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Abstract
This Review is devoted to the chemistry of macrocyclic peptides having heterocyclic fragments in their structure. These motifs are present in many natural products and synthetic macrocycles designed against a particular biochemical target. Thiazole and oxazole are particularly common constituents of naturally occurring macrocyclic peptide molecules. This frequency of occurrence is because the thiazole and oxazole rings originate from cysteine, serine, and threonine residues. Whereas other heteroaryl groups are found less frequently, they offer many insightful lessons that range from conformational control to receptor/ligand interactions. Many options to develop new and improved technologies to prepare natural products have appeared in recent years, and the synthetic community has been pursuing synthetic macrocycles that have no precedent in nature. This Review attempts to summarize progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Smolyar
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry , Moscow State University , Leninskije Gory , 199991 Moscow , Russia
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2
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Butler E, Florentino L, Cornut D, Gomez-Campillos G, Liu H, Regan AC, Thomas EJ. Synthesis of macrocyclic precursors of the vioprolides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6935-6960. [PMID: 30226509 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01756e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vioprolides are novel depsipeptides that have not been synthesized. However, they have been identified as important targets for synthesis because of their novel biological activities and challenging chemical structures. Following early work on the synthesis of a modified tetrapeptide that contained both the (E)-dehydrobutyrine and thiazoline components of vioprolide D, problems were encountered in taking an (E)-dehydrobutyrine containing intermediate further into the synthesis. A second approach to vioprolides and analogues was therefore investigated in which (E)- and (Z)-dehydrobutyrines were to be introduced by selenoxide elimination very late in the synthesis. A convergent approach to advanced macrocyclic precursors of the vioprolides was then completed using a modified hexapeptide and a dipeptidyl glycerate. In this work, it was necessary to protect the 2-hydroxyl group of the glycerate as its acetate and not as its 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonate. Preliminary studies were carried out on the introduction of the required dehydrobutyrine and thiazoline components into advanced intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eibhlin Butler
- The School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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3
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Akasapu S, Hinds AB, Powell WC, Walczak MA. Total synthesis of micrococcin P1 and thiocillin I enabled by Mo(vi) catalyst. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1971-1975. [PMID: 30881626 PMCID: PMC6383332 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopeptides are a class of potent antibiotics with promising therapeutic potential. We developed a novel Mo(vi)-oxide/picolinic acid catalyst for the cyclodehydration of cysteine peptides to form thiazoline heterocycles. With this powerful tool in hand, we completed the total syntheses of two representative thiopeptide antibiotics: micrococcin P1 and thiocillin I. These two concise syntheses (15 steps, longest linear sequence) feature a C-H activation strategy to install the trisubstituted pyridine core and thiazole groups. The synthetic material displays promising antimicrobial properties measured against a series of Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Akasapu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
| | - Aaron B Hinds
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
| | - Wyatt C Powell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
| | - Maciej A Walczak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO 80309 , USA .
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Liu Y, He P, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Du Y. One-Pot Enantiomeric Synthesis of Thiazole-Containing Amino Acids: Total Synthesis of Venturamides A and B. J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zheng Q, Fang H, Liu W. Post-translational modifications involved in the biosynthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:3376-3390. [PMID: 28358161 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00466d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiopeptide antibiotics are a class of typical ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with complex chemical structures that are difficult to construct via chemical synthesis. To date, more than 100 thiopeptides have been discovered, and most of these compounds exhibit remarkable biological activities, such as antibacterial, antitumor and immunosuppressive activities. Therefore, studies of the biosynthesis of thiopeptides can contribute to the development of new drug leads and facilitate the understanding of the complex post-translational modifications (PTMs) of peptides and/or proteins. Since the biosynthetic gene clusters of thiopeptides were first discovered in 2009, several research studies regarding the biochemistry and enzymology of thiopeptide biosyntheses have been reported, indicating that their characteristic framework is constructed via a cascade of common PTMs and that additional specific PTMs diversify the molecules. In this review, we primarily summarize recent advances in understanding the biosynthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics and propose some potential applications based on our insights into the biosynthetic logic and machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Wojtas KP, Riedrich M, Lu JY, Winter P, Winkler T, Walter S, Arndt HD. Totalsynthese von Nosiheptid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Philip Wojtas
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Matthias Riedrich
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Jin-Yong Lu
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Philipp Winter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Sophia Walter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
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Wojtas KP, Riedrich M, Lu JY, Winter P, Winkler T, Walter S, Arndt HD. Total Synthesis of Nosiheptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9772-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Philip Wojtas
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Riedrich
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Jin-Yong Lu
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Philipp Winter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sophia Walter
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
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8
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Thiopeptide antibiotics: retrospective and recent advances. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:317-51. [PMID: 24445304 PMCID: PMC3917276 DOI: 10.3390/md12010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiopeptides, or thiazolyl peptides, are a relatively new family of antibiotics that already counts with more than one hundred different entities. Although they are mainly isolated from soil bacteria, during the last decade, new members have been isolated from marine samples. Far from being limited to their innate antibacterial activity, thiopeptides have been found to possess a wide range of biological properties, including anticancer, antiplasmodial, immunosuppressive, etc. In spite of their ribosomal origin, these highly posttranslationally processed peptides have posed a fascinating synthetic challenge, prompting the development of various methodologies and strategies. Regardless of their limited solubility, intensive investigations are bringing thiopeptide derivatives closer to the clinic, where they are likely to show their veritable therapeutic potential.
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Cui B, Ren J, Wang Z. TfOH-Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropane 1,1-Diesters with Nitriles. J Org Chem 2013; 79:790-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cui
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94
Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94
Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Synergetic Innovation Center
of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, 94
Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Gross S, Nguyen F, Bierschenk M, Sohmen D, Menzel T, Antes I, Wilson DN, Bach T. Amythiamicin D and related thiopeptides as inhibitors of the bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu: modification of the amino acid at carbon atom C2 of ring C dramatically influences activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1954-62. [PMID: 24106106 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three analogues of amythiamicin D, which differ in the substitution pattern at the methine group adjacent to C2 of the thiazole ring C, were prepared by de novo total synthesis. In amythiamicin D, this carbon atom is (S)-isopropyl substituted. Two of the new analogues carry a hydroxymethyl in place of the isopropyl group, one at an S- (compound 3 a) and the other at an R-configured stereogenic center (3 b). The third analogue, 3 c, contains a benzyloxymethyl group at an S-configured stereogenic center. Compounds 3 b and 3 c showed no inhibitory effect toward various bacterial strains, nor did they influence the translation of firefly luciferase. In stark contrast, compound 3 a inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (strains NCTC and Mu50) and Listeria monocytogenes EGD. In the firefly luciferase assay it proved more potent than amythiamicin D, and rescue experiments provided evidence that translation inhibition is due to binding to the bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). The results were rationalized by structural investigations and by molecular dynamics simulations of the free compounds in solution and bound to the EF-Tu binding site. The low affinity of compound 3 b was attributed to the absence of a critical hydrogen bond, which stabilizes the conformation required for binding to EF-Tu. Compound 3 c was shown not to comply with the binding properties of the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gross
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)
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Han MY, Wang HZ, An WK, Jia JY, Ma BC, Zhang Y, Wang W. A concise synthesis of L-pyrrolysine. Chemistry 2013; 19:8078-81. [PMID: 23649505 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis: A concise synthesis of L-pyrrolysine has been accomplished in six steps from simple starting materials. The facile synthetic strategy relies on an organocatalytic Michael addition, an efficient amide coupling, and a challenging method for the imine-bond construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
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Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Qiu S, Li G, Lu S, Huang B, Feng Z, Li C. Chiral sulfur compounds studied by Raman optical activity: tert-butanesulfinamide and its precursor tert-butyl tert-butanethiosulfinate. Chirality 2012; 24:731-40. [PMID: 22553109 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two chiral sulfur compounds, tert-butyl tert-butanethiosulfinate (1) and tert-butanesulfinamide (2), with inversion of configuration, have been studied by Raman optical activity (ROA) and electronic circular dichroism combined with density functional theory calculation. With the S-S linkage in 1, the couplings between the two tertiary carbon atoms often generate large ROA signals, whereas the tertiary carbon atom itself generally makes a large contribution to ROA signals in 2 for similar vibrational modes. The conformational dependence of ROA parameters provides probing conformation around the S-S bond from a new perspective. The simultaneous use of electronic circular dichroism and ROA is warranted to extract reliable conformational information. ROA provides a suitable candidate for the stereochemical study of chiral sulfur compounds, especially its capability of sensing the conformation around the S-S bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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Sridharan V, Suryavanshi PA, Menéndez JC. Advances in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7157-259. [PMID: 21830756 DOI: 10.1021/cr100307m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Robak MT, Herbage MA, Ellman JA. Synthesis and applications of tert-butanesulfinamide. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3600-740. [PMID: 20420386 DOI: 10.1021/cr900382t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 906] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- MaryAnn T Robak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Edmonds DJ, Estrada AA. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:660-719. [PMID: 19130444 PMCID: PMC2730216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the world-shaping discovery of penicillin, nature's molecular diversity has been extensively screened for new medications and lead compounds in drug discovery. The search for agents intended to combat infectious diseases has been of particular interest and has enjoyed a high degree of success. Indeed, the history of antibiotics is marked with impressive discoveries and drug-development stories, the overwhelming majority of which have their origin in natural products. Chemistry, and in particular chemical synthesis, has played a major role in bringing naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives to the clinic, and no doubt these disciplines will continue to be key enabling technologies. In this review article, we highlight a number of recent discoveries and advances in the chemistry, biology, and medicine of naturally occurring antibiotics, with particular emphasis on total synthesis, analogue design, and biological evaluation of molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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