1
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Shao J, Ni J, Chen W, Liu P, Liang Y, Li G, Wen L, Wang F. A Novel Co‐based MOF as an Efficient Multifunctional Fluorescent Chemosensor for the Determination of Fe
3+
and Cr
2
O
7
2−
in Aqueous Phase. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 China
| | - Jianling Ni
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 China
| | - Weimin Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 China
| | - Penglai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 China
| | - Yu Liang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 China
| | - Guangjun Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 China
| | - Lili Wen
- College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan Hubei 430079 China
| | - Fangming Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang Jiangsu 212003 China
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2
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Gomaa H, Shenashen MA, Elbaz A, Kawada S, Seaf El-Nasr TA, Cheira MF, Eid AI, El-Safty SA. Inorganic-organic mesoporous hybrid segregators for selective and sensitive extraction of precious elements from urban mining. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:61-79. [PMID: 34265693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a highly selective extraction protocol for gold (AuIII) ions from electronic urban waste (EUW) using simple, low-cost Inorganic-organic mesoporous hybrid segregators. The unique features of mesoporous hybrid segregator architectures are of particular to ensure effective adsorption system in terms of selective and sensitive recovery of AuIII ions from EUW. The segregator platform featured 3D micrometric, mesocage double-serrated plant-leaf-like γ-Al2O3 sheets with hierarchy surfaces containing tri-modal mesopores interiorly and uniformly arranged toothed edges of ~20-40 and ~15 nm groove width and depth at the exterior surfaces, respectively. Rational incorporation of actively organic chelates into hierarchical γ-Al2O3 sheet platforms leads to the production of a couple of selective segregators 1 and 2 (namely, SC1 and SC2) for AuIII ions at specific conditions by applying batch and fixed-bed columnar techniques. The mesocage SC segregators offer a selective extraction approach of AuIII ions from mixed element contents released from a computer motherboard (CMB). Our finding indicated that the textural and hierarchal features of the mesocage SC segregators played key roles in the selective adsorption/recovery of AuIII ions at pH 2-2.5 with high capacity (136-141 mg/g range) and effective reusability ≫10 consecutive cycles. In general, the developed SCs could be utilized as a real extractor of AuIII recovery from spent CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassanien Gomaa
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 6 0047, Japan; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 6 0047, Japan; Petrochemical Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amro Elbaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Satoshi Kawada
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 6 0047, Japan
| | - Tarek A Seaf El-Nasr
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, 71524 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Cheira
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530 El Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa I Eid
- Advanced Materials Division, Central Metallurgical R&D Institute, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Sherif A El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305- 6 0047, Japan.
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3
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Gomaa H, Shenashen MA, Elbaz A, Yamaguchi H, Abdelmottaleb M, El-Safty SA. Mesoscopic engineering materials for visual detection and selective removal of copper ions from drinking and waste water sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124314. [PMID: 33168312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring and removal of abundant heavy metals such as Cu ions are considerable global concerns because of their severe impact on the health of humans and other living organisms. To meet this global challenge, we engineered a novel mesoscopic capture protocol for the highly selective removal and visual monitoring of copper (Cu2+) ions from wide-ranging water sources. The capture hierarchy carriers featured three-dimensional, microsized MgO mesoarchitecture rectangular sheet-like mosaics that were randomly built in horizontal and vertical directions, uniformly arranged sheet faces, corners, and edges, smoothly quadrilateral surface coverage for strong Cu2+-to-ligand binding exposure, and multidiffusible pathways. The Cu2+ ion-selectively active captor surface design was engineered through the simple incorporation/encapsulation of a synthetic molecular chelation agent into hierarchical mesoporous MgO rectangular sheet platforms to produce a selective, visual mesoscopic captor (VMC). The nanoscale VMC dressing of MgO rectangular mosaic hierarchy by molecularly electron-enriched chelates with actively double core bindings of azo- and sulfonamide- groups and hydrophobic dodecyl tail showed potential to selectively trap and efficiently remove ultratrace Cu2+-ions with an extreme removal capability of ~233 mg/g from watery solutions, such as drinking water, hospital effluent, and food-processing wastewater at specific pH values. In addition to the Cu2+ ion-selective removal, the VMC design enabled the continuous visual monitoring of ultratrace Cu2+ ions (~3.35 × 10-8 M) as a consequence of strong chelate-to-Cu2+ binding events among all accumulated matrices in water sources. Our experimental recycle protocol provided evidence of reusability and recyclability of VMC (≥10 cycles). With our mesoscopic capture protocol, the VMC can be a promising candidate for the selective decontamination/removal and sensitive detection of hazardous inorganic pollutants from different water sources with indoor or outdoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gomaa
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - M A Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - A Elbaz
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - H Yamaguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - M Abdelmottaleb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - S A El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan.
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4
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Narayanan S, Tamizhdurai P, Mangesh VL, Ragupathi C, Santhana Krishnan P, Ramesh A. Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of mordenite zeolite - review. RSC Adv 2020; 11:250-267. [PMID: 35423021 PMCID: PMC8691069 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09434j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many industrially important zeolites, mordenite is found to be interesting because of its unique and exceptional physical and chemical properties. Mordenite (high silica zeolite) is generally prepared by the hydrothermal method using TEA+ cations. TEA+ cations are the best templating agent, though they can create a number of issues, for instance, generating poison and high manufacturing cost, wastewater contamination, and environmental pollution. Hence, it is necessary to find a mordenite synthesis method without using an organic template or low-cost template. In this review, a number of unique sources were used in the preparation of mordenite zeolite, for instance, silica sources (rice husk ash, silica gel, silica fumes), alumina sources (metakaolin, faujasite zeolite) and sources containing both silica and alumina (waste coal fly ash). These synthesis approaches are also based on the absence of a template or low-cost mixed organic templates (for instance, glycerol (GL), ethylene glycol (EG), and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG)) or pyrrolidine-based mesoporogen (N-cetyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium) modifying the mordenite framework which can create unique properties. The framework properties and optical properties (indium-exchanged mordenite zeolite) have been discussed. Mordenite is generally used in alkylation, dewaxing, reforming, hydrocracking, catalysis, separation, and purification reactions because of its large pore size, strong acidity, and high thermal and chemical stability, although the applications are not limited for mordenite zeolite. Recently, several applications such as electrochemical detection, isomerization, carbonylation, hydrodeoxygenation, adsorption, biomass conversion, biological applications (antibacterial activity), photocatalysis, fuel cells and polymerization reactions using mordenite zeolite were explored which have been described in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narayanan
- Sriram College of Arts and Science Perumalpattu, Veppampattu Tiruvallur Tamilnadu 602024 India +91-9566225479
| | - P Tamizhdurai
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai-600036 India +91-9677146579
| | - V L Mangesh
- Department of Marine Engineering, Coimbatore Marine College Coimbatore-641035 India
| | - C Ragupathi
- Sriram College of Arts and Science Perumalpattu, Veppampattu Tiruvallur Tamilnadu 602024 India +91-9566225479
| | - P Santhana Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University Chennai 600025 India
| | - A Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University Chennai 600025 India
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5
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Shen X, Huang P, Li F, Wang X, Yuan T, Sun R. Compressive Alginate Sponge Derived from Seaweed Biomass Resources for Methylene Blue Removal from Wastewater. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E961. [PMID: 31159513 PMCID: PMC6631128 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low cost fabrication of water treatment polymer materials directly from biomass resources is urgently needed in recent days. Herein, a compressive alginate sponge (AS) is prepared from seaweed biomass resources through a green two-step lyophilization method. This material is much different from conventional oven-, air-, vacuum-dried alginate-based adsorbents, which show limitations of shrinkage, rigidness, tight nonporous structure and restricted ions diffusion, hindering its practical applications, and was used to efficiently remove methylene blue (MB), a main colorful contaminant in dye manufacturing, from wastewater. The batch adsorption studies are carried out to determine the impact of pH, contact time and concentration of dye on the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity can be obtained at 1279 mg g-1, and the shape-moldable AS can be facilely utilized as a fixed-bed absorption column, providing an efficient approach for continuous removal of MB within a short time. It is also important that such a compressive AS can be regenerated by a simple squeezing method while retaining about 70% capacity for more than ten cycles, which is convenient to be reused in practical water treatment. Compressive AS demonstrates its merits of high capability, large efficiency and easy to recycle as well as low cost resources, indicating widespread potentials for application in dye contaminant control regarding environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Panli Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiluan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Tongqi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Runcang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center for Lignocellulose Science and Engineering, and Liaoning Key Laboratory Pulp and Paper Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
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6
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Selim MS, Yang H, El-Safty SA, Fatthallah NA, Shenashen MA, Wang FQ, Huang Y. Superhydrophobic coating of silicone/β–MnO2 nanorod composite for marine antifouling. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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7
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Emran MY, Shenashen MA, Morita H, El-Safty SA. One-step selective screening of bioactive molecules in living cells using sulfur-doped microporous carbon. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 109:237-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Azzam AM, Shenashen MA, Selim MM, Alamoudi AS, El-Safty SA. Hexagonal Mg(OH)2Nanosheets as Antibacterial Agent for Treating Contaminated Water Sources. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Azzam
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi; Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
- Environmental Researches Department; Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI); Imbaba, Giza P.O. Box 30 No. 12411 Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi; Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
- Petrochemical Department; Egyptian Petroleum; Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Selim
- Department of Mathematics; Al-Aflaj College of Science and Human Studies; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University; Al-Aflaj 710-11912 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad S. Alamoudi
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI); Al-Jubail 31951 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-shi; Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
- Faculty of Engineering and Advanced and Manufacturing; University of Sunderland; Sunderland, UK
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9
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Elshehy EA, Shenashen MA, Abd El-Magied MO, Tolan DA, El-Nahas AM, Halada K, Atia AA, El-Safty SA. Selective Recovery of Silver(I) Ions from E-Waste using Cubically Multithiolated Cage Mesoporous Monoliths. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. Elshehy
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen 305-0047 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken Japan
- Nuclear Materials Authority; El Maadi, Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen 305-0047 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken Japan
- Petrochemical Department; Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI); Nasr City, Cairo Egypt
| | | | - Dina A. Tolan
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El-Nahas
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
| | - Kohmei Halada
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen 305-0047 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken Japan
| | - Asem A. Atia
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Science; Menoufia University; Menoufia Egypt
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen 305-0047 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken Japan
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10
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Soliman AAE, Shenashen MA, El-Sewify IM, Taha GM, El-Taher MA, Yamaguchi H, Alamoudi AS, Selim MM, El-Safty SA. Mesoporous Organic-Inorganic Core-Shell Necklace Cages for Potentially Capturing Cd2+
Ions from Water Sources. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Aty E. Soliman
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
- Environ. Applications of Nanomaterials Lab.; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; Aswan 81528 Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Islam M. El-Sewify
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Gharib M. Taha
- Environ. Applications of Nanomaterials Lab.; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; Aswan 81528 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud. A. El-Taher
- Environ. Applications of Nanomaterials Lab.; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Aswan University; Aswan 81528 Egypt
| | - Hitoshi Yamaguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Ahmad S. Alamoudi
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI); Al-Jubail 31951 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. Selim
- Department of Mathematics; Al-Aflaj College of Science and Human Studies; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University; Al-Aflaj 710-11912 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-2-1 Sengen; Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
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11
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Shenashen MA, Akhtar N, Selim MM, Morsy WM, Yamaguchi H, Kawada S, Alhamid AA, Ohashi N, Ichinose I, Alamoudi AS, El-Safty SA. Effective, Low-Cost Recovery of Toxic Arsenate Anions from Water by Using Hollow-Sphere Geode Traps. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1952-1964. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Shenashen
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Naeem Akhtar
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Mahmoud M. Selim
- Department of Mathematics; Al-Aflaj College of Science and Human Studies; Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University; Al-Aflaj 710-11912 Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa M. Morsy
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawada
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alhamid
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University; P. O. Box 173 Al-Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Civil engineering department; College of Engineering; King Saud University; P.O. Box 800 Riyadh 11421 Saudi Arabia
| | - Naoki Ohashi
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science; 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Izumi Ichinose
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science; 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Ahmad S. Alamoudi
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI); Al-Jubail 31951 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif A. El-Safty
- Research Center for Functional Materials; National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0047 Japan
- Graduate School for Science and Engineering; Waseda University; 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 169-8555 Japan
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. Elshehy
- Department of Reactor Materials, Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA), Cairo, Egypt
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