1
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Liu R, Liu J, Zhou P. Theoretical advances in understanding and enhancing the thermostability of energetic materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39380550 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
The quest for thermally stable energetic materials is pivotal in advancing the safety of applications ranging from munitions to aerospace. This perspective delves into the role of theoretical methodologies in interpreting and advancing the thermal stability of energetic materials. Quantum chemical calculations offer an in-depth understanding of the molecular and electronic structure properties of energetic compounds related to thermal stability. It is also essential to incorporate the surrounding interactions and their impact on molecular stability. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations provide detailed theoretical insights into the reaction pathways and the key intermediates during thermal decomposition in the condensed phase. Analyzing the kinetic barrier of rate-determining steps under various temperature and pressure conditions allows for a comprehensive assessment of thermal stability. Recent advances in machine learning have demonstrated their utility in constructing potential energy surfaces and predicting thermal stability for newly designed energetic materials. The machine learning-assisted high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) methodology can accelerate the discovery of novel energetic materials with improved properties. As a result, the newly identified and synthesized energetic molecule ICM-104 revealed excellence in performance and thermostability. Theoretical approaches are pivotal in elucidating the mechanisms underlying thermal stability, enabling the prediction and design of enhanced thermal stability for emerging EMs. These insights are instrumental in accelerating the development of novel energetic materials that optimally balance performance and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Liu
- School of Science, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, P. R. China
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China.
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Research Center of Advanced Biological Manufacture, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
| | - Panwang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China.
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2
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Jiang T, Xia H, Zhang W, Liu T. Insight into the Stability of Pentazolyl Derivatives based on Covalent Bond. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400105. [PMID: 38721760 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Pentazole is regarded as a unique inorganic molecule that possess organic heterocyclic structure. Therefore, the research on pentazolyl derivatives represents a cutting-edge direction in both contemporary inorganic chemistry and heterocyclic chemistry. Moreover, their synthesis is regarded as the most significant research topic in the field of energetic materials due to the great potential of pentazolyl derivatives to breakthrough the energy bottleneck of CHNO-based energetic materials. However, synthesizing pentazolyl derivatives is challenging. To provide a theoretical support for the synthesis, we conducted theoretical studies on six single-ring pentazolyl derivatives with different functional groups. The results suggest that derivatization reduces the bond strength and weakens the aromaticity of the pentazolate ring. Further analysis showed that derivatization mainly affects the π aromaticity of the pentazolate ring, and ultimately causing poor stability of the pentazolyl derivatives. Among the six derivatives investigated in this study, fluoro pentazole (cyclo-N5-F) and hydroxyl pentazole (cyclo-N5-OH) possess good aromaticity, which is similar to the reported cyclo-N5-NCHN(CH3)2. Further calculations show that the kinetic stability of cyclo-N5-OH is higher than that of cyclo-N5-F. These results collectively indicate that cyclo-N5-OH is a promising candidate for synthesizing single-ring pentazolyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Honglei Xia
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
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3
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Cao Y, Liu Y, Zhang W. Pentazolate Anion: A Rare and Preferred Five-Membered Ligand for Constructing Pentasil-Zeolite Topology Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317355. [PMID: 38165698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
As the fourth full-nitrogen structure, the pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5 - ) was highly coveted for decades. In 2017, the first air-stable non-metal pentazolate salt, (N5 )6 (H3 O)3 (NH4 )4 Cl, was obtained, representing a milestone in this field. As the latest member of the azole family, cyclo-N5 - is comprised of five nitrogen atoms. Although significant attention has been paid to the potential of cyclo-N5 - as an energetic material, its poor thermostability hinders any practical application. However, the unique ring structure and multiple coordination capability of cyclo-N5 - provide a platform for the fabrication of various structures, among which pentasil-zeolite topologies are the most intriguing. In addition, the introduction of structure-directing auxiliaries enables the self-assembly of diverse topological architectures, potentially imparting cyclo-N5 - with the potential to impact wide-ranging areas of coordination chemistry and topology. In this minireview, different pentasil-zeolite topologies based on metal-pentazolate frameworks are evaluated. To date, three zeolitic and zeolite-like topologies have been reported, namely the melanophlogite (MEP), chibaite (MTN), and unj topologies. The MEP topology consists of two nanocages, Na20 N60 and Na24 N60 , whereas the MTN topology contains Na20 N60 and Na28 N80 nanocages. Furthermore, the unj topology features multiple homochiral channels consisting of two helical chains. Various possible strategies for obtaining additional pentasil-zeolite topologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Cao
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
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4
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang C, Sun C, Hu B, Qin L, Chen J. Synthesis mechanism of four metallic Cyclo-N5- energetic materials: A theoretical Perspective. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124305. [PMID: 38127389 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past five years, over 20 types of cyclo-N5- energetic materials (EMs) have been successfully synthesized. Metallic cyclo-N5- EMs exhibit higher density and performance compared to non-metallic cyclo-N5- EMs. However, the mechanisms for such metallic cyclo-N5- EMs remain unexplored. Herein, we performed a thorough quantum chemistry study on the mechanistic pathway for the cyclo-N5- trapped by metal cations in four cyclo-N5- EMs: [Na(H2O) (N5)] · 2H2O, [M(H2O)4(N5)2] · 4H2O (M = Mn, Fe, and Co), by density functional theory methods and transition state theory. During the synthesis process, the cyclo-N5- in the precursor hybrid aromatic compound is susceptible to electrophilic attack by metal cations. This attack disrupts the hydrogen bond interaction surrounding the cyclo-N5-, ultimately leading to the formation of either an ionic bond or a coordination bond between the metal cation and the cyclo-N5-, resulting in an electrophilic substitution reaction. In addition, solvent effects reduce the energy of the ionic bond, thereby promoting the reaction. Our findings will provide valuable insights for future route design and contribute to enhancing the synthesis yield of cyclo-N5- EMs in both theoretical and experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Testing Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yao Long
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Testing Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
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5
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Stabilization of hexazine rings in potassium polynitride at high pressure. Nat Chem 2022; 14:794-800. [PMID: 35449217 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polynitrogen molecules are attractive for high-energy-density materials due to energy stored in nitrogen-nitrogen bonds; however, it remains challenging to find energy-efficient synthetic routes and stabilization mechanisms for these compounds. Direct synthesis from molecular dinitrogen requires overcoming large activation barriers and the reaction products are prone to inherent inhomogeneity. Here we report the synthesis of planar N62- hexazine dianions, stabilized in K2N6, from potassium azide (KN3) on laser heating in a diamond anvil cell at pressures above 45 GPa. The resulting K2N6, which exhibits a metallic lustre, remains metastable down to 20 GPa. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify this material, through good agreement with the theoretically predicted structural, vibrational and electronic properties for K2N6. The N62- rings characterized here are likely to be present in other high-energy-density materials stabilized by pressure. Under 30 GPa, an unusual N20.75--containing compound with the formula K3(N2)4 was formed instead.
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6
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Luo Y, Zheng W, Wang X, Shen F. Nitrification Progress of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Energetic Compounds: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051465. [PMID: 35268569 PMCID: PMC8911595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a momentous energetic group, a nitro group widely exists in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), etc. The nitro group has a significant effect on improving the oxygen balance and detonation performances of energetic materials (EMs). Moreover, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, and it can increase the acidity of the acidic hydrogen-containing nitrogen-rich energetic compounds to facilitate the construction of energetic ionic salts. Thus, it is possible to design nitro-nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with adjustable properties. In this paper, the nitration methods of azoles, including imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and oxadiazole, as well as azines, including pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, and tetrazine, have been concluded. Furthermore, the prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Luo
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wanwan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fei Shen
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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7
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Chen S, Yang C, Sun C, Zhang C, Gao C, Du Y, Hu B. Synthesis and characterization of the layered insensitive pentazolate salts based on two triazolium isomers. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang C, Sun C, Hu B, Lu P, Chen J. Symmetrical cyclo-N 5- hydrogen bonds: stabilization mechanism of four non-metallic cyclo-pentazolate energetic salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3970-3983. [PMID: 35099481 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05340j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pairing different cations (R+) to stabilize cyclo-N5- is the main synthesis path for non-metallic cyclo-pentazolate (cyclo-N5-) salts. As novel energetic materials (EMs), crystalline packing-force of cyclo-N5- salts has been a puzzle, and whether cyclo-N5- is protonated also is a controversial issue. In this paper, four non-metallic cyclo-N5- salts, PHAC, N2H5N5, NH3OHN5, and NH4N5, are quantitatively studied by coupling first-principle method and bond-strength analyzing technology. Different from the traditional CHON-EMs (molecular crystal) and azide-EMs (ionic crystal), the four salts are stabilized by 3D hydrogen bond (HB) networks. One new type of hydrogen bond, protonated HB (p-H, R-H⋯N5-), is discovered to be a key stabilizing factor for cyclo-N5-. Proton competition mechanism between R and cyclo-N5- in p-H HB showed that cyclo-N5- cannot be protonated into HN5. In general, p-H HB can be adopted to estimate the stability of novel non-metallic cyclo-N5- EMs. Such findings have great significance for future design and performance prediction of novel cyclo-N5- EMs in both theoretical and experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China. .,Beijing Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Yao Long
- Beijing Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Beijing Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China.
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9
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Yuan Y, Xu Y, Xie Q, Li D, Lin Q, Wang P, Lu M. Pentazolate coordination polymers self-assembled by in situ generated [Pb 4(OH) 4] 4+ cubic cations trapping cyclo-N 5−. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5801-5809. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of cyclo-N5−-based lead-containing energetic coordination polymers [Pb(OH)]4(N5)4 (1), [Pb3(N5)3(H2O)9(NO3)]4(N5)8(H2O)5 (2), [Pb(OH)]4(N5)3(NO3)(H2O)3 (3), and [Pb(OH)]4(N5)3(ClO4)(H2O) (4) were synthesized by self-assembly and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction,...
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10
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Li T, Lu T, Lei Q, Xu Y, Lin Q, Lu M, Lu Y, Wang P. Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Potential Solid Propellant Combustion Catalysts Fe(II), Zn(II), Hydroxylammonium, and Hydrazinium Pentazolates. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐cheng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Tong‐jie Lu
- Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Technology Xiangyang 441003 P. R. China
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory Xiangyang 441003 P. R. China
| | - Qing Lei
- Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Technology Xiangyang 441003 P. R. China
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory Xiangyang 441003 P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐gang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Qiu‐han Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐hua Lu
- Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Technology Xiangyang 441003 P. R. China
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory Xiangyang 441003 P. R. China
| | - Peng‐cheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
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11
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Zhang X, Hou T, Lin Q, Wang P, Li D, Xu Y, Lu M. Fascinating 3D energetic [Ag2(N5)2(EDA)]n: filling the ethylenediamine molecules into [Ag(N5)]n framework. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An interesting 3D energetic motif based on Ag(I) ion, cyclo-pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5-) and ethylenediamine (EDA), namely, [Ag2(N5)2(EDA)]n, was prepared through embedding the ethylenediamine molecules into [Ag(N5)]n structure. The architecture was...
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12
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Cho S, Kim Y, Lee S, Cho H, Park J, Hwan Hong D, Kwon K, Yoo H, Choe W, Ri Moon H. Tetrazole‐Based Energetic Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Impacts of Metals and Ligands on Explosive Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujee Cho
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Soochan Lee
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Cho
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Hong
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Kuktae Kwon
- The 1th R&D Institute – 2nd Directorate Agency for Defense Development (ADD) Bugyuseong-daero 488beon-gil, Uichang-gu Daejeon 34186 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae‐Wook Yoo
- The 1th R&D Institute – 2nd Directorate Agency for Defense Development (ADD) Bugyuseong-daero 488beon-gil, Uichang-gu Daejeon 34186 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Choe
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Hoi Ri Moon
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea
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13
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Zybin SV, Morozov SI, Prakash P, Zdilla MJ, Goddard WA. Reaction Mechanism and Energetics of Decomposition of Tetrakis(1,3-dimethyltetrazol-5-imidoperchloratomanganese(II)) from Quantum-Mechanics-based Reactive Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16960-16975. [PMID: 34623813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Energetic materials (EMs) are central to construction, space exploration, and defense, but over the past 100 years, their capabilities have improved only minimally as they approach the CHNO energetic ceiling, the maximum energy density possible for EMs based on molecular carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen-oxygen compounds. To breach this ceiling, we experimentally explored redox-frustrated hybrid energetic materials (RFH EMs) in which metal atoms covalently connect a strongly reducing fuel ligand (e.g., tetrazole) to a strong oxidizer (e.g., ClO4). In this Article, we examine the reaction mechanisms involved in the thermal decomposition of an RFH EM, [Mn(Me2TzN)(ClO4]4 (3, Tz = tetrazole). We use quantum-mechanical molecular reaction dynamics simulations to uncover the atomistic reaction mechanisms underlying this decomposition. We discover a novel initiation mechanism involving oxygen atom transfer from perchlorate to manganese, generating energy that promotes the fission of tetrazole into chemically stable species such as diazomethane, diazenes, triazenes, and methyl azides, which further undergo exothermic decomposition to finally form stable N2, H2O, CO, CO2, Mn-based clusters, and additional incompletely combusted products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Zybin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sergey I Morozov
- Department of Physics of Nanoscale Systems, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
| | - Prabhat Prakash
- Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, India.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC), California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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14
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Gao Y, Wang R, Lei J, Zhu Y, Li D, Zhang L, Xie W, Wang Z. Fully Active Nitrogen Energetic Chains Mg
2
(N
5
)
2
N
2
[Mg
2
(N
5
)
2
N
2
]
n
under Ambient Conditions. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Physics and Space Science College China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jiehong Lei
- Physics and Space Science College China West Normal University Nanchong 637002 China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Danhui Li
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation Beijing 100088 China
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics Beijing 100088 China
| | - Weiyu Xie
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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15
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Yao Y, Lin Q, Zhou X, Lu M. Recent research on the synthesis pentazolate anion cyclo-N5−. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Bykov M, Bykova E, Chariton S, Prakapenka VB, Batyrev IG, Mahmood MF, Goncharov AF. Stabilization of pentazolate anions in the high-pressure compounds Na 2N 5 and NaN 5 and in the sodium pentazolate framework NaN 5·N 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7229-7237. [PMID: 33913993 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00722j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of nitrogen-rich materials is important for the design of novel high energy density materials due to extremely energetic low-order nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. The balance between the energy output and stability may be achieved if polynitrogen units are stabilized by resonance as in cyclo-N5- pentazolate salts. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of three oxygen-free pentazolate salts Na2N5, NaN5 and NaN5·N2 from sodium azide NaN3 and molecular nitrogen N2 at ∼50 GPa. NaN5·N2 is a metal-pentazolate framework (MPF) obtained via a self-templated synthesis method with nitrogen molecules being incorporated into the nanochannels of the MPF. Such self-assembled MPFs may be common in a variety of ionic pentazolate compounds. The formation of Na2N5 demonstrates that the cyclo-N5 group can accommodate more than one electron and indicates the great accessible compositional diversity of pentazolate salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Bykov
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA. and The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Elena Bykova
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60437, USA
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Lemont, IL 60437, USA
| | - Iskander G Batyrev
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-WML-B, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, USA
| | - Mohammad F Mahmood
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015, USA
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17
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Yi W, Jiang X, Yang T, Yang B, Liu Z, Liu X. Crystalline Structures and Energetic Properties of Lithium Pentazolate under Ambient Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24946-24953. [PMID: 33015514 PMCID: PMC7528499 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that high-pressure synthesized lithium pentazolates could be quenched down to ambient conditions. However, the crystalline structures of LiN5 under ambient conditions are still ambiguous. In this work, the structures of LiN5 compound were directly explored at atmospheric pressure by using a new constrain structure search method. By using this method, three new allotropes were confirmed, and they show lower energy than the previous reported LiN5 phases. Both their thermodynamic and dynamic stability were confirmed through formation enthalpies, phonon spectrum, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations under ambient conditions. Moreover, these three allotropes show similar formation enthalpies and properties, which suggests that it is hard to obtain a single LiN5 phase, which is well consistent with the experimental phenomenon. Furthermore, because of their low formation energy, all of them possess low energy density when they directly decompose to Li3N and nitrogen (0.52 kJ/g). Instead, the decomposed energy could be further improved to 3.78 kJ/g when they decompose under an oxygen-rich environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Yi
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Xingang Jiang
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Bingchao Yang
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Laboratory of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
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18
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Gorn MV, Gritsan NP, Goldsmith CF, Kiselev VG. Thermal Stability of Bis-Tetrazole and Bis-Triazole Derivatives with Long Catenated Nitrogen Chains: Quantitative Insights from High-Level Quantum Chemical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7665-7677. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V. Gorn
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nina P. Gritsan
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - C. Franklin Goldsmith
- Brown University, School of Engineering, 184 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Brown University, School of Engineering, 184 Hope Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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19
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O'Sullivan OT, Zdilla MJ. Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5682-5744. [PMID: 32543838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen is uniquely situated in the periodic table to form kinetically stable compounds often with chemically stable N-N bonds but which are thermodynamically unstable in that the formation of stable multiply bonded N2 is usually thermodynamically preferable. This unique placement in the periodic table makes catenated nitrogen compounds of interest for development of high-energy-density materials, including explosives for defense and construction purposes, as well as propellants for missile propulsion and for space exploration. This review, designed for a chemical audience, describes foundational subjects, methods, and metrics relevant to the energetic materials community and provides an overview of important classes of catenated nitrogen compounds ranging from theoretical investigation of hypothetical molecules to the practical application of real-world energetic materials. The review is intended to provide detailed chemical insight into the synthesis and decomposition of such materials as well as foundational knowledge of energetic science new to most chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T O'Sullivan
- ASEE Fellow, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWC IHD), 4005 Indian Head Hwy, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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20
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Bykov M, Chariton S, Bykova E, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Ponomareva AV, Tidholm J, Tasnádi F, Abrikosov IA, Sedmak P, Prakapenka V, Hanfland M, Liermann H, Mahmood M, Goncharov AF, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. High‐Pressure Synthesis of Metal–Inorganic Frameworks Hf
4
N
20
⋅N
2
, WN
8
⋅N
2
, and Os
5
N
28
⋅3 N
2
with Polymeric Nitrogen Linkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Bykov
- Department of Mathematics Howard University 2400 Sixth Street NW Washington DC 20059 USA
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington DC 20015 USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago 9700 South Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60437 USA
| | - Elena Bykova
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington DC 20015 USA
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Alena V. Ponomareva
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory National University of Science and Technology “MISIS” 119049 Moscow Russia
| | - Johan Tidholm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Ferenc Tasnádi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Igor A. Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Pavel Sedmak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility BP 220 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago 9700 South Cass Avenue Lemont IL 60437 USA
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility BP 220 38043 Grenoble Cedex France
| | - Hanns‐Peter Liermann
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Mohammad Mahmood
- Department of Mathematics Howard University 2400 Sixth Street NW Washington DC 20059 USA
| | - Alexander F. Goncharov
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW Washington DC 20015 USA
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions Laboratory of Crystallography University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut University of Bayreuth Universitätstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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21
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Bykov M, Chariton S, Bykova E, Khandarkhaeva S, Fedotenko T, Ponomareva AV, Tidholm J, Tasnádi F, Abrikosov IA, Sedmak P, Prakapenka V, Hanfland M, Liermann HP, Mahmood M, Goncharov AF, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. High-Pressure Synthesis of Metal-Inorganic Frameworks Hf 4 N 20 ⋅N 2 , WN 8 ⋅N 2 , and Os 5 N 28 ⋅3 N 2 with Polymeric Nitrogen Linkers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10321-10326. [PMID: 32212190 PMCID: PMC7317814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polynitrides are intrinsically thermodynamically unstable at ambient conditions and require peculiar synthetic approaches. Now, a one‐step synthesis of metal–inorganic frameworks Hf4N20⋅N2, WN8⋅N2, and Os5N28⋅3 N2 via direct reactions between elements in a diamond anvil cell at pressures exceeding 100 GPa is reported. The porous frameworks (Hf4N20, WN8, and Os5N28) are built from transition‐metal atoms linked either by polymeric polydiazenediyl (polyacetylene‐like) nitrogen chains or through dinitrogen units. Triply bound dinitrogen molecules occupy channels of these frameworks. Owing to conjugated polydiazenediyl chains, these compounds exhibit metallic properties. The high‐pressure reaction between Hf and N2 also leads to a non‐centrosymmetric polynitride Hf2N11 that features double‐helix catena‐poly[tetraz‐1‐ene‐1,4‐diyl] nitrogen chains [−N−N−N=N−]∞.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Bykov
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, 2400 Sixth Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.,Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60437, USA
| | - Elena Bykova
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alena V Ponomareva
- Materials Modeling and Development Laboratory, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Johan Tidholm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Tasnádi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pavel Sedmak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60437, USA
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Hanns-Peter Liermann
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Mahmood
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, 2400 Sixth Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Alexander F Goncharov
- The Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road, NW, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, Universitätstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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22
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Yi W, Zhao K, Wang Z, Yang B, Liu Z, Liu X. Stabilization of the High-Energy-Density CuN 5 Salts under Ambient Conditions by a Ligand Effect. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6221-6227. [PMID: 32226908 PMCID: PMC7097991 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of excellent works have demonstrated that high-nitrogen-content metal pentazolate (cyclo-N5 -) compounds could be stabilized by high pressure. However, under ambient conditions, low stability precludes their synthesis and application in the field of high-energy-density material. In this work, by using a constrained structure search method, we predicted two new structures as P212121-CuN5 and P21/c-CuN5 containing cyclo-N5 - with strong N-N and Cu-N bonds. In both structures, cyclo-N5 - form four coordination with the Cu+ ligand, which increases the structural stability by lowering the disturbance to the aromaticity of cyclo-N5 -. The calculated results show that the P212121-CuN5 and P21/c-CuN5 structures exhibit high dynamic and thermal stability up to 400 K, indicating that they can be stabilized under ambient conditions. The decomposing energy of P212121-CuN5 and P21/c-CuN5 can reach up to 2.40 and 2.42 kJ/g, respectively. Strikingly, the detonation velocity and the pressure of P212121-CuN5 is predicted to be up to 10.42 km/s and 617.46 kbar, respectively, indicating that they are promising high-energy candidates in the field of explosive combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Yi
- Laboratory
of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics
and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, P. R. China
| | - Kefan Zhao
- Laboratory
of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics
and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiu Wang
- Administrative
Office of Laboratory and Equipment, Qufu
Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Bingchao Yang
- Laboratory
of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics
and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department
of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Laboratory
of High Pressure Physics and Material Science (HPPMS), School of Physics
and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273100, P. R. China
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23
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Zhao G, Li H, Jia J, Wu H, Lu M. Theoretical Insights on the High Pressure Behavior of Pentazolate Anion Complex [Co(H 2O) 4(N 5) 2]·4H 2O. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15648. [PMID: 31666628 PMCID: PMC6821737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to examine the Hirshfeld surface, two dimensional (2D) fingerprint plots, crystal structure, molecular structure and density of state of all-nitrogen pentazolate anion complex [Co(H2O)4(N5)2]·4H2O under hydrostatic pressure from 0 to 20 GPa. The GGA/PW91-OBS method was applied in the present study. The intercontacts in [Co(H2O)4(N5)2]·4H2O were analyzed by Hirshfeld surfaces and 2D fingerprint plots. With ascending pressure, the lattice constants, compression rates, bond lengths, bond angles, and density of states change irregularly. Under 11.5, 13.0 and 15.8 GPa, covalent interaction competition is obvious between Co-N and Co-O bonds. It is possible to achieve orderly modification and regulation of the internal structure of [Co(H2O)4(N5)2]·4H2O by applied pressure. This is in accordance with the results from density of states analysis. The external compression causes the nonuniformity of electron density and the differential covalent interaction between pentazolate anion, coordinated water and atom Co. It is of great significance to interpret inter/intramolecular interaction and structural stability of [Co(H2O)4(N5)2]·4H2O and provide theoretical guidance for the design of metal complexes of all-nitrogen pentazolate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, P.R. China.
| | - Huili Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, P.R. China
| | - Haishun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemistry and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041004, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P.R. China
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24
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Xia K, Yuan J, Zheng X, Liu C, Gao H, Wu Q, Sun J. Predictions on High-Power Trivalent Metal Pentazolate Salts. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6166-6173. [PMID: 31560550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-energy-density materials (HEDMs) have been intensively studied for their significance in fundamental sciences and practical applications. Here, using the molecular crystal structure search method based on first-principles calculations, we have predicted a series of metastable energetic trivalent metal pentazolate salts MN15 (M= Al, Ga, Sc, and Y). These compounds have high energy densities, with the highest nitrogen content among the studied nitrides so far. Pentazolate N5- molecules stack up face-to-face and form wave-like patterns in the C2221 and Cc symmetries. The strong covalent bonding and very weak noncovalent interactions with nonbonded overlaps coexist in these ionic-like structures. We find MN15 molecular structures are mechanically stable up to high temperature (∼1000 K) and ambient pressure. More importantly, these trivalent metal pentazolate salts have high detonation pressure (∼80 GPa) and velocity (∼12 km/s). Their detonation pressures exceeding that of TNT and HMX make them good candidates for high-brisance green energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Xia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Jianan Yuan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Xianxu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , Sichuan , China
| | - Cong Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Hao Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Qiang Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics , China Academy of Engineering Physics , Mianyang 621900 , Sichuan , China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
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25
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Kotrle K, Herchel R. Are Inorganic Single-Molecule Magnets a Possibility? A Theoretical Insight into Dysprosium Double-Deckers with Inorganic Ring Systems. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14046-14057. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kotrle
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Herchel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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26
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Tian L, Xu Y, Lin Q, Wang P, Lu M. Syntheses of Energetic cyclo-Pentazolate Salts. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2877-2882. [PMID: 31286665 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three energetic salts of cyclo-N5 - were synthesized via a metathesis reaction of barium pentazolate and sulfates which was driven by the precipitation of BaSO4 . All the energetic cyclo-N5 - salts were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared (IR), 1 H and 13 C multinuclear NMR spectroscopies, thermal analysis (TGA and DSC), and elemental analysis. The salts exhibit relatively good detonation performance with low sensitivities and good thermal stabilities. This new method opens the door to exploring more pentazolate anion-containing high-performance energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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27
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Ji H, Liu L, Sun Q, Li X, Lu M. First Structural Characterization of Solvate‐Free Silver 5‐Nitrotetrazolate and its Comparison with other Energetic Silver Compounds in Structure and Property. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ji
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing, Jiangsu P.R. China 210094
| | - Lian Liu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing, Jiangsu P.R. China 210094
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing, Jiangsu P.R. China 210094
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada K1 N 6 N5
| | - Xin Li
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing, Jiangsu P.R. China 210094
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing, Jiangsu P.R. China 210094
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28
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Zhang L, Yao C, Yu Y, Jiang SL, Sun CQ, Chen J. Stabilization of the Dual-Aromatic cyclo-N 5- Anion by Acidic Entrapment. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2378-2385. [PMID: 31021641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentazole anion, the best candidate for full-nitrogen energetic materials, can be isolated only from acidic solution for unclear reasons, which hinders the high-yield realization of a full-nitrogen substance with higher energy density. Herein, we report for the first time the discovery of the dual aromaticity (π and σ) of cyclo-N5-, which makes the anion unstable in nature but confers additional stability in acidic surroundings. In addition to the usual π-aromaticity, similar to that of the prototypical benzene, five lone pairs are delocalized in the equatorial plane of cyclo-N5-, forming additional σ-aromaticity. It is the compatible coexistence of the inter-lone-pair repulsion and inter-lone-pair attraction within the σ-aromatic system that makes the naked cyclo-N5- highly reactive to electrophiles and easily broken. Only in sufficiently acid solution can the cyclo-N5- become unsusceptible to the electrophilic attack and gain extra stability through the formation of hydrogen-bonded complex from surrounding electrophiles; otherwise, the cyclo-N5- cannot be productively isolated. The dual aromaticity discovered in cyclo-N5- is expected to be universal for pnictogen five-membered ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation , Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
- Laboratory of Computational Physics , Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Chuang Yao
- EBEAM , Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
| | - Yi Yu
- Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation , Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Sheng-Li Jiang
- Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation , Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
| | - Chang Q Sun
- EBEAM , Yangtze Normal University , Chongqing 408100 , China
- NOVITAS , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Computational Physics , Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics , Beijing 100088 , China
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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29
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Bo XX, Zheng HF, Xin JF, Ding YH. A kinetically persistent isomer found for pentazole: a global potential energy surface survey. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2597-2600. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09626k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After the pentazole with a 103-year-old research history, the second N5R isomer with reasonable kinetic stability was found computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-xu Bo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-feng Zheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-fan Xin
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chifeng University
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- P. R. China
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30
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Jiao F, Zhang C. Origin of the considerably high thermal stability of cyclo-N5− containing salts at ambient conditions. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00276f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionization, conjugation, hydrogen bonding, coordination bonding and π–π stacking consolidate the cyclo-N5− caged in salt crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbao Jiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
- Mianyang
- China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center
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31
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Wang P, Xu Y, Lin Q, Lu M. Recent advances in the syntheses and properties of polynitrogen pentazolate anion cyclo-N5− and its derivatives. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7522-7538. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00372f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments and advances in pentazole chemistry, including substituted-pentazole precursors, strategies for the preparation of pentazolate anion, derivatives of pentazolate anion and their bonding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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