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Sharma S, Krishnaswamy S, Prusty S, Chand DK. A pair of conjoined trinuclear sub-frameworks in a pentanuclear double-cavity discrete coordination cage. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11287-11301. [PMID: 39055040 PMCID: PMC11268487 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination of Pd(ii) with selected bis-monodentate ligands produces the familiar multinuclear Pd m L2m type self-assembled "single-cavity discrete coordination cages" (SCDCC). If the ligand provides parallel coordination vectors, then it forms a binuclear Pd2L4 type cage, whereas utilization of ligands having appropriately divergent coordination vectors results in specific higher nuclear complexes. In contrast, preparation of emergent "multi-cavity discrete coordination cages" (MCDCC) using Pd(ii) and designer ligands is quite captivating where the neighboring cavities of the framework are conjoined with each other through a common metal center. A pair of conjoined binuclear Pd2L4 type sub-frameworks are present in a trinuclear Pd3L4 type double-cavity cage prepared from Pd(ii) and a tris-monodentate ligand having parallel coordination vectors. The present work envisioned a design to make double-cavity coordination cages having a pair of conjoined trinuclear Pd3L6 type sub-frameworks. To fulfill the objective we combined Pd(ii) with a mixture of designer bis-monodentate ligand (L) and tris-monodentate ligand (L') in a 5 : 4 : 4 ratio in one pot to afford the targeted pentanuclear type cage. The choice of bis-monodentate ligand L is based on the divergent nature of the coordination vectors suitable to produce a Pd3L6 type SCDCC. The tris-monodentate ligand L' having two arms is designed in such a manner that each of the arms reasonably resembles L. Study of the complexation behavior of Pd(ii) with L' provided additional guiding factors essential for the successful making of type MCDCC by integrative self-sorting. A few other MCDCC including lower symmetry versions were also prepared in the course of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Shobhana Krishnaswamy
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Soumyakanta Prusty
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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2
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Mishra SS, Krishnaswamy S, Chand DK. Neighboring Cage Participation for Assisted Construction of Self-Assembled Multicavity Conjoined Cages and Augmented Guest Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4473-4488. [PMID: 38334098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A set of Pd2L4, Pd3L4, and Pd4L4-type single-, double-, and triple-cavity cages are prepared by complexation of Pd(NO3)2 with designer bis-monodentate (L1), tris-monodentate (L2), and tetrakis-monodentate (L3) ligands. The Pd2L4 cage exists in equilibrium with a Pd3L6 cage; the equilibrium shifted to Pd2L4 at 70 °C or upon addition of pyrazine-N,N'-dioxide (PZDO). The Pd2L4 cage binds a PZDO molecule using electrostatic, bifurcated H-bonding and overcoordinated H-bonding interactions. The discrete Pd3L4 and Pd4L4 compounds are conjoined cages comprising of unequal sized Pd2L4 cages (bigger and smaller). The bigger unit of Pd3L4 cage selectively binds a PZDO, and the smaller one binds a nitrate, fluoride, chloride, or bromide. The Pd4L4 cage, having a central bigger Pd2L4 cavity and two smaller peripheral Pd2L4 cavities, binds one PZDO and two nitrate, fluoride, chloride, or bromide. The smaller cavity can be prepared individually from Pd(II) and bis-monodentate ligand (L4), however, in the presence of template like a nitrate, fluoride, chloride, or bromide; otherwise, it forms an oligomeric mixture. Notably, the conjoined Pd3L4 and Pd4L4 cages could be prepared with (preferably) or without using a template for smaller cavity, and the bigger Pd2L4 is formed by sacrificing the possibility of the Pd3L6 moiety. Thus, the conjoined cages are formed in a symbiotic manner where the neighboring cages participate in the formation of each other. The binding of PZDO shows that the presence of one neighboring cage (as in Pd3L4) augments the binding affinity and that is further augmented in the presence of two neighboring cages (as in Pd4L4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabani S Mishra
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Shobhana Krishnaswamy
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- IoE Center of Molecular Architecture, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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3
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Molinska P, Tarzia A, Male L, Jelfs KE, Lewis JEM. Diastereoselective Self-Assembly of Low-Symmetry Pd n L 2n Nanocages through Coordination-Sphere Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315451. [PMID: 37888946 PMCID: PMC10952360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are popular host architectures assembled from ligands and metal ions/nodes. Assembling structurally complex, low-symmetry MOCs with anisotropic cavities can be limited by the formation of statistical isomer libraries. We set out to investigate the use of primary coordination-sphere engineering (CSE) to bias isomer selectivity within homo- and heteroleptic Pdn L2n cages. Unexpected differences in selectivities between alternative donor groups led us to recognise the significant impact of the second coordination sphere on isomer stabilities. From this, molecular-level insight into the origins of selectivity between cis and trans diastereoisomers was gained, highlighting the importance of both host-guest and host-solvent interactions, in addition to ligand design. This detailed understanding allows precision engineering of low-symmetry MOC assemblies without wholesale redesign of the ligand framework, and fundamentally provides a theoretical scaffold for the development of stimuli-responsive, shape-shifting MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Molinska
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TorinoItaly
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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4
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Tarzia A, Wolpert EH, Jelfs KE, Pavan GM. Systematic exploration of accessible topologies of cage molecules via minimalistic models. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12506-12517. [PMID: 38020374 PMCID: PMC10646940 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cages are macrocyclic structures with an intrinsic internal cavity that support applications in separations, sensing and catalysis. These materials can be synthesised via self-assembly of organic or metal-organic building blocks. Their bottom-up synthesis and the diversity in building block chemistry allows for fine-tuning of their shape and properties towards a target property. However, it is not straightforward to predict the outcome of self-assembly, and, thus, the structures that are practically accessible during synthesis. Indeed, such a prediction becomes more difficult as problems related to the flexibility of the building blocks or increased combinatorics lead to a higher level of complexity and increased computational costs. Molecular models, and their coarse-graining into simplified representations, may be very useful to this end. Here, we develop a minimalistic toy model of cage-like molecules to explore the stable space of different cage topologies based on a few fundamental geometric building block parameters. Our results capture, despite the simplifications of the model, known geometrical design rules in synthetic cage molecules and uncover the role of building block coordination number and flexibility on the stability of cage topologies. This leads to a large-scale and systematic exploration of design principles, generating data that we expect could be analysed through expandable approaches towards the rational design of self-assembled porous architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Emma H Wolpert
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 6962 Lugano-Viganello Switzerland
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5
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Bobylev EO, Passerini L, de Zwart FJ, Poole DA, Mathew S, Huber M, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Pd 12M nL 24 (for n = 6, 8, 12) nanospheres by post-assembly modification of Pd 12L 24 spheres. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11840-11849. [PMID: 37920352 PMCID: PMC10619623 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03745b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, we describe a post-assembly modification approach to selectively coordinate transition metals in Pd12L24 cuboctahedra. The herein reported approach involves the preparation of Pd12L24 nanospheres with protonated nitrogen donor ligands that are covalently linked at the interior. The so obtained Pd12(LH+)24 nanospheres are shown to be suitable for coordinative post-modification after deprotection by deprotonation. Selective formation of tetra-coordinated MB in Pd12MB6L24, tri-coordinated MB in Pd12MB8L24 nanospheres and two-coordinated MB in Pd12MB12L24 nanospheres is achieved as a result of different nitrogen donor ligands. A combination of pulsed EPR spectroscopy (DEER) to measure Cu-Cu distances in the different spheres, NMR studies and computational investigations, support the presence of the complexes at precise locations of the Pd12MB6L24 nanosphere. The general post-assembly modification methodology can be extended using other transition metal precursors or supramolecular systems and can guide precise formation and investigation of novel transition metal-complex containing nanospheres with well-defined composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Passerini
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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6
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Algar JL, Phillips JE, Evans JD, Preston D. Stoichiometric Control of Guest Recognition of Self-Assembled Palladium(II)-Based Supramolecular Architectures. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300673. [PMID: 37643994 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We report flexible [Pd(L)2 ]2+ complexes where there is self-recognition, driven by π-π interactions between electron-rich aromatic arms and the cationic regions they are tethered to. This self-recognition hampers the association of these molecules with aromatic molecular targets in solution. In one case, this complex can be reversibly converted to an 'open' [Pd2 (L)2 ]4+ macrocycle through introduction of more metal ion. This is accomplished by the ligand having two bidentate binding sites: a 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole site, and a bis-1,2,3-triazole site. Due to favourable hydrogen bonding, the 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole units reliably coordinate in the [Pd(L)2 ]2+ complex to control speciation: a second equivalent of Pd(II) is required to enforce coordination to bis-triazole sites and form the macrocycle. The macrocycle interacts with a molecular substrate with higher affinity. In this fashion we are able to use stoichiometry to reversibly switch between two different species and regulate guest binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess L Algar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - James E Phillips
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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7
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Ge YY, Zhou XC, Zheng J, Luo J, Lai YL, Su J, Zhang HJ, Zhou XP, Li D. Self-Assembly of Two Tubular Metalloligand-Based Palladium-Organic Cages as Hosts for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4048-4053. [PMID: 36847302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report two tubular metal-organic cages (MOCs), synthesized by the self-assembly of bidentate metalloligands with different lengths and PdII. These two MOCs feature Pd4L8-type square tubular and Pd3L6-type triangular cage structures, respectively. Both MOCs have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and theoretical calculation. Both cages can be employed for encapsulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and show high binding affinity toward coronene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Chao Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Liang Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Juan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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8
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Lu Y, Dutschke PD, Kinas J, Hepp A, Jin GX, Hahn FE. Organometallic Borromean Rings and [2]Catenanes Featuring Di-NHC Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217681. [PMID: 36629746 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a series of organometallic Borromean rings (BRs) and [2]catenanes prepared from benzobiscarbene ligands. The reaction of dinickel complexes of the benzobiscarbenes 1 a-1 c with a thiazolothiazole bridged bipyridyl ligand L2 led by self-assembly to a series of organometallic BRs. Solvophobic effects played a crucial role in the formation and stability of the interlocked species. The stability of BRs is related to the N-alkyl substituents at the precursors 1 a-1 c, where longer alkyl substitutes improve stability and inter-ring interactions. Solvophobic effects are also important for the stability of [2]catenanes prepared from 1 a-1 c and a flexible bipyridyl ligand L3 . In solution, an equilibrium between the [2]catenanes and their macrocyclic building blocks was observed. High proportions of [2]catenanes were obtained in concentrated solutions or polar solvents. The proportion of [2]catenanes in solution could be further enhanced by lengthening of the N-alkyl substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lu
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick D Dutschke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jenny Kinas
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - F Ekkehardt Hahn
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Sharma S, Sarkar M, Chand DK. Conjoined and non-conjoined coordination cages with palladium(II) vertices: structural diversity, solution dynamics, and intermolecular interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:535-554. [PMID: 36546562 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04828k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled coordination complexes prepared from a combination of Pd(II) components with one or more types of high-symmetry or low-symmetry bis/tris/tetrakis-monodentate ligands are considered in this review. The structures of these complexes are viewed in terms of the presence of a metallo-macromonocycle or conjoined metallo-macromonocycles/metallocages in the frameworks. Analysis of the typical molecular structures revealed an open truth that one or more units of metallo-macromonocycles can be conjoined to afford planar or non-planar systems. In the same line, the enveloping surface of a 3D cage can be considered as a multiple number of conjoined metallomacrocycles that embrace a 3D space from all directions. However, two or more units of cages are conjoined in a multi-3D-cavity cage system and such a system is considered as a conjoined cage. Construction of such conjoined cages having a finite but multiple number of 3D-cavities unified in a single molecular architecture is a challenging task when compared to that of single-3D-cavity based compounds. Conjoining of as many as four units of 3D cages is known so far. Single- as well as multi-cavity cages of lower symmetry have become a very recent trend in this regard where low-symmetry ligands or mixed ligand ensembles are crafted in the framework of the cages. Other structural diversities like helicity in cages, and supramolecular isomerism are also included in this assorted literature work. Although isomerism in classical coordination complexes is well known, it is very less studied in self-assembled coordination complexes. Ligand isomerism is one such feature that is reviewed here. The dynamic behavior of the cages results in interesting reactivity aspects. A large variety of dynamic processes are collected under an umbrella, i.e., "ligand exchange reactions" and described with examples. Intermolecular interaction among the already self-assembled molecules is possible in solution, solid, and gel-phases as discussed in the last part of this review. The understanding of intermolecular interaction is likely to influence different areas of research including crystal engineering, and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Moumita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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11
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Benchimol E, Nguyen BNT, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Transformation networks of metal-organic cages controlled by chemical stimuli. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5101-5135. [PMID: 35661155 PMCID: PMC9207707 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00801j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The flexibility of biomolecules enables them to adapt and transform as a result of signals received from the external environment, expressing different functions in different contexts. In similar fashion, coordination cages can undergo stimuli-triggered transformations owing to the dynamic nature of the metal-ligand bonds that hold them together. Different types of stimuli can trigger dynamic reconfiguration of these metal-organic assemblies, to switch on or off desired functionalities. Such adaptable systems are of interest for applications in switchable catalysis, selective molecular recognition or as transformable materials. This review highlights recent advances in the transformation of cages using chemical stimuli, providing a catalogue of reported strategies to transform cages and thus allow the creation of new architectures. Firstly we focus on strategies for transformation through the introduction of new cage components, which trigger reconstitution of the initial set of components. Secondly we summarize conversions triggered by external stimuli such as guests, concentration, solvent or pH, highlighting the adaptation processes that coordination cages can undergo. Finally, systems capable of responding to multiple stimuli are described. Such systems constitute composite chemical networks with the potential for more complex behaviour. We aim to offer new perspectives on how to design transformation networks, in order to shed light on signal-driven transformation processes that lead to the preparation of new functional metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Bao-Nguyen T Nguyen
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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12
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Sudan S, Fadaei‐Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Ebbert KE, Clever GH, Severin K. LiBF
4
‐Induced Rearrangement and Desymmetrization of a Palladium‐Ligand Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201823. [PMID: 35348279 PMCID: PMC9320841 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sudan
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei‐Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kristina E. Ebbert
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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13
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Sudan S, Fadaei‐Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Ebbert KE, Clever GH, Severin K. LiBF
4
‐Induced Rearrangement and Desymmetrization of a Palladium‐Ligand Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sudan
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei‐Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kristina E. Ebbert
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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14
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Kennedy ADW, DiNardi RG, Fillbrook LL, Donald WA, Beves JE. Visible-Light Switching of Metallosupramolecular Assemblies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104461. [PMID: 35102616 PMCID: PMC9302685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A photoswitchable ligand and palladium(II) ions form a dynamic mixture of self-assembled metallosupramolecular structures. The photoswitching ligand is an ortho-fluoroazobenzene with appended pyridyl groups. Combining the E-isomer with palladium(II) salts affords a double-walled triangle with composition [Pd3 L6 ]6+ and a distorted tetrahedron [Pd4 L8 ]8+ (1 : 2 ratio at 298 K). Irradiation with 410 nm light generates a photostationary state with approximately 80 % of the E-isomer of the ligand and results in the selective disassembly of the tetrahedron, the more thermodynamically stable structure, and the formation of the triangle, the more kinetically inert product. The triangle is then slowly transformed back into the tetrahedron over 2 days at 333 K. The Z-isomer of the ligand does not form any well-defined structures and has a thermal half-life of 25 days at 298 K. This approach shows how a thermodynamically preferred self-assembled structure can be reversibly pumped to a kinetic trap by small perturbations of the isomer distribution using non-destructive visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ray G. DiNardi
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Lucy L. Fillbrook
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - William A. Donald
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
| | - Jonathon E. Beves
- School of ChemistryThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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15
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Xu Y, Su H, Bai Q, Fang F, Ma J, Zhang Z, Hao XQ, Shi J, Wang P, Wang M. Design and Self-Assembly of Macrocycles with Metals at the Corners Based on Dissymmetric Terpyridine Ligands. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200071. [PMID: 35212169 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Terpyridine-based discrete supramolecular architectures with metal ions in the corners have rarely been reported. Herein, we report two dissymmetric terpyridyl ligands LA and LB decorated at the 5-position and 4-position of terpyridine respectively. The complexes constructed by the self-assembly of LA and LB with Zn(II) exhibit hand-circle-like structures. Moreover, all Zn(II) are successfully fixed in the corners. A series of dimeric to hexameric macrocycles is obtained by head-to-tail connections with changing concentration. This work will pave the way for preparation of more elaborate self-assembled structures based on dissymetric ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xu
- Jilin University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Haoyue Su
- Jilin University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Qixia Bai
- Guangzhou University, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, CHINA
| | - Fang Fang
- Shenzhen University, Instrumental Analysis Center of Shenzhen University, CHINA
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Jilin University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangzhou University, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, CHINA
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- Zhengzhou University, College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, CHINA
| | - Junjuan Shi
- Jilin University, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Guangzhou University, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, CHINA
| | - Ming Wang
- Jilin University, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, No 2699 Qianjin Street, 130012, changhcun, CHINA
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16
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Findlay J, Patil K, Gardiner M, MacDermott-Opeskin H, O'mAra M, Kruger P, Preston D. Heteroleptic tripalladium(II) cages. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200093. [PMID: 35139260 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a concerted attempt to develop self-assembled metallo-cages of greater structural complexity, and heteroleptic Pd II cages are emerging as prime candidates in these efforts. Most of these are dinuclear: few examples of higher nuclearity have been reported. We demonstrate here a robust method for the formation of tripalladium(II) cages from the 2:3:3 combination of a tritopic ligand, Pd II , and a selection of ditopic ligands of the correct size and geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Findlay
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, AUSTRALIA
| | - Komal Patil
- University of Canterbury, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Michael Gardiner
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Megan O'mAra
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, AUSTRALIA
| | - Paul Kruger
- University of Canterbury, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, NEW ZEALAND
| | - Dan Preston
- Australian National University, Research School of Chemistry, Building 137, Sullivan Creek Road, 26010, Australia, 9200, Canberra, AUSTRALIA
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17
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Lee H, Tessarolo J, Langbehn D, Baksi A, Herges R, Clever GH. Light-Powered Dissipative Assembly of Diazocine Coordination Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3099-3105. [PMID: 35081312 PMCID: PMC8874908 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Stimuli-responsive
coordination cages allow reversible control
over guest binding and release, relevant for adaptive receptors, carriers,
catalysts, and complex systems. Light serves as an advantageous stimulus,
as it can be applied with precise spatial and temporal resolution
without producing chemical waste products. We report the first Pd-mediated
coordination cage based on ligands embedding a diazocine photoswitch.
While the thermodynamically more stable cis-photoisomer
sloppily assembles to a mixture of species with general formula [Pdncis-L2n], the less stable trans-isomer yields a defined [Pd2trans-L4] cage that reversibly converts
back to the cis-system by irradiation at 530 nm or
thermal relaxation. The [Pdncis-L2n]
species do not bind a given guest; however, [Pd2trans-L4] is able to
encapsulate a bis-sulfonate as long as it is kept assembled, requiring
continuous irradiation at 385 nm. In the absence of UV light, thermal
relaxation results in back-switching and guest release. Assembly and
properties of the system were characterized by a combination of NMR,
ion mobility ESI-MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and UV–vis
absorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeri Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, 1646, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Daniel Langbehn
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts University, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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18
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Kumar A, Banerjee R, Zangrando E, Mukherjee PS. Solvent and Counteranion Assisted Dynamic Self-Assembly of Molecular Triangles and Tetrahedral Cages. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2368-2377. [PMID: 35029966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of naked PdII ions separately with newly designed bis(3-pyridyl)benzothiadiazole (L1) and bis(3-pyridyl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (L2) donors separately, under varying experimental conditions, yielded Pd4L8 (L= L1 or L2) tetrahedral cages and their homologous Pd3L6 (L= L1 or L2) double-walled triangular macrocycles. The resulting assemblies exhibited solvent, temperature, and counteranion induced dynamic equilibrium. Treatment of L1 with Pd(BF4)2 in acetonitrile (ACN) resulted in selective formation of a tetrahedral cage [Pd4(L1)8](BF4)8 (1a), which is in dynamic equilibrium with its homologue triangle [Pd3(L1)6](BF4)6 (2a) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). On the other hand, similar self-assembly using L2 instead of L1 yielded an equilibrium mixture of tetrahedral cage [Pd4(L2)8](BF4)8 (3a) and triangle [Pd3(L2)6](BF4)6 (4a) forms in both ACN and DMSO. The assembles were characterized by multinuclear NMR and ESI-MS while the structure of the tetrahedral cage (1a) was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Existence of a dynamic equilibrium between the assemblies in solution has been investigated via variable temperature 1H NMR. The equilibrium constant K = ([Pd4L8]3/[Pd3L6]4) was calculated at each experimental temperature and fitted with the Van't Hoff equation to determine the standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) associated with the interconversion of the double-walled triangle to tetrahedral cage. The thermodynamic feasibility of structural interconversion was analyzed from the change in ΔG°, which suggests favorable conversion of Pd3L6 triangle to Pd4L8 cage at elevated temperature for L1 in DMSO and L2 in ACN. Interestingly, similar self-assembly reactions of L1 and L2 with Pd(NO3)2 instead of Pd(BF4)2 resulted in selective formation of a tetrahedral cage [Pd4(L1)8](NO3)8 (1b) and double-walled triangle [Pd3(L2)6](NO3)6 (4b), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ranit Banerjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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19
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Sarkar M, Dasary H, Chand DK. Helicity induction by innocent anion in a quadruple stranded cage. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Li RJ, Marcus A, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Orientational self-sorting: formation of structurally defined Pd 4L 8 and Pd 6L 12 cages from low-symmetry dipyridyl ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10023-10026. [PMID: 34505600 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetra- and hexanuclear coordination cages were obtained in reactions of [Pd(CH3CN)4](BF4)2 with low-symmetry dipyridyl ligands. In both cases, only one structurally defined complex was formed out of a vast pool of potential isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Adam Marcus
- Institute of Mathematics, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kay Severin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Bobylev EO, Poole DA, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. How to Prepare Kinetically Stable Self-assembled Pt 12 L 24 Nanocages while Circumventing Kinetic Traps. Chemistry 2021; 27:12667-12674. [PMID: 34155700 PMCID: PMC8456849 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination-based self-assembled nanostructures have been widely studied, and currently various applications are being explored. For several applications, the stability of the nanostructure is of key importance, and this strongly depends on the metal used in the self-assembly process. Herein, design strategies and synthetic protocols to access desirable kinetically stable Pt12 L24 nanospheres are reported, and it is demonstrated that these are stable under conditions under which the palladium counterparts decompose. Descriptors previously used for palladium nanospheres are insufficient for platinum analogues, as the stronger metal-ligand bond results in a mixture of kinetically trapped structures. We report that next to the dihedral angle, the rigidity of the ditopic ligand is also a key parameter for the controlled formation of Pt12 L24 nanospheres. Catalytic amounts of coordinating additives to labilise the platinum-pyridyl bond to some extent are needed to selectively form Pt12 L24 assemblies. The formed Pt12 L24 nanospheres were demonstrated to be stable in the presence of chloride, amines and acids, unlike the palladium analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O. Bobylev
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - David A. Poole
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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22
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Gupta R, Paithankar H, Chugh J, Boomishankar R. Construction of Entropically Favored Supramolecular Metal-Ligand Trimeric Assemblies Supported by Flexible Pyridylaminophosphorus(V) Scaffolds. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10468-10477. [PMID: 34232616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly reactions of tetratopic metal acceptors with the flexible bidentate ligands are known to yield self-assembled molecular squares of the type [M4L8], triangles of composition [M3L6], or a mixture of these two. In this work, we demonstrate the preferential formation of a trimeric cage assembly of the formula [Pd3(L1)6·(BF4)6] (1a) over the tetrameric cage [Pd4(L1)8·(BF4)8] (1b) by employing a flexible dipodal phosphoramide ligand, [PhPO(NH(3-Py))2] (L1; 3-Py = 3-aminopyridine), in a reaction with [Pd(CH3CN)4·(BF4)2]. The entropically favored trimeric self-assembly of 1a is the predominant species in the solution [dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-d6] at room temperature. In fact, at higher temperatures, 1a was found to be the only product, as observed from the disappearance of the peak due to 1b in the 31P NMR spectrum. However, in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile (MeCN)-d3 and DMSO-d6, the tetrameric species 1b is the preferred species, as revealed by the 31P NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectral analyses. The structure of the molecular trimer 1a has been established in the solid state by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Interestingly, treatment of an another flexible ligand, [MePO(NH(3-Py))2] (L2), with the same Pd(II) acceptor resulted in exclusive formation of the trimeric cage [Pd3(L2)6·(BF4)6] (2).
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23
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Siddique RG, Arachchige KSA, Al-Fayaad HA, Brock AJ, Micallef AS, Luis ET, Thoburn JD, McMurtrie JC, Clegg JK. The kinetics and mechanism of interconversion within a system of [Fe 2L 3] 4+ helicates and [Fe 4L 6] 8+ cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4918-4921. [PMID: 33870998 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01583d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nature builds simple molecules into highly complex assemblies, which are involved in all fundamental processes of life. Some of the most intriguing biological assemblies are those that can be precisely reconfigured to achieve different functions using the same building blocks. Understanding the reconfiguration of synthetic self-assembled systems will allow us to better understand the complexity of proteins and design useful artificial chemical systems. Here we have prepared a relatively simple system in which two distinct self-assembled structures, a [Fe2L3]4+ helicate and a [Fe4L6]8+ cage that are formed from the same precursors, coexist at equilibrium. We have measured the rates of interconversion of these two species and propose a mechanism for the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid G Siddique
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - Kasun S A Arachchige
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - Hydar A Al-Fayaad
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Brock
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Aaron S Micallef
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Ena T Luis
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - John D Thoburn
- Department of Chemistry, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, USA
| | - John C McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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24
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Pullen S, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Increasing structural and functional complexity in self-assembled coordination cages. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7269-7293. [PMID: 34163819 PMCID: PMC8171321 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01226f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in metallo-supramolecular chemistry creates potential to synthesize functional nano systems and intelligent materials of increasing complexity. In the past four decades, metal-mediated self-assembly has produced a wide range of structural motifs such as helicates, grids, links, knots, spheres and cages, with particularly the latter ones catching growing attention, owing to their nano-scale cavities. Assemblies serving as hosts allow application as selective receptors, confined reaction environments and more. Recently, the field has made big steps forward by implementing dedicated functionality, e.g. catalytic centres or photoswitches to allow stimuli control. Besides incorporation in homoleptic systems, composed of one type of ligand, desire arose to include more than one function within the same assembly. Inspiration comes from natural enzymes that congregate, for example, a substrate recognition site, an allosteric regulator element and a reaction centre. Combining several functionalities without creating statistical mixtures, however, requires a toolbox of sophisticated assembly strategies. This review showcases the implementation of function into self-assembled cages and devises strategies to selectively form heteroleptic structures. We discuss first examples resulting from a combination of both principles, namely multicomponent multifunctional host-guest complexes, and their potential in application in areas such as sensing, catalysis, and photo-redox systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Pullen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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25
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Tessarolo J, Lee H, Sakuda E, Umakoshi K, Clever GH. Integrative Assembly of Heteroleptic Tetrahedra Controlled by Backbone Steric Bulk. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6339-6344. [PMID: 33900773 PMCID: PMC8154538 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A bent fluorenone-based dipyridyl ligand LA reacts with PdII cations to a solvent-dependent dynamic library of [PdnL2n] assemblies, constituted by a [Pd3LA6] ring and a [Pd4LA8] tetrahedron as major components, and a [Pd6LA12] octahedron as minor component. Introduction of backbone steric hindrance in ligand LB allows exclusive formation of the [Pd6LB12] octahedron. Combining equimolar amounts of both ligands results in integrative self-sorting to give an unprecedented [Pd4LA4LB4] heteroleptic tetrahedron. Key to the non-statistical assembly outcome is exploiting the structural peculiarity of the [Pd4L8] tetrahedral topology, where the four lean ligands occupy two doubly bridged edges and the bulky ligands span the four remaining, singly bridged edges. Hence, the system finds a compromise between the entropic drive to form an assembly smaller than the octahedron and the enthalpic prohibition of pairing two bulky ligands on the same edge of the triangular ring. The emission of luminescent LA is maintained in both homoleptic [Pd3LA6] and heteroleptic [Pd4LA4LB4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Hannam University, 1646, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Eri Sakuda
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Keisuke Umakoshi
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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26
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Bobylev EO, Poole Iii DA, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Selective formation of Pt 12L 24 nanospheres by ligand design. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7696-7705. [PMID: 34168821 PMCID: PMC8188466 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assemblies are used across various fields for different applications including their use as containers for catalysts, drugs and fluorophores. M12L24 spheres are among the most studied, as they offer plenty of space for functionalization, yielding systems with unique properties in comparison to their single components. Detailed studies on the formation of M12L24 structures using palladium cornerstones (that have generally dynamic coordination chemistry) aided in the development of synthetic protocols. The more robust platinum-based systems received thus far much less attention. The general use of platinum-based assemblies remains elusive as parameters and design principles of the ligand building blocks are not fully established. As platinum-based nanospheres are more robust due to the kinetically more stable nitrogen-platinum bond, we studied the sphere formation process in detail in order to develop descriptors for the formation of platinum-based nanospheres. In a systematic study, using time-dependent mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and DOSY NMR, we identified new kinetically trapped intermediates during the formation of Pt12L24 spheres and we developed key parameters for selective formation of Pt12L24 spheres. Molecular mechanics calculations and experimental result support the importance of charge and steric bulk placed at the endo-site of the ditopic linker for selective sphere formation. Applicability of these principles is demonstrated by employing various ditopic ligands with different bend-angles for the synthesis of a range of Pt2L4, Pt3L6, Pt4L8 and Pt12L24 polyhedra with platinum cornerstones in excellent yields, thus paving the way for future applications of well-defined robust platinum nanospheres of different shapes and sizes with the general composition Pt n L2n .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole Iii
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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27
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Sudan S, Li RJ, Jansze SM, Platzek A, Rudolf R, Clever GH, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Identification of a Heteroleptic Pd 6L 6L' 6 Coordination Cage by Screening of a Virtual Combinatorial Library. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1773-1778. [PMID: 33476512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of structurally defined heteroleptic coordination cages is a challenging task, and only few examples are known to date. Here we describe a selection approach that allowed the identification of a novel hexanuclear Pd cage containing two types of dipyridyl ligands. A virtual combinatorial library of [PdnL2n](BF4)2n complexes was prepared by mixing six different dipyridyl ligands with substoichiometric amounts of [Pd(CH3CN)4](BF4)2. Analysis of the equilibrated reaction mixture revealed the preferential formation of a heteroleptic [Pd6L6L'6](BF4)12 assembly. The complex was prepared on a preparative scale by a targeted synthesis, and its structure was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It features an unprecedented trigonal-antiprismatic cage structure with two triangular Pd3L3 macrocycles bridged by six L' ligands. A related but significantly larger [Pd6L6L'6](BF4)12 cage was obtained by using metalloligands instead of organic dipyridyl ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sudan
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ru-Jin Li
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne M Jansze
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - André Platzek
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robin Rudolf
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Takahashi S, Tateishi T, Sasaki Y, Sato H, Hiraoka S. Towards kinetic control of coordination self-assembly: a case study of a Pd 3L 6 double-walled triangle to predict the outcomes by a reaction network model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26614-26626. [PMID: 33201952 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04623j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerical analysis of self-assembly process (NASAP) was performed for a [Pd3L6]6+ double-walled triangle (DWT) complex. With a chemical reaction network and a parameter set of the reaction rate constants obtained from a numerical search in an eighteen-dimensional parameter space to obtain a good fit to the data from the experimental counterpart (quantitative analysis of self-assembly process, QASAP), a refined calculation resulted in a detailed time evolution of each molecular species. Analysis based on those clues revealed dominant self-assembly pathways and a balance between inter- and intramolecular reactions, and enabled prediction of the reaction outcomes depending on the initial stoichiometric ratio under kinetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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29
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Liu CL, Bobylev EO, Fu Y, Poole DA, Robeyns K, Fustin CA, Garcia Y, Reek JNH, Singleton ML. Balancing Ligand Flexibility versus Rigidity for the Stepwise Self-Assembly of M 12 L 24 via M 6 L 12 Metal-Organic Cages. Chemistry 2020; 26:11960-11965. [PMID: 32378754 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions are important for directing protein folding across multiple intermediates and can even provide access to multiple stable structures with different properties and functions. Herein, we describe an approach for mimicking this behavior in the self-assembly of metal-organic cages. Two ligands, the bend angles of which are controlled by non-covalent interactions and one ligand lacking the above-mentioned interactions, were synthesized and used for self-assembly with Pd2+ . As these weak interactions are easily broken, the bend angles have a controlled flexibility giving access to M2 (L1)4 , M6 (L2)12 , and M12 (L2)24 cages. By controlling the self-assembly conditions this process can be directed in a stepwise fashion. Additionally, the multiple endohedral hydrogen-bonding sites on the ligand were found to play a role in the binding and discrimination of neutral guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Lian Liu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Eduard O Bobylev
- Van''t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Fu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - David A Poole
- Van''t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Robeyns
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Yann Garcia
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Van''t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Michael L Singleton
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
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30
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Preston D, Kruger PE. Using Complementary Ligand Denticity to Direct Metallosupramolecular Structure about Metal Ions with Square‐Planar Geometry. Chempluschem 2020; 85:454-465. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8041 New Zealand
| | - Paul E. Kruger
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8041 New Zealand
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31
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Abstract
A self-assembled coordination cage usually possesses one well-defined three-dimensional (3D) cavity whereas infinite number of 3D-cavities are crafted in a designer metal-organic framework. Construction of a discrete coordination cage possessing multiple number of 3D-cavities is a challenging task. Here we report the peripheral decoration of a trinuclear [Pd3L6] core with one, two and three units of a [Pd2L4] entity for the preparation of multi-3D-cavity conjoined-cages of [Pd4(La)2(Lb)4], [Pd5(Lb)4(Lc)2] and [Pd6(Lc)6] formulations, respectively. Formation of the tetranuclear and pentanuclear complexes is attributed to the favorable integrative self-sorting of the participating components. Cage-fusion reactions and ligand-displacement-induced cage-to-cage transformation reactions are carried out using appropriately chosen ligand components and cages prepared in this work. The smaller [Pd2L4] cavity selectively binds one unit of NO3−, F−, Cl− or Br− while the larger [Pd3L6] cavity accommodates up to four DMSO molecules. Designing aspects of our conjoined-cages possess enough potential to inspire construction of exotic molecular architectures. Developing simple routes for construction of multi-compartmental cages is a compelling and challenging task. Here, the authors report modular construction of multi-3D-cavity cages featuring one, two or three units of a [Pd2L4] entity conjoined with a [Pd3L6] core.
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Preston D, Inglis AR, Crowley JD, Kruger PE. Self‐assembly and Cycling of a Three‐state Pd
x
L
y
Metallosupramolecular System. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3404-3408. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8041 New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8041 New Zealand
| | - Amanda R. Inglis
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8041 New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Otago Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and NanotechnologyDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Paul E. Kruger
- School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8041 New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical SciencesUniversity of Canterbury Christchurch 8041 New Zealand
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33
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Gong Y, Tao Y, Xu N, Sun C, Wang X, Su Z. Two polyoxovanadate-based metal-organic polyhedra with undiscovered "near-miss Johnson solid" geometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10701-10704. [PMID: 31429464 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Newfangled frangipani-like [MV5O6(μ3-O)5(SO4)(COO)5] (M = Nb/W) polyanions served as 5-connected molecular building blocks (MBBs) that simultaneously assembled with 4-connected [V5O9Cl] MBBs and tricarboxylate ligands (H3BTC) to form two new polyoxovanadate-based metal-organic polyhedra {[MV5O6(μ3-O)5(SO4)]4[V5O9Cl]4(BTC)12} with undiscovered "near-miss Johnson solid" geometry. Moreover, the variable-temperature magnetic susceptibilities were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Gong
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Yanli Tao
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Na Xu
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Chunyi Sun
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China.
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Key Lab of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China. and Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
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34
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Bardhan D, Chand DK. Palladium(II)-Based Self-Assembled Heteroleptic Coordination Architectures: A Growing Family. Chemistry 2019; 25:12241-12269. [PMID: 31158303 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal-driven self-assembly is one of the most effective approaches to lucidly design a large range of discrete 2D and 3D coordination architectures/complexes. Palladium(II)-based self-assembled coordination architectures are usually prepared by using suitable metal components, in either a partially protected form (PdL') or typical form (Pd; charges are not shown), and designed ligand components. The self-assembled molecules prepared by using a metal component and only one type of bi- or polydentate ligand (L) can be classified in the homoleptic series of complexes. On the other hand, the less explored heteroleptic series of complexes are obtained by using a metal component and at least two different types of non-chelating bi- or polydentate ligands (such as La and Lb ). Methods that allow the controlled generation of single, discrete heteroleptic complexes are less understood. A survey of palladium(II)-based self-assembled coordination cages that are heteroleptic has been made. This review article illustrates a systematic collection of such architectures and credible justification of their formation, along with reported functional aspects of the complexes. The collected heteroleptic assemblies are classified here into three sections: 1) [(PdL')m (La )x (Lb )y ]-type complexes, in which the denticity of La and Lb is equal; 2) [(PdL')m (La )x (Lb )y ]-type complexes, in which the denticity of La and Lb is different; and 3) [Pdm (La )x (Lb )y ]-type complexes, in which the denticity of La and Lb is equal. Representative examples of some important homoleptic architectures are also provided, wherever possible, to set a background for a better understanding of the related heteroleptic versions. The purpose of this review is to pave the way for the construction of several unique heteroleptic coordination assemblies that might exhibit emergent supramolecular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devjanee Bardhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennnai, 600036, India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennnai, 600036, India
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Mane PA, Dey S, Pathak AK, Kumar M, Bhuvanesh N. Xantphos-Capped Pd(II) and Pt(II) Macrocycles of Aryldithiolates: Structural Variation and Catalysis in C-C Coupling Reaction. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:2965-2978. [PMID: 30742425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of Xantphos-capped M(OTf)2 (M = cis-[M'(Xantphos)]2+; M' = Pd, Pt) with bridging ligands 1,4-benezenedithiol or 4,4'-biphenyldithiol has been investigated. The reactions have yielded complexes [M{S(C6H4) nSH}]2(OTf)2 (I) and [M2{S(C6H4) nS}]2(OTf)4 (II) ( n = 1 or 2). The equilibrium between I and II has been established in platinum complexes for n = 2, whereas the analogous Pd complex exclusively exist as II. These results are different from our previously reported dppe or triethyl phosphine-capped complexes which showed only type II. The same reaction with 1,3-benezenedithiol lead to the complex [M2(SC6H4SSC6H4S)](OTf)2 (III), containing a S-S bond between two thiolate ligands, formed via a complex of type I in solution. Characterization of the complexes was accomplished by NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. Density functional calculations were performed to estimate the relative stability of three types of complexes. The palladium complexes are excellent catalysts in Suzuki C-C cross coupling reactions under mild conditions, and can be reused eight times without losing significant yield. The activity of the Pd catalysts derived from three dithiol ligand follows opposite trend of the stability as III > II > I. The comparative catalytic activity of the tetranuclear Pd complexes (II) of bis-phosphines of varied bite angles, including the structurally characterized [Pd2(dppf)2(SC12H8S)]2(OTf)4 has also been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Dey
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Mumbai - 400094 , India
| | - Arup Kumar Pathak
- Homi Bhabha National Institute , Training School Complex , Mumbai - 400094 , India
| | | | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , P.O. Box 30012, College Station , Texas 77842-3012 , United States
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36
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Jansze SM, Severin K. Palladium-Based Metal-Ligand Assemblies: The Contrasting Behavior upon Addition of Pyridine or Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:815-819. [PMID: 30620177 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The stability of five different [Pd n(N-donor) m]2 n+ assemblies was examined by performing disassembly experiments with pyridine and with trifluoroacetic acid. Pyridine-induced disassembly was found to be most pronounced for Pd complexes containing N-donor ligands of low basicity. At the same time, these assemblies displayed high acid resistance. The contrasting stability in the presence of acid or pyridine can be used for the pH-controlled switching between different metallosupramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Jansze
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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37
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Komine S, Tateishi T, Kojima T, Nakagawa H, Hayashi Y, Takahashi S, Hiraoka S. Self-assembly processes of octahedron-shaped Pd6L12 cages. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4139-4148. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly processes of three octahedron-shaped [Pd6L12]12+ cages were investigated by an NMR-based quantitative approach (QASAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Komine
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Tomoki Tateishi
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kojima
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Haruna Nakagawa
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8902
- Japan
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38
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Sakata Y, Yamamoto R, Saito D, Tamura Y, Maruyama K, Ogoshi T, Akine S. Metallonanobelt: A Kinetically Stable Shape-Persistent Molecular Belt Prepared by Reversible Self-Assembly Processes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:15500-15506. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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39
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Oldknow S, Martir DR, Pritchard VE, Blitz MA, Fishwick CWG, Zysman-Colman E, Hardie MJ. Structure-switching M 3L 2 Ir(iii) coordination cages with photo-isomerising azo-aromatic linkers. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8150-8159. [PMID: 30542566 PMCID: PMC6238882 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclotriguaiacylene has been functionalised with 3- or 4-pyridyl-azo-phenyl groups to form a series of molecular hosts with three azobenzene-type groups that exhibit reversible photo-isomerisation. Reaction of the host molecules with [Ir(C^N)2(NCMe)2]+ where C^N is the cyclometallating 2-phenylpyridinato, 2-(4-methylphenyl)pyridinato or 2-(4,5,6-trifluorophenyl)pyridinato results in the self-assembly of a family of five different [{Ir(C^N)2}3(L)2]3+ coordination cages. Photo-irradiation of each of the cages with a high energy laser results in E → Z photo-isomerisation of the pyridyl-azo-phenyl groups with up to 40% of groups isomerising. Isomerisation can be reversed by exposure to blue light. Thus, the cages show reversible structure-switching while maintaining their compositional integrity. This represents the largest photo-induced structural change yet reported for a structurally-integral component of a coordination cage. Energy minimised molecular models indicate a switched cage has a smaller internal space than the initial all-E isomer. The [Ir(C^N)2(NCMe)2]+ cages are weakly emissive, each with a deep blue luminescence at ca. 450 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Oldknow
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Diego Rota Martir
- Organic Semiconductor Centre , EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , Fife KY16 9ST , UK
| | - Victoria E Pritchard
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Mark A Blitz
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Colin W G Fishwick
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre , EaStCHEM School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , St Andrews , Fife KY16 9ST , UK
| | - Michaele J Hardie
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK .
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40
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Saha S, Regeni I, Clever GH. Structure relationships between bis-monodentate ligands and coordination driven self-assemblies. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Kai S, Tateishi T, Kojima T, Takahashi S, Hiraoka S. Self-Assembly of a Pd4L8 Double-Walled Square Takes Place through Two Kinds of Metastable Species. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13083-13086. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Kai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tateishi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kojima
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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42
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Abstract
Complexation reactions of palladium(II) nitrate with a set of 3-pyridyl appended nonchelating bidentate ligands possessing regioisomeric phenylene-diurea functionalities as spacers were carried out. The ligands utilized in this study are 1,1'-(1,2-phenylene)bis(3-(pyridin-3-yl)urea), L1; 1,1'-(1,3-phenylene)bis(3-(pyridin-3-yl)urea), L2; and 1,1'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-(pyridin-3-yl)urea), L3. The complexation reactions of the ligands (L1, L2, and L3) with palladium(II) produced single discrete isomeric cages (1, 2, and 3) of Pd2L4 formulation in each case and thereby illustrated ligand-isomerism in coordination cages. All 16 hydrogen atoms of eight urea moieties present in four ligand strands are delineated completely endohedrally in cage 1 and completely exohedrally in cage 3, whereas cage 2 exhibited half of the urea hydrogens in exohedral locations and the remaining half in endohedral locations. In addition to the variable number of solvent molecules, the cavities of cages 1 and 2 lodged four and two nitrate ions, respectively, using the endohedral (H)urea atoms (i.e., NH groups) as binding sites, whereas the cavity of 3 remained anion free. The abilities of the complexes 1-3 for adsorption of CO2 gas are demonstrated, and their behaviors are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareesha Dasary
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Rajamony Jagan
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
| | - Dillip Kumar Chand
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Madras , Chennai 600036 , India
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Jansze SM, Severin K. Clathrochelate Metalloligands in Supramolecular Chemistry and Materials Science. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2139-2147. [PMID: 30156828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The term "clathrochelate" describes a complex in which a coordinatively saturated metal ion is surrounded by a macropolycyclic ligand. First examples of clathrochelate complexes were reported 50 years ago. Meanwhile, the synthesis and reactivity of clathrochelates have been investigated in detail, and numerous applications have been explored. In this Account, we summarize work on the utilization of transition metal clathrochelates as metalloligands in supramolecular chemistry and materials science, with special focus on results from our group. First, we discuss the chemistry of boron-capped clathrochelates. These complexes are facile to synthesize by metal-templated condensation reactions. The synthesis is modular, and it is straightforward to implement structural variations. Importantly, it is possible to attach functional groups such as amines, pyridines, or carboxylic acids to the ligand periphery. Other noteworthy features of boron-capped clathrochelates are high thermodynamic and kinetic stability, tunable redox potential, and good solubility. Next, we show that clathrochelate-based metalloligands can be used to build molecularly defined metal-ligand assemblies of nanoscale dimensions. Different molecular architectures are described, including coordination cages with unusual gyrobifastigium or square orthobicupola-like structures. Metalloligands containing multiple clathrochelate complexes are particularly well suited to build large metal-ligand assemblies (>3 nm) with minimal synthetic efforts. Boron-capped clathrochelates have also been investigated in the context of materials chemistry. Linear or cross-linked clathrochelate polymers were found to display permanent porosity. Furthermore, such polymers were used to prepare conducting films on electrodes. Clathrochelate metalloligands are well suited to prepare metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The high stability of clathrochelates ensures compatibility with harsh reaction conditions, and it mitigates potential problems such as exchange reactions. Boron-capped clathrochelates can be decorated with functional groups in lateral and apical position, and it is possible to use these complexes as multiconnected nodes in polymeric structures. Overall, we hope to convey the utility of clathrochelate complexes in supramolecular chemistry and materials science. The work published thus far gives a first glimpse of the potential of these compounds, but there are other directions, which are waiting to be explored. For example, it will be interesting to study the properties of nanostructures based on chiral clathrochelate complexes. Furthermore, the redox and magnetic properties of clathrochelates may give rise to novel functional materials. Given that clathrochelates are straightforward to prepare, we hope that others will join the efforts to explore the supramolecular and materials chemistry of these interesting molecular building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M. Jansze
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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44
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Hiraoka S. Self‐Assembly Processes of Pd(II)‐ and Pt(II)‐Linked Discrete Self‐Assemblies Revealed by QASAP. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of Tokyo 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
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45
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Hiraoka S. Unresolved Issues that Remain in Molecular Self-Assembly. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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46
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Preston D, Sutton JJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. A Nona‐nuclear Heterometallic Pd
3
Pt
6
“Donut”‐Shaped Cage: Molecular Recognition and Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Joshua J. Sutton
- Department of Chemistry University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
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47
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Preston D, Sutton JJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. A Nona-nuclear Heterometallic Pd 3 Pt 6 "Donut"-Shaped Cage: Molecular Recognition and Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8659-8663. [PMID: 29774643 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report a simple, low-symmetry 2-(1-(pyridine-4-methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine ligand that has both monodentate and bidentate binding sites. With platinum(II) and/or palladium(II) ions, two examples of a new nona-nuclear metallo-assembly have been accessed. These complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and in key cases, X-ray crystallography. The cages possess three clefts comprised of planar cationic panels. This structural feature enables the binding of planar aromatic guests such as anthracene. More interestingly, the heterometallic assembly was able to catalyze the light-induced [4+2] cycloaddition of anthracene with singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joshua J Sutton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
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48
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Bloch WM, Holstein JJ, Dittrich B, Hiller W, Clever GH. Hierarchical Assembly of an Interlocked M 8 L 16 Container. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5534-5538. [PMID: 29392809 PMCID: PMC5947565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of eight PdII cations and sixteen phenanthrene-derived bridging ligands with 60° bite angles yielded a novel M8 L16 metallosupramolecular architecture composed of two interlocked D4h -symmetric barrel-shaped containers. Mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis revealed this self-assembled structure to be a very large "Hopf link" catenane featuring channel-like cavities, which are occupied by NO3- anions. The importance of the anions as catenation templates became imminent when we observed the nitrate-triggered structural rearrangement of a mixture of M3 L6 and M4 L8 assemblies formed in the presence of BF4- anions into the same interlocked molecule. Furthermore, the densely packed structure of the M8 L16 catenane was exploited in the preparation of a hexyloxy-functionalized analogue, which further self-assembled into vesicle-like aggregates in a reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced NanomaterialsSchool of Physical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Structural ChemistryHeinrich-Heine University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Straße 644227DortmundGermany
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49
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Bloch WM, Holstein JJ, Dittrich B, Hiller W, Clever GH. Hierarchischer Aufbau eines verflochtenen M8L16-Containers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Witold M. Bloch
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide Australien
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Birger Dittrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf; Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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50
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Tateishi T, Kojima T, Hiraoka S. Multiple Pathways in the Self-Assembly Process of a Pd 4L 8 Coordination Tetrahedron. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2686-2694. [PMID: 29469572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of a Pd418 coordination tetrahedron (Tet) from a ditopic ligand, 1, and palladium(II) ions, [PdPy*4]2+ (Py* = 3-chloropyridine), was investigated by a 1H NMR-based quantitative approach (quantitative analysis of self-assembly process, QASAP), which allows one to monitor the average composition of the intermediates not observed by NMR spectroscopy. The self-assembly of Tet takes place mainly through three pathways and about half of the Tet structures were produced through the reaction of a kinetically produced Pd3L6 double-walled triangle (DWT) and 200-nm-sized large intermediates (IntL). In two of the three pathways, the leaving ligand (Py*), which is not a component of Tet, catalytically assisted the self-assembly. Such a multiplicity of the self-assembly process of Tet suggests that molecular self-assembly takes place on an energy landscape like a protein-folding funnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Tateishi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kojima
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
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