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Shanu M, Acharyya JN, Sankar M, Vijaya Prakash G. Enhanced Femtosecond Nonlinearities and Multiphoton Absorptions in Discrete Bands of Porphyrins. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12895-12904. [PMID: 37523680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical nonlinearities of discrete absorption energy levels of one of the typical heterocyclic aromatic molecules, free-base porphyrins, have been probed over a broad spectral region (400-1600 nm) utilizing intense femtosecond pulses. A wide range of strong one- and multiphoton-induced nonlinear absorptions of both the blue-end Soret (B) band (au → b1g) and red-end orbital mixing split quasi-allowed Q-bands (Qx(0,0; 0,1), Qy(0,0; 0,1), au → eg) are critically probed and reported. During the resonant excitation within B- (400 nm) and Q-bands (600-750 nm), the nonlinear absorption has become predominant by the saturation of absorption (SA) of the one-photon absorption (1PA) process due to ground-state bleaching. At nonresonant wavelengths, it is dominated by the reverse saturation of absorption (RSA), involving various nonlinear processes of two-, three-, and four-photon (2PA, 3PA, and 4PA) absorptions, either to B- or Q-bands (1100-1600 nm). The laser intensity-dependent nonresonant (2PA, 800 nm) excitations for the prominent B-band show a distinct cross-over from SA to RSA, contributed by the excited-state absorption (ESA) utilizing a three-photon induced (3PA) process, whereas resonant (1PA, 400 nm) excitation reveals a systematic strong SA process. Both wavelength- and intensity-dependent nonlinear refractive index studies exhibit positive electronic Kerr-based self-focusing effects, with prominent contributions of nonlinear absorption and higher-order effects. The spectrally discrete, highly intense laser probing of individual energy bands and the consequent variety of nonlinearities can be broadly generalized for many free-base porphyrins and metalloporphyrins. The present studies provide a strong foundation and new insight into the broad categories of macrocycles, such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines, for myriad applications in nonlinear optics and bio/optophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shanu
- Nanophotonics Lab., Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jitendra Nath Acharyya
- Nanophotonics Lab., Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - G Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics Lab., Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Hazari AS, Chandra S, Kar S, Sarkar B. Metal Complexes of Singly, Doubly and Triply Linked Porphyrins and Corroles: An Insight into the Physicochemical Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104550. [PMID: 35088477 PMCID: PMC9311859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal complexes of multi-porphyrins and multi-corroles are unique systems that display a host of extremely interesting properties. Availability of free meso and β positions allow formation of different types of directly linked bis-porphyrins giving rise to intriguing optical and electronic properties. While the fields of metalloporphyrin and corroles monomer have seen exponential growth in the last decades, the chemistry of metal complexes of bis-porphyrins and bis-corroles remain rather underexplored. Therefore, the impact of covalent linkages on the optical, electronic, (spectro)electrochemical, magnetic and electrocatalytic activities of metal complexes of bis-porphyrins and -corroles has been summarized in this review article. This article shows that despite the (still) somewhat difficult synthetic access to these molecules, their extremely exciting properties do make a strong case for pursuing research on these classes of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Singha Hazari
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Shubhadeep Chandra
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sanjib Kar
- School of Chemical SciencesNational Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)Bhubaneswar752050India
- Homi Bhabha National InstituteTraining School ComplexMumbai400094(India)
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische KoordinationschemieInstitut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
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Borissov A, Maurya YK, Moshniaha L, Wong WS, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Recent Advances in Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:565-788. [PMID: 34850633 PMCID: PMC8759089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys recent progress in the chemistry of polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules with a focus on structural diversity and synthetic methodology. The article covers literature published during the period of 2016-2020, providing an update to our first review of this topic (Chem. Rev. 2017, 117 (4), 3479-3716).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet
Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Belosludov RV, Nevonen DE, Nemykin VN. Accurate Prediction of the Excited States in the Fully Conjugated Porphyrin Tapes across the Full Spectral Range: A Story of the Interplay between π-π* and Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Transitions in Soft Chromophores. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2480-2491. [PMID: 33734683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) methods for the accurate prediction of the energies and oscillator strengths of the excited states in a series of fully conjugated meso-meso β-β β-β triple-linked porphyrin oligomers (porphyrin tapes 2-12) was probed in the gas phase and solution using several exchange-correlation functionals. It was demonstrated that the use of the hybrid B3LYP functional provides a good compromise for the accurate prediction of the localized π-π* and intramolecular charge-transfer transitions, thus allowing confident interpretation of the UV-vis-NIR spectra of porphyrin oligomers. The TDDFT-based sum-over-state (SOS) calculations for the porphyrin tape dimer 2 and trimer 3 as well as parent monomer 1 correctly predicted the signs and shapes of the magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) signals in the low-energy region of the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodion V Belosludov
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Sekaran B, Jang Y, Misra R, D'Souza F. Push-Pull Porphyrins via β-Pyrrole Functionalization: Evidence of Excited State Events Leading to High-Potential Charge-Separated States. Chemistry 2019; 25:12991-13001. [PMID: 31415117 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new set of free-base and zinc(II)-metallated, β-pyrrole-functionalized unsymmetrical push-pull porphyrins were designed and synthesized via β-mono- and dibrominated tetraphenylporphyrins using Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. The ability of donors and acceptors on the push-pull porphyrins to produce high-potential charge separated states was investigated. The porphyrins were functionalized at the opposite β,β'-pyrrole positions of porphyrin ring bearing triphenylamine push groups and naphthalimide pull groups. Systematic studies involving optical absorption, steady-state and time-resolved emission revealed existence of intramolecular type interactions both in the ground and excited states. The push-pull nature of the molecular systems was supported by frontier orbitals generated on optimized structures, wherein delocalization of HOMO over the push group and LUMO over the pull group connecting the porphyrin π-system was witnessed. Electrochemical studies were performed to visualize the effect of push and pull groups on the overall redox potentials of the porphyrins. Spectroelectrochemical studies combined with frontier orbitals helped in characterizing the one-electron oxidized and reduced porphyrins. Finally, by performing transient absorption studies in polar benzonitrile, the ability of push-pull porphyrins to produce charge-separated states upon photoexcitation was confirmed and the measured rates were in the range of 109 s-1 . The lifetime of the final charge separated state was around 5 ns. This study ascertains the importance of push-pull porphyrins in solar energy conversion and diverse optoelectronic applications, for which high-potential charge-separated states are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijesh Sekaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Youngwoo Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #305070, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku, 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku, 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
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Hu Y, Thomas MB, Jinadasa RGW, Wang H, D'Souza F. Competitive Energy and Electron Transfer in β‐Functionalized Free‐Base Porphyrin–Zinc Porphyrin Dimer Axially Coordinated to C
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: Synthesis, Supramolecular Formation and Excited‐State Processes. Chemistry 2017; 23:12805-12814. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Michael B. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - R. G. Waruna Jinadasa
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
| | - Francis D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1155 Union Circle, #305070 Denton TX 76203-5017 USA
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Shang H, Xue Z, Wang K, Liu H, Jiang J. Multinuclear Phthalocyanine-Fused Molecular Nanoarrays: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Semiconducting Property. Chemistry 2017; 23:8644-8651. [PMID: 28466577 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The post-cyclization strategy rather than the conventional ante-cyclotetramerization method was employed for the synthesis of multinuclear phthalocyanine-fused molecular nanoarrays. Reaction of 2,3,9,10,16,17-hexakis(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-23,24-diaminophthalocyaninato zinc(II) with 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene-4,5-dione, 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene-4,5,9,10-tetraone, and hexaketocyclohexane in refluxing acetic acid afforded the corresponding mono-, bi-, and trinuclear phthalocyanine-fused zinc complexes (Pz-pyrene){Zn[Pc(OC8 H9 )6 ]} (1), (Pz2 -pyrene){Zn[Pc(OC8 H9 )6 ]}2 (2), {(HAT){Zn[Pc(OC8 H9 )6 ]}3 } (3) in 46, 13, and 25 % yield, respectively, which extend the scope of multinuclear phthalocyanine-fused nanoarrays with different molecular skeletons. The self-assembly behavior of trinuclear phthalocyanine 3 in THF/CH3 CN was investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy and SEM, and the fabricated nanorods showed interesting semiconducting properties, which suggest good application potential of these multinuclear phthalocyanine-fused molecular nanoarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Huibiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
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