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Gao F, Yang X, Song W. Bioinspired Supramolecular Hydrogel from Design to Applications. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300753. [PMID: 37599261 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nature offers a wealth of opportunities to solve scientific and technological issues based on its unique structures and function. The dynamic non-covalent interaction is considered to be the main base of living functions of creatures including humans, animals, and plants. Supramolecular hydrogels formed by non-covalent bonding interactions has become a unique platform for constructing promising materials for medicine, energy, electronic, and biological substitute. In this review, the self-assemble principle of supramolecular hydrogels is summarized. Next, the stimulation of external environment that triggers the assembly or disassembly of supramolecular hydrogels are recapitulated, including temperature, mechanics, light, pH, ions, etc. The main applications of bioinspired supramolecular hydrogels in terms of bionic objects including humans, animals, and plants are also described. Although so many efforts are done for revealing the synergized mechanism of the function and non-covalent interactions on the supramolecular hydrogel, the complexity and variability between stimulus and non-covalent bonding in the supramolecular system still require impeccable theories. As an outlook, the bioinspired supramolecular hydrogel is just beginning to exhibit its great potential in human life, offering significant opportunities in drug delivery and screening, implantable devices and substitutions, tissue engineering, micro-fluidic devices, and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xuhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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2
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Luminescence of lanthanide complexes: From fundamental to prospective approaches related to water- and molecular-stimuli. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Kimura S, Haraya N, Komiyama T, Yokoya M, Yamanaka M. Formation of pH-Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels in Basic Buffers: Self-assembly of Amphiphilic Tris-Urea. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:1131-1135. [PMID: 34719596 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An amphiphilic tris-urea compound (1) containing hydrophilic resorcinol units was designed and synthesized. Compound 1 formed supramolecular hydrogels in basic buffers, such as glycine-NaOH, phosphate-NaOH, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-NaOH, and borate-NaOH. The optimum pH range of the buffer solution for gelation was 10-11 and insoluble suspensions or solutions were formed when the pH was outside this range. When the borate-NaOH buffer was used, supramolecular hydrogels were formed over a wide pH range (7.5-11.0). The thermal stabilities and viscoelastic properties of the supramolecular hydrogels were determined from the gel-to-sol phase transition temperatures and rheological properties, respectively. The supramolecular hydrogel formed from compound 1 and the borate-NaOH buffer exhibited a pH-responsive reversible gel-to-sol phase transition property. Gel-to-sol phase transition could be achieved by adding NaOH and regelation of the sol was realized by adding an appropriate amount of boric acid. Increasing the amount of the acid resulted in a gel-to-sol phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nana Haraya
- Department of Chemistry, Shizuoka University
| | - Tomoki Komiyama
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University.,Department of Chemistry, Shizuoka University
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4
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Liu J, Schotman MJG, Hendrix MMRM, Lou X, Marín San Román PP, Voets IK, Sijbesma RP. Effects of structural variation on the self‐assembly of bis‐urea based bolaamphiphiles. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Maaike J. G. Schotman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Marco M. R. M. Hendrix
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Xianwen Lou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P. Marín San Román
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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Kimura S, Yokoya M, Yamanaka M. Biological-stimuli-responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels toward Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Applications. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kimura
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Masashi Yokoya
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamanaka
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Yokoya M, Kimura S, Yamanaka M. Urea Derivatives as Functional Molecules: Supramolecular Capsules, Supramolecular Polymers, Supramolecular Gels, Artificial Hosts, and Catalysts. Chemistry 2021; 27:5601-5614. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Yokoya
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University (MPU) 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose 204-8588 Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University (MPU) 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose 204-8588 Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamanaka
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University (MPU) 2-522-1 Noshio Kiyose 204-8588 Japan
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7
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Li D, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Dong S, Li T, Stang PJ. Thermo/Anion Dual-Responsive Supramolecular Organoplatinum–Crown Ether Complex. Org Lett 2020; 22:4289-4293. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wanxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Stang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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9
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Zama Y, Yanai K, Takeshita J, Ishii A, Yamanaka M, Hasegawa M. Gelation and luminescence of lanthanide hydrogels formed with deuterium oxide. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1949-1955. [PMID: 35516109 PMCID: PMC9059775 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08504h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel formations and efficient lanthanide luminescence appeared in deuterium oxide (D2O) medium instead of light water (H2O), and their solvation possibilities by using luminescence lifetimes were discussed. The lanthanide ions in the hydrogel of 1 obtained by H2O (abbreviated as H2O-Ln1; Ln = Eu, Tb, and Gd) in our previous report act as the coupling part between neighbor molecules for the bundle structure. Here, D2O also acts as a medium to form the lanthanide-hydrogel of 1, and increases intensities of luminescence for Tb, because a soft crystalline state reducing resonance thermal relaxation is realized. The gel-formation and luminescence band positions of Ln1 in D2O corresponded to those in H2O. From the observation of luminescence lifetimes in H2O and D2O, the number of coordinating water molecules on Eu and Tb were estimated to be around 3 or 4 for both. The luminescence intensity of Eu1 did not increase even in D2O, due to a blue shift of the excited triplet state of 1, as compared to that in H2O. Luminescent lanthanide hydrogels using the low-molecular weight gelator 1 in D2O were developed and evaluated quantitatively.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Zama
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
| | - Kazushige Yanai
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
| | - Juri Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
| | - Ayumi Ishii
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
- JST
| | - Masamichi Yamanaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka 422-8529
- Japan
| | - Miki Hasegawa
- College of Science and Engineering
- Aoyama Gakuin University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
- Mirai Molecular Material Design Institute
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10
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Sawada H, Yamanaka M. Synthesis of a Bis-Urea Dimer and Its Effects on the Physical Properties of an Amphiphilic Tris-Urea Supramolecular Hydrogel. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:929-933. [PMID: 29512335 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The successful development of stiff supramolecular gels is an important goal toward their practical application. One approach to stiffen supramolecular gels is to introduce covalent cross-links. The bis-urea dimer 2, having a structure similar to that of the low-molecular-weight gelator 1, was synthesized. Supramolecular hydrogels were formed from mixtures of 1 and 2 in appropriate ratios, with 2 acting as a covalent cross-linker to connect the fibrous aggregates formed by the self-assembly of 1. The introduction of these covalent cross-links greatly influenced the dynamic viscoelasticity of the supramolecular hydrogels. In the supramolecular hydrogel of 1 mixed with 5 % 2, the storage modulus was 1.35 times higher than that of the supramolecular hydrogel of 1 alone, and the crossover strain was extended from 5 % to over 20 %. The supramolecular hydrogel of 1 and 2 was free-standing and supported 13 times its own weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sawada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
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Takeshita J, Hasegawa Y, Yanai K, Yamamoto A, Ishii A, Hasegawa M, Yamanaka M. Organic Dye Adsorption by Amphiphilic Tris-Urea Supramolecular Hydrogel. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2029-2032. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juri Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Yuki Hasegawa
- College of Science and Engineering; Aoyama Gakuin University; 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
| | - Kazushige Yanai
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Ayumu Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
| | - Ayumi Ishii
- College of Science and Engineering; Aoyama Gakuin University; 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
| | - Miki Hasegawa
- College of Science and Engineering; Aoyama Gakuin University; 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-5258 Japan
| | - Masamichi Yamanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
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12
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Yamanaka M. Synthesis and Gelation Ability of <i>C</i><sub>3</sub>-Symmetric Tris-Ureas. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Wu Z, Pan K, Lü B, Ma L, Yang W, Yin M. Tunable Morphology of Spiropyran Assemblies: From Nanospheres to Nanorods. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3102-3106. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Kai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Baozhong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Le Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Meizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering; Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers of Ministry of Education; Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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14
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Zhang M, Weiss RG. Mechano-Responsive, Thermo-Reversible, Luminescent Organogels Derived from a Long-Chained, Naturally Occurring Fatty Acid. Chemistry 2016; 22:8262-72. [PMID: 27135932 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The gelating ability of an α-diketo derivative of oleic acid, 9,10-dioxooctadecanoic acid (DODA), is investigated. DODA can gelate aromatic liquids and many other organic liquids. By contrast, none of the liquids examined can be gelated by the methyl ester of DODA. DODA is a more efficient gelator than stearic acid and the monoketo derivative due to its more extensive intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. Formation of organogels of DODA can be induced by both thermal and mechanical stimuli, during which the luminescent and mechanical properties can be modulated significantly. The emission from DODA in 1-octanol exhibits a large, reversible, hypsochromic shift (≈25 nm) between its thermally cycled gel and sol states. The emission changes have been exploited to probe the kinetics of the aggregation and deaggregation processes. DODA is the simplest gelator of which we are aware that exhibits a reversible shift in the emission. Although the self-assembled fibrillar networks of the DODA gels in 1-octanol, benzonitrile, or silicone oil are crystalline, isothermal mechanical cycling between the gel and the sol states is rapid and can be repeated several times (i.e., they are thixotropic). The single-crystal structure of DODA indicates that extended intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions are crucial to the thermal and mechanical formation of DODA gels and the consequential changes in emissive and mechanical properties. From analyses of structural information, gelator packing, and morphology differences, we hypothesize that the mechanical destruction and reformation of the gel networks involves interconversion between the 3D networks and 1D fiber bundles. The thermal processes allow the fibrillar 3D networks and their 0D components (i.e., isolated molecules or small aggregates of DODA) to be interconverted. These results describe a facile approach to the design of mechano-responsive, thermo-reversible gels with control over their emission wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 & O Streets, NW, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA
| | - Richard G Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 & O Streets, NW, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA. .,Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37 & O Streets, NW, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA.
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Yamanaka M. Development ofC3-Symmetric Tris-Urea Low-Molecular-Weight Gelators. CHEM REC 2016; 16:768-82. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yamanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Shizuoka University; 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8529 Japan
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16
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Bag K, Sukul PK, Chandra Santra D, Roy A, Malik S. Proton induced aggregation of water soluble isophthalic acid appended arylene diimides: justification with perylene derivative. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the self-assembly behaviour of five water soluble arylene diimides based on benzene, naphthalene and perylene moieties, by utilizing the essentiality of two major reversible supramolecular interactions, π-stacking and hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Bag
- Polymer Science Unit
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Pradip Kumar Sukul
- Polymer Science Unit
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Dines Chandra Santra
- Polymer Science Unit
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Arkapal Roy
- Polymer Science Unit
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Sudip Malik
- Polymer Science Unit
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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Yuan D, Du X, Shi J, Zhou N, Baoum AA, Al Footy KO, Badahdah KO, Xu B. Synthesis and evaluation of the biostability and cell compatibility of novel conjugates of nucleobase, peptidic epitope, and saccharide. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1352-9. [PMID: 26425189 PMCID: PMC4578436 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports the synthesis of a new class of conjugates containing a nucleobase, a peptidic epitope, and a saccharide and the evalution of their gelation, biostability, and cell compatibility. We demonstrate a facile synthetic process, based on solid-phase peptide synthesis of nucleopeptides, to connect a saccharide with the nucleopeptides for producing the target conjugates. All the conjugates themselves (1-8) display excellent solubility in water without forming hydrogels. However, a mixture of 5 and 8 self-assembles to form nanofibers and results in a supramolecular hydrogel. The proteolytic stabilities of the conjugates depend on the functional peptidic epitopes. We found that TTPV is proteolytic resistant and LGFNI is susceptible to proteolysis. In addition, all the conjugates are compatible to the mammalian cells tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS015, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS015, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS015, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS015, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, MS015, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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