicine as well as in medical education is extensively composed of anatomical, histological, and embryological terms. Thus, to avoid any confusion, it is essential to have a concise, exact, perfect and correct anatomical nomenclature. The Terminologia Anatomica (TA) was published 20 years ago and during this period several revisions have been made. Nevertheless, some important anatomical structures are still not included in the nomenclature. Here we list a collection of 156 defined and explained technical terms related to the anatomical structures of the human body focusing on the digestive, respiratory, urinary and genital systems. These terms are set for discussion to be added into the new version of the TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Musil
- Centre of Scientific Information, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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The emergence of modern muscle names: the contribution to the foundation of systematic terminology of Vesalius, Sylvius, and Bauhin. Anat Sci Int 2018; 94:23-38. [PMID: 30402661 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-018-0467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although its history is complicated, today's anatomical nomenclature, including muscle terminology, has acquired a system of naming using epithets. The objective of this literary research paper was to ascertain the founder of modern muscle terminology. The texts of four anatomists, Galen, Andreas Vesalius, Jacobus Sylvius, and Gaspard Bauhin, who have all been identified as being influential in the establishment of early modern anatomy and its nomenclature, were analyzed. Particular emphasis was given to the naming method, and to the consistency of that method. The analysis shows that each of these four anatomists had a different conception of muscle naming, and that three early modern anatomists, Vesalius, Sylvius, and Bauhin, contributed to the development of modern muscle terminology. This investigation revealed the types of contributions they made: Vesalius was an originator of rule-governed muscle terminology with a univocal naming method, Sylvius was an inventor of epithet naming, and Bauhin applied Sylvius's epithet naming method to Vesalius's concept of rule-governed terminology with a univocal naming method.
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Recommended standardized terminology of the anterior female pelvis based on a structured medical literature review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 219:26-39. [PMID: 29630884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of imprecise and inaccurate terms leads to confusion amongst anatomists and medical professionals. OBJECTIVE We sought to create recommended standardized terminology to describe anatomic structures of the anterior female pelvis based on a structured review of published literature and selected text books. STUDY DESIGN We searched MEDLINE from its inception until May 2, 2016, using 11 medical subject heading terms to identify studies reporting on anterior female pelvic anatomy; any study type published in English was accepted. Nine textbooks were also included. We screened 12,264 abstracts, identifying 200 eligible studies along with 13 textbook chapters from which we extracted all pertinent anatomic terms. RESULTS In all, 67 unique structures in the anterior female pelvis were identified. A total of 59 of these have been previously recognized with accepted terms in Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard on anatomical terminology. We also identified and propose the adoption of 4 anatomic regional terms (lateral vaginal wall, pelvic sidewall, pelvic bones, and anterior compartment), and 2 structural terms not included in Terminologia Anatomica (vaginal sulcus and levator hiatus). In addition, we identified 2 controversial terms (pubourethral ligament and Grafenberg spot) that require additional research and consensus from the greater medical and scientific community prior to adoption or rejection of these terms. CONCLUSION We propose standardized terminology that should be used when discussing anatomic structures in the anterior female pelvis to help improve communication among researchers, clinicians, and surgeons.
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Dattani M, Santiago I, Mahadevan V, Heald RJ. The mesorectum and mesocolon - Making sense of words. Int J Surg 2016; 36:390-391. [PMID: 27756645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mit Dattani
- Pelican Cancer Foundation, The Ark, Dinwoodie Drive, Basingstoke, RG24 9NN, UK.
| | - Inês Santiago
- Radiology Department, Champalimaud Foundation, Av. Brasilia, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vishy Mahadevan
- The Barbers' Company Professor of Anatomy, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PE, UK
| | - Richard J Heald
- Pelican Cancer Foundation, The Ark, Dinwoodie Drive, Basingstoke, RG24 9NN, UK; Chairman of the Colorectal Cancer Project, Champalimaud Foundation, Av. Brasilia, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
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Contribution to the anatomical nomenclature concerning general anatomy and anatomical variations. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 38:757-65. [PMID: 26946463 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nomenclature of the general and variant anatomy belongs to the most neglected parts of the Latin anatomical nomenclature in Terminologia Anatomica. Although many important small structures are included in Terminologia Anatomica, when describing and teaching particular anatomy of any part of the human body, the general terms are necessary, such as planes, lines and flexion grooves. Moreover, Terminologia Anatomica contains only 149 terms of variant structures, enlisted in the parentheses to differentiate them from constant ones. They are only a rather representative selection and some more should be added, both from the educational and clinical point of view. The authors present some terms, completed with their definitions or explanations concerning the general and variant anatomy to evoke broader discussion on this topic which should issue in incorporation of proposed terms (or their equivalents) into the Terminologia Anatomica.
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Kachlik D, Musil V, Baca V. Terminologia Anatomica after 17 years: Inconsistencies, mistakes and new proposals. Ann Anat 2015; 201:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barcia JM, Romero FJ. Obturated vs. obturator: what obturates what? ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2013; 6:359-360. [PMID: 23620004 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Barcia
- Department of Morphology Structure and Function of the Human Body, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Gobée OP, Jansma D, DeRuiter MC. AnatomicalTerms.info: Heading for an online solution to the anatomical synonym problem hurdles in data-reuse from the Terminologia Anatomica and the foundational model of anatomy and potentials for future development. Clin Anat 2011; 24:817-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Pampush JD, Petto AJ. Familiarity with Latin and Greek anatomical terms and course performance in undergraduates. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2011; 4:9-15. [PMID: 21265031 DOI: 10.1002/ase.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used technical anatomy and physiology (A&P) terms are predominantly rooted in Latin and Greek vocabulary, so it is commonly inferred that a solid grounding in Latin and Greek roots of medical terminology will improve student learning in anatomy and related disciplines. This study examines the association of etymological knowledge of A&P terms and A&P course performance among 446 undergraduates in their first semester of the study of human gross anatomy and physiology, with a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of 52 students who filled out surveys about their prior knowledge and experiences related to medicine or anatomy. In both data sets, there was only a weak positive correlation between the performance on a quiz of Latin and Greek medical terms and the students' performance on regular assignments. The presumption that familiarity with Latin and Greek word roots has a strong influence on successful learning of anatomy is not supported by these data. Future research should address whether or not there are particular skills associated with using etymological knowledge in improving A&P course performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Pampush
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Matusz P. Misleading Latin/English equivalents for some liver terms in Terminologia Anatomica. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2010; 3:156-157. [PMID: 20186839 DOI: 10.1002/ase.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Manzanares-Céspedes MC. On-line Terminologia Anatomica: a proposal. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2010; 3:154-155. [PMID: 20496437 DOI: 10.1002/ase.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Martin BD, Thorpe D, Merenda V, Finch B, Anderson-Smith W, Consiglio-Lahti Z. Contrast in usage of FCAT-approved anatomical terminology between members of two anatomy associations in North America. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2010; 3:25-32. [PMID: 19890984 DOI: 10.1002/ase.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Almost 12 years since the publishing of Terminologia Anatomica (TA) by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), there has yet to be a unified adoption of FCAT-recommended anatomical terms by North American anatomists. A survey was sent to members of the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) to compare the frequency of FCAT term usage with a previous study involving the American Association of Anatomists (AAA). The HAPS differed from AAA in being composed mostly of biologists (56.5%) who teach anatomy with only 18.3% of respondents having terminal degrees in anatomy. The survey included the same 25 sets of synonymic names for selected gross anatomical structures or related terms used for the AAA survey. Overall results indicate that the FCAT preferred term had the highest frequency of usage in only 40.0% of the survey questions, demonstrating 4% lower compliance than AAA respondents. Compliance with FCAT preferred terms ranged from 92.2% to 1.7% usage. When compared with AAA anatomists, there were reversals in predominant usage between FCAT and non-FCAT terms for six sets of anatomical structures: HAPS respondents predominantly used non-FCAT terms for adrenal gland (88.7%), antecubital fossa (57.4%), patellar tendon (65.2%), ligamentum capitis femoris (36.5%), while preferring the FCAT anterior circumflex humeral artery (45.2%) and anterior/posterior preferred over ventral/dorsal (41.7%). Almost 54% of HAPS anatomists were not familiar with the FCAT, nearly 21% higher than the AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford D Martin
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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Vogl AW. Awareness of and access to a unified terminology by anatomists. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2009; 2:139-140. [PMID: 19496162 DOI: 10.1002/ase.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Whitmore I. Terminologia Anatomica includes terms in English for all scientists writing in English. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2009; 2:141. [PMID: 19496164 DOI: 10.1002/ase.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Pawlina W, Drake R. Moving forward with Terminologia Anatomica. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2009; 2:93. [PMID: 19496153 DOI: 10.1002/ase.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Laitman JT. The Bible the flock will not follow. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2009; 2:137-138. [PMID: 19496163 DOI: 10.1002/ase.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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