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Rodgers LVH, Nguyen ST, Cox JH, Zervas K, Yuan Z, Sangtawesin S, Stacey A, Jaye C, Weiland C, Pershin A, Gali A, Thomsen L, Meynell SA, Hughes LB, Jayich ACB, Gui X, Cava RJ, Knowles RR, de Leon NP. Diamond surface functionalization via visible light-driven C-H activation for nanoscale quantum sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316032121. [PMID: 38451945 PMCID: PMC10945787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316032121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for nanoscale NMR sensing. Despite significant progress toward using NV centers to detect and localize nuclear spins down to the single spin level, NV-based spectroscopy of individual, intact, arbitrary target molecules remains elusive. Such sensing requires that target molecules are immobilized within nanometers of NV centers with long spin coherence. The inert nature of diamond typically requires harsh functionalization techniques such as thermal annealing or plasma processing, limiting the scope of functional groups that can be attached to the surface. Solution-phase chemical methods can be readily generalized to install diverse functional groups, but they have not been widely explored for single-crystal diamond surfaces. Moreover, realizing shallow NV centers with long spin coherence times requires highly ordered single-crystal surfaces, and solution-phase functionalization has not yet been shown with such demanding conditions. In this work, we report a versatile strategy to directly functionalize C-H bonds on single-crystal diamond surfaces under ambient conditions using visible light, forming C-F, C-Cl, C-S, and C-N bonds at the surface. This method is compatible with NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with spin coherence times comparable to the state of the art. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we use shallow ensembles of NV centers to detect nuclear spins from surface-bound functional groups. Our approach to surface functionalization opens the door to deploying NV centers as a tool for chemical sensing and single-molecule spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila V. H. Rodgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Kalliope Zervas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Zhiyang Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- School of Physics, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima30000, Thailand
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Cherno Jaye
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Conan Weiland
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Anton Pershin
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- MTA-WFK Lendület “Momentum” Semiconductor Nanostructures Research Group, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
| | - Adam Gali
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- MTA-WFK Lendület “Momentum” Semiconductor Nanostructures Research Group, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, BudapestH-1111, Hungary
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Clayton, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Simon A. Meynell
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - Lillian B. Hughes
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | | | - Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Robert J. Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | | | - Nathalie P. de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
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Recent update on the role of N-methyl glycine as a building block for the construction of N-heterocyclic frameworks. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Production, surface modification and biomedical applications of nanodiamonds: A sparkling tool for theranostics. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:913-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ortiz M, Debela AM, Méthivier C, Thorimbert S, Hasenknopf B, O'Sullivan CK. Stable Carboxylate-Terminated Gold Surfaces Produced by Spontaneous Grafting of an Alkyltin Compound. Chemistry 2018; 24:11177-11184. [PMID: 29782690 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers formed by chemisorption of thiolated molecules on gold surfaces are widely applied for biosensing. Moreover, and due to the low stability of thiol-gold chemistry, contributions to the functionalisation of gold substrates with linkers that provide a more stable platform for the immobilisation of electroactive or biological molecules are highly appreciated. Herein, it is demonstrated that a carboxylated organotin compound can be successfully grafted onto gold substrates to form a highly stable organic layer with reactivity for subsequent binding to an aminated molecule. A battery of techniques were used to characterise the surface chemistry. The grafted layer was used to anchor aminoferrocene and subjected to both thermostability tests and long-term stability studies over a period of one year, demonstrating thermostability up to 90 °C and storage stability for at least 12 months at 4 °C protected from light. The stable surface tethering of molecules on gold substrates can be exploited in a plethora of applications, including molecular techniques, such as solid-phase amplification and solid-phase melting curve analysis, that require elevated temperature stability, as well as biosensors, which require long-term storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayreli Ortiz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ahmed M Debela
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Méthivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface LRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Serge Thorimbert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bernold Hasenknopf
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Raymakers J, Krysova H, Artemenko A, Čermák J, Nicley SS, Verstappen P, Gielen S, Kromka A, Haenen K, Kavan L, Maes W, Rezek B. Functionalization of boron-doped diamond with a push–pull chromophore via Sonogashira and CuAAC chemistry. RSC Adv 2018; 8:33276-33290. [PMID: 35548149 PMCID: PMC9086440 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07545j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalization of boron-doped diamond with a push–pull chromophore via Sonogashira cross-coupling affords better photovoltaic performances as compared to functionalization via CuAAC.
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Whitlow J, Pacelli S, Paul A. Multifunctional nanodiamonds in regenerative medicine: Recent advances and future directions. J Control Release 2017; 261:62-86. [PMID: 28596105 PMCID: PMC5560434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in the field of nanomedicine, many new strategies have emerged for diagnosing and treating diseases. At the forefront of this multidisciplinary research, carbon nanomaterials have demonstrated unprecedented potential for a variety of regenerative medicine applications including novel drug delivery platforms that facilitate the localized and sustained release of therapeutics. Nanodiamonds (NDs) are a unique class of carbon nanoparticles that are gaining increasing attention for their biocompatibility, highly functional surfaces, optical properties, and robust physical properties. Their remarkable features have established NDs as an invaluable regenerative medicine platform, with a broad range of clinically relevant applications ranging from targeted delivery systems for insoluble drugs, bioactive substrates for stem cells, and fluorescent probes for long-term tracking of cells and biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. This review introduces the synthesis techniques and the various routes of surface functionalization that allow for precise control over the properties of NDs. It also provides an in-depth overview of the current progress made toward the use of NDs in the fields of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and bioimaging. Their future outlook in regenerative medicine including the current clinical significance of NDs, as well as the challenges that must be overcome to successfully translate the reviewed technologies from research platforms to clinical therapies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Whitlow
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Settimio Pacelli
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Arghya Paul
- BioIntel Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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Blin C, Han Z, Girard HA, Bergonzo P, Boucaud P, El Kurdi M, Saada S, Sauvage S, Checoury X. Surface-sensitive diamond photonic crystals for high-performance gas detection. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4360-4363. [PMID: 27628397 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamond slotted photonic crystal (PhC) cavities were fabricated and used for gas detection. They exhibit wavelength sensitivity reaching a 350 nm per unit change of the refractive index of the gaseous environment of the PhC. With a simple oxidized surface termination, diamond PhCs display an ultrahigh sensitivity to the surface adsorption of polar molecules. Gaseous concentrations as low as 80 parts per million (ppm) of hexanol vapor in nitrogen are probed, and a detection limit in the ppm range is inferred, demonstrating a high interest of such devices for trace sensing.
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Ansari SA, Satar R, Jafri MA, Rasool M, Ahmad W, Kashif Zaidi S. Role of Nanodiamonds in Drug Delivery and Stem Cell Therapy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 14:130-141. [PMID: 28959329 PMCID: PMC5492243 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The use of nanotechnology in medicine and more specifically drug delivery is set to spread rapidly. Currently many substances are under investigation for drug delivery and more specifically for cancer therapy. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Nanodiamonds (NDs) have contributed significantly in the development of highly efficient and successful drug delivery systems, and in stem cell therapy. Drug delivery through NDs is an intricate and complex process that deserves special attention to unravel underlying molecular mechanisms in order to overcome certain bottlenecks associated with it. It has already been established that NDs based drug delivery systems have excellent biocompatibility, nontoxicity, photostability and facile surface functionalization properties. RESULTS There is mounting evidence that suggests that such conjugated delivery systems well retain the properties of nanoparticles like small size, large surface area to volume ratio that provide greater biocatalytic activity to the attached drug in terms of selectivity, loading and stability. CONCLUSIONS NDs based drug delivery systems may form the basis for the development of effective novel drug delivery vehicles with salient features that may facilitate their utility in fluorescence imaging, target specificity and sustainedrelease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmed Ansari
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rukhsana Satar
- Department of Biochemistry, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah-21418, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alam Jafri
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem Ahmad
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Kashif Zaidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Wu Z, Wang D, Yang P. A Facile Bifunctional Strategy for Fabrication of Bioactive or Bioinert Functionalized Organic Surfaces via Amides-Initiated Photochemical Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie501058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloids Chemistry, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xìan, 710119 China
| | - Dehui Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloids Chemistry, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xìan, 710119 China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key
Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloids Chemistry, Ministry of
Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xìan, 710119 China
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11
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Debela AM, Ortiz M, Beni V, O'Sullivan CK. Facile electrochemical hydrogenation and chlorination of glassy carbon to produce highly reactive and uniform surfaces for stable anchoring of thiolated molecules. Chemistry 2014; 20:7646-54. [PMID: 24829137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is a highly adaptable family of materials and is one of the most chemically stable materials known, providing a remarkable platform for the development of tunable molecular interfaces. Herein, we report a two-step process for the electrochemical hydrogenation of glassy carbon followed by either chemical or electrochemical chlorination to provide a highly reactive surface for further functionalization. The carbon surface at each stage of the process is characterized by AFM, SEM, Raman, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electroanalytical techniques. Electrochemical chlorination of hydrogen-terminated surfaces is achieved in just 5 min at room temperature with hydrochloric acid, and chemical chlorination is performed with phosphorus pentachloride at 50 °C over a three-hour period. A more controlled and uniform surface is obtained using the electrochemical approach, as chemical chlorination is observed to damage the glassy carbon surface. A ferrocene-labeled alkylthiol is used as a model system to demonstrate the genericity and potential application of the highly reactive chlorinated surface formed, and the methodology is optimized. This process is then applied to thiolated DNA, and the functionality of the immobilized DNA probe is demonstrated. XPS reveals the covalent bond formed to be a C-S bond. The thermal stability of the thiolated molecules anchored on the glassy carbon is evaluated, and is found to be far superior to that on gold surfaces. This is the first report on the electrochemical hydrogenation and electrochemical chlorination of a glassy carbon surface, and this facile process can be applied to the highly stable functionalization of carbon surfaces with a plethora of diverse molecules, finding widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Debela
- Departament d'Enginyería Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona (Spain), Fax: (+34) 977559667/0034977559721
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12
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Yang N, Gao F, Nebel CE. Diamond Decorated with Copper Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5764-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400377y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nianjun Yang
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), Tullastrasse 72,
79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fang Gao
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), Tullastrasse 72,
79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph E. Nebel
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Solid State Physics (IAF), Tullastrasse 72,
79108 Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Yang P, Yang W. Surface Chemoselective Phototransformation of C–H Bonds on Organic Polymeric Materials and Related High-Tech Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5547-94. [PMID: 23614481 DOI: 10.1021/cr300246p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory
of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of
Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing
100029, China
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Amiaud L, Martin I, Milosavljević AR, Michaelson S, Hoffman A, Azria R, Lafosse A. Low-energy electron scattering on deuterated nanocrystalline diamond films—a model system for understanding the interplay between density-of-states, excitation mechanisms and surface versus lattice contributions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11495-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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John P, Stoikou MD. Hydrogen plasma interaction with (100) diamond surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11503-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20099b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Arnault JC, Petit T, Girard H, Chavanne A, Gesset C, Sennour M, Chaigneau M. Surface chemical modifications and surface reactivity of nanodiamonds hydrogenated by CVD plasma. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11481-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20109c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Girard HA, Petit T, Perruchas S, Gacoin T, Gesset C, Arnault JC, Bergonzo P. Surface properties of hydrogenated nanodiamonds: a chemical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:11517-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20424f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Enhanced ammonia oxidation on BDD induced by inhibition of oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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