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Cai L, Xu B, Cheng J, Cong F, Riedel S, Wang X. N 2 cleavage by silylene and formation of H 2Si(μ-N) 2SiH 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3848. [PMID: 38719794 PMCID: PMC11078988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fixation and functionalisation of N2 by main-group elements has remained scarce. Herein, we report a fixation and cleavage of the N ≡ N triple bond achieved in a dinitrogen (N2) matrix by the reaction of hydrogen and laser-ablated silicon atoms. The four-membered heterocycle H2Si(μ-N)2SiH2, the H2SiNN(H2) and HNSiNH complexes are characterized by infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum-chemical calculations. The synergistic interaction of the two SiH2 moieties with N2 results in the formation of final product H2Si(μ-N)2SiH2, and theoretical calculations reveal the donation of electron density of Si to π* antibonding orbitals and the removal of electron density from the π bonding orbitals of N2, leading to cleave the non-polar and strong NN triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Cai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Juanjuan Cheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Cong
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Mucha K, Pagacz-Kostrzewa M, Krupa J, Wierzejewska M. Structure and IR spectroscopic properties of complexes of 1,2,4-triazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole with dinitrogen isolated in solid argon. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121901. [PMID: 36182831 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Complexes of 1,2,4-triazole (TR) and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) with N2 were studied computationally employing MP2 and B3LYPD3 methods and experimentally by FTIR matrix isolation technique. The results show that both triazoles interact specifically with dinitrogen in several different ways. For the 1:1 complexes of 1,2,4-triazole five stable minima were located on the potential energy surface. The most stable of them comprises a weak hydrogen bond formed between the NH group of the ring and the lone pair of the nitrogen molecule. The second most stable structure is bound by the N⋯π bond formed between one of the N atoms of the N2 molecule and the triazole ring. Three other complexes are stabilized by the C-H⋯N and N⋯N van der Waals interactions. In the case of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, the two most stable dinitrogen complexes are analogous to those found for the 1,2,4-triazole and involve N-H⋯N and N⋯π bonds. In other structures amino or CH groups act as proton donors to the N2 molecule. The N⋯N van der Waals interactions are also present. The analysis of the infrared spectra of low temperature matrices containing TR or AT and dinitrogen indicates that in both systems mostly 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complexes with the NH group interacting with N2 are present in solid argon.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Pagacz-Kostrzewa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - J Krupa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Wierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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3
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Matrix Isolation FTIR and Theoretical Study of Weakly Bound Complexes of Isocyanic Acid with Nitrogen. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020495. [PMID: 35056808 PMCID: PMC8777744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Weak complexes of isocyanic acid (HNCO) with nitrogen were studied computationally employing MP2, B2PLYPD3 and B3LYPD3 methods and experimentally by FTIR matrix isolation technique. The results show that HNCO interacts specifically with N2. For the 1:1 stoichiometry, three stable minima were located on the potential energy surface. The most stable of them involves a weak, almost linear hydrogen bond from the NH group of the acid molecule to nitrogen molecule lone pair. Two other structures are bound by van der Waals interactions of N⋯N and C⋯N types. The 1:2 and 2:1 HNCO complexes with nitrogen were computationally tracked as well. Similar types of interactions as in the 1:1 complexes were found in the case of the higher stoichiometry complexes. Analysis of the HNCO/N2/Ar spectra after deposition indicates that the 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complex is prevalent in argon matrices with a small amount of the van der Waals structures also present. Upon annealing, complexes of the 1:2 and 2:1 stoichiometry were detected as well.
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Carbenes, related intermediates, and small-sized cycles: contribution from Professor Nefedov’s laboratory. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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6
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7
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Espinosa Ferao A, García Alcaraz A, Zaragoza Noguera S, Streubel R. Terminal Phosphinidene Complex Adducts with Neutral and Anionic O-Donors and Halides and the Search for a Differentiating Bonding Descriptor. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12829-12841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio García Alcaraz
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Zaragoza Noguera
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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8
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Complexes of dichlorosilylene with allyl chloride and allyl bromide: matrix IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical studies. Russ Chem Bull 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-018-2089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australien
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10
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Wentrup C. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis: Techniques and Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14808-14835. [PMID: 28675675 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) had its beginnings in the 1940s and 1950s, mainly through mass spectrometric detection of pyrolytically formed free radicals. In the 1960s many organic chemists started performing FVP experiments with the purpose of isolating new and interesting compounds and understanding pyrolysis processes. Meanwhile, many different types of apparatus and techniques have been developed, and it is the purpose of this review to present the most important methods as well as a survey of typical reactions and observations that can be achieved with the various techniques. This includes preparative FVP, chemical trapping reactions, matrix isolation, and low temperature spectroscopy of reactive intermediates and unstable molecules, the use of online mass, photoelectron, microwave, and millimeterwave spectroscopies, gas-phase laser pyrolysis, pulsed pyrolysis with supersonic jet expansion, very low pressure pyrolysis for kinetic investigations, solution-spray and falling-solid FVP for involatile compounds, and pyrolysis over solid supports and reagents. Moreover, the combination of FVP with matrix isolation and photochemistry is a powerful tool for investigations of reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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11
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Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Coordination of N2
and Other Small Molecules to the Phosphorus Centre of RPW(CO)5
: A Theoretical Study on the Janus Facets of the Stabilization/Activation Problem. Chemistry 2017; 23:8632-8643. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química; Universidad de Murcia; Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhardt-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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12
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Liang Y, Li N. Chain or ring: which one is favorable in nitrogen-rich molecules N6XHm, N8XHm, and N10XHm (X = B, Al, Ga, m = 1 and X = C, Si, Ge, m = 2)? J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:248-59. [PMID: 24328240 DOI: 10.1021/jp4094832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of nitrogen-rich molecules N6XHm, N8XHm, and N10XHm (X = B, Al, Ga, m = 1 and X = C, Si, Ge, m = 2) consisting of N3 and N5 radicals, are systematically investigated by using B3LYP and B3PW91 DFT methods. It is found that for the nitrogen-rich molecules, the structures with N3-chains (N5-ring) are more stable than those containing a N3-ring (N5-chain). This result could be well-explained by the intrinsic stability of the N3 and N5 radicals and their charge distribution in nitrogen-rich molecules. The dissociation energies further indicate that the B-doped and C-doped structures are the most stable among the molecules with three elements of group 13 and 14, respectively. Energy decomposition analysis shows the bond of boron-nitrogen is stronger than that of carbon-nitrogen. Detailed bonding analysis demonstrates that the B-N bond is determined by σ and π interactions between the B and N atoms, whereas C-N bonds by only σ interactions. These results imply that the boron atom is more suitable than the carbon atom for building the nitrogen-rich molecules studied in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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13
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Young NA. Main group coordination chemistry at low temperatures: A review of matrix isolated Group 12 to Group 18 complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Cantillo D, Sheibani H, Kappe CO. Flash flow pyrolysis: mimicking flash vacuum pyrolysis in a high-temperature/high-pressure liquid-phase microreactor environment. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2463-73. [PMID: 22321044 DOI: 10.1021/jo3001645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) is a gas-phase continuous-flow technique where a substrate is sublimed through a hot quartz tube under high vacuum at temperatures of 400-1100 °C. Thermal activation occurs mainly by molecule-wall collisions with contact times in the region of milliseconds. As a preparative method, FVP is used mainly to induce intramolecular high-temperature transformations leading to products that cannot easily be obtained by other methods. It is demonstrated herein that liquid-phase high-temperature/high-pressure (high-T/p) microreactor conditions (160-350 °C, 90-180 bar) employing near- or supercritical fluids as reaction media can mimic the results obtained using preparative gas-phase FVP protocols. The high-T/p liquid-phase "flash flow pyrolysis" (FFP) technique was applied to the thermolysis of Meldrum's acid derivatives, pyrrole-2,3-diones, and pyrrole-2-carboxylic esters, producing the expected target heterocycles in high yields with residence times between 10 s and 10 min. The exact control over flow rate (and thus residence time) using the liquid-phase FFP method allows a tuning of reaction selectivities not easily achievable using FVP. Since the solution-phase FFP method does not require the substrate to be volatile any more--a major limitation in classical FVP--the transformations become readily scalable, allowing higher productivities and space-time yields compared with gas-phase protocols. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and extensive DFT calculations provided essential information on pyrolysis energy barriers and the involved reaction mechanisms. A correlation between computed activation energies and experimental gas-phase FVP (molecule-wall collisions) and liquid-phase FFP (molecule-molecule collisions) pyrolysis temperatures was derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Microwave Chemistry and Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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15
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Mandal SK, Roesky HW. Interstellar molecules: guides for new chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:6016-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Amicangelo JC, Dine CT, Irwin DG, Lee CJ, Romano NC, Saxton NL. Matrix isolation infrared observation of HxSi(N2)y (x = 0, 1, 2 and y = 1, 2) transient species using a 121-nm vacuum ultraviolet photolysis source. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3020-30. [PMID: 18303865 DOI: 10.1021/jp076466m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis (121.6 nm) of silane in a nitrogen matrix at 12 K leads to the observation of several transient species, which have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Four transient species containing silicon and nitrogen have been observed (SiN2, Si(N2)2, HSiN2, and H2SiN2), and one transient species containing only silicon and hydrogen has been observed. The assignment of the infrared bands due to each of these species is accomplished by performing isotopic substitution experiments (SiD4, 15N2, and mixtures with SiH4 and 14N2), matrix annealing experiments, UV-visible photolysis experiments, by comparison with previous experimental matrix isolation frequencies, where available, and for HSiN2 and H2SiN2 by comparison to B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ-calculated vibrational frequencies. The observation and infrared assignment of the HSiN2 and H2SiN2 molecules in these experiments is significant in that HSiN2 has not been previously reported in the matrix isolation literature, and H2SiN2 has only been reported once previously by a different route of formation. The energetics of the overall formation pathways for the molecules observed in these experiments is discussed using B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Amicangelo
- School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, 4205 College Drive, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563-0203, USA.
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