1
|
Ma ZZ, Wang Z, Li QH, Wang YY, Gu ZG, Zhang J. Electro-Induced Phase Transformation of a Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Film for Nonlinear Optical Switching. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4186-4193. [PMID: 38545933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Achieving metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with nonlinear optical (NLO) switching is profoundly important. Herein, the conductive MOFs Cu-TCNQ phase I (Ph-I) and phase II (Ph-II) films were prepared using the liquid-phase-epitaxial layer-by-layer spin-coating method and steam heating method, respectively. Electronic experiments showed that the Ph-II film could be changed into the Ph-I film under an applied electric field. The third-order NLO results revealed that the Ph-I film had a third-order nonlinear reverse saturation absorption (RSA) response and the Ph-II film displayed a third-order nonlinear saturation absorption (SA) response. With increases in the heating time and applied voltage, the third-order NLO response realized the reversible transition between SA and RSA. The theoretical calculations indicated that Ph-I possessed more interlayer charge transfer, resulting in a third-order nonlinear RSA response that was stronger than that of Ph-II. This work applies phase-transformed MOFs to third-order NLO switching and provides new insights into the nonlinear photoelectric applications of MOFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhou Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan-Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang Q, Zhang R, He LH, Chen JL, Zhao F, Liu SJ, Wen HR. Thermo-, Mechano-, and Vapochromic Dinuclear Cuprous-Emissive Complexes with a Switchable CH 3CN-Cu Bond. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15629-15637. [PMID: 36129327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thermo-, mechano-, and vapochromic bimetallic cuprous-emissive complex has been reported, and the origin and application of its tri-stimuli-responsive luminescence have been explored. As revealed by single-crystal structure analysis, thermo- and vapochromic luminescence adjusted by heating at 60 °C and CH3CN vapor fuming, accompanied by a crystalline-to-crystalline transition, is due to the breaking and rebuilding of the CH3CN-Cu bond, as supported by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetry (TG), and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) analyses of the CH3CN-coordinated species [Cu2(μ-dppa)2(μ-η1(N)η2(N,N)-fptz)(CH3CN)](ClO4)·H2O (1) and its CH3CN-removed derivative [Cu2(μ-dppa)2(μ-η1(N)η2(N,N)-fptz)](ClO4)·H2O (2). Luminescence mechanochromism, mixed with a crystalline-to-amorphous transition where the initial crystalline is different for 1 and 2, is mainly assigned as the destruction of the CH3CN-Cu bonding and/or the O···HNdppa and OH···Ntriazolyl hydrogen bonds. It is also suggested that a rational use of switchable coordination such as weak metal-solvent bonding is a feasible approach to develop multi-stimuli-responsive luminescent materials and devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Huang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua He
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Lin Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, People's Republic of China
| | - Sui-Jun Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Rui Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Coordination driven self-assembly of achiral components, i.e., hexa-alkylated truxene ligands (L) with bis-metallic complexes (M2), afforded three chiral face-rotating stereoisomer polyhedra (M6L2). By tuning the length of the alkyl chains as well as the distance between both ligands facing each other in the self-assemblies (M6L2), one can control the diastereomeric distribution between the expected homo- and hetero-chiral structures.
Collapse
|
4
|
Moutier F, Schiller J, Lecourt C, Khalil AM, Delmas V, Calvez G, Costuas K, Lescop C. Impact of Intermolecular Non‐Covalent Interactions in a Cu
I
8
Pd
II
1
Discrete Assembly: Conformers’ Geometries and Stimuli‐Sensitive Luminescence Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104497. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Moutier
- Université Rennes INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Jana Schiller
- Université Rennes INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Constance Lecourt
- Université Rennes INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| | | | - Vincent Delmas
- Université Rennes INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Guillaume Calvez
- Université Rennes INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Karine Costuas
- Université Rennes INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Christophe Lescop
- Université Rennes INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gouthaman S, Jayaraj A, Sugunalakshmi M, Sivaraman G, P CAS. Supramolecular self-assembly mediated aggregation-induced emission of fluorene-derived cyanostilbenes: multifunctional probes for live cell-imaging. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2238-2250. [PMID: 35294959 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first discovery of aggregation-induced emission (AIE), whereby luminogen aggregation plays a positive role in enhancing the light-emission efficiency, has piqued the interest of many researchers as it opens up a new avenue for the exploration of practically beneficial luminescent materials. Diverse AIE-active luminogens (or AIEgens) with tunable emission colours and very high quantum yields (up to unity) in the solid state have been extensively utilised in a broad range of fields including optoelectronics, energy and bioscience. In this article, we describe novel fluorene-based fluorogens that exhibit bright emission in the solid-state, mechanical stimuli-responsive optical properties and aggregation-induced emissive ability, and were able to modulate their donor and acceptor properties. The target compounds were synthesized by a Knoevenagel condensation followed by Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, which tends to result in good yields. The target cyanostilbenes (4a-4d) show different reversibly switched states with high contrast through morphology modulation and demonstrate solvatochromic, vapochromic, and AIE properties. These results strongly suggest that compound 4d has better properties than the other derivatives (4a-c) due to the presence of extended donor-acceptor ability. Moreover, density-functional theory (DFT) calculations strongly support the UV-Vis and fluorescence spectral studies. The formation of nano-flakes and cuboid-shaped nanocrystals was further confirmed by FE-SEM and AFM studies. The synthesized compound 4d displayed very bright emission in the solid state and in the aggregate state as compared with the other derivatives (4a-4c). These results might be due to the presence of high-color contrast, which is an advantage for elucidation and overcomes the challenges exhibited in live-cell imaging applications. Moreover, an MTT assay on live A549 cells incubated with the target compound (4d) showed very low cytotoxicity even at high concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddan Gouthaman
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai-600020, India. .,Department of Cellular Organization and Signaling, National Center for Biological Science-NCBS, Bangalore-560065, India
| | - Anjitha Jayaraj
- Main Group Organometallics Materials, Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, 673601, India.
| | - Madurai Sugunalakshmi
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
| | - Gandhi Sivaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute-Deemed to be University, Gandhigram, 624032, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Chinna Ayya Swamy P
- Main Group Organometallics Materials, Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, 673601, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ito S. Luminescent polymorphic crystals: mechanoresponsive and multicolor-emissive properties. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic organic crystals that can switch their photophysical properties in response to mechanical stimuli are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ishi-I T, Tanaka H, Kichise R, Davin C, Matsuda T, Aizawa N, Park IS, Yasuda T, Matsumoto T. Regulation of Multicolor Fluorescence Changes Found in Donor-acceptor-type Mechanochromic Fluorescent Dyes. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2136-2145. [PMID: 34145774 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of multicolor fluorescence changes in mechanochromic fluorescence (MCF) remains a challenging task. Herein, we report the regulation of MCF using a donor-acceptor structure. Two crystal polymorphs, BTD-pCHO(O) and BTD-pCHO(R) produced by the introduction of formyl groups to an MCF dye, respond to a mechanical stimulus, allowing a three-color fluorescence change. Specifically, the orange-colored fluorescence of the metastable BTD-pCHO(O) polymorph changed to a deep-red color in the amorphous-like state to finally give a red color in the stable BTD-pCHO(R) polymorph. This change occurred by mechanical grinding followed by vapor fuming. The two different crystal packing patterns were selectively regulated by the electronic effect of the introduced functional groups. The two types of selectively formed crystals in BTD(F)-pCHO bearing fluorine atoms, and BTD(OMe)-pCHO bearing methoxy groups, respond to mechanical grinding, allowing for the regulation of multicolor MCL from a three-color change to two different types of two-color changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Ishi-I
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, 1-1-1 Komorino, Kurume, 830-8555, Japan
| | - Honoka Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, 1-1-1 Komorino, Kurume, 830-8555, Japan.,Material Engineering Advanced Course, Advanced Engineering School, National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, 1-1-1 Komorino, Kurume, 830-8555, Japan
| | - Rihoko Kichise
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, 1-1-1 Komorino, Kurume, 830-8555, Japan.,Material Engineering Advanced Course, Advanced Engineering School, National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, 1-1-1 Komorino, Kurume, 830-8555, Japan
| | - Christopher Davin
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, 1-1-1 Komorino, Kurume, 830-8555, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Kurume College, 1-1-1 Komorino, Kurume, 830-8555, Japan
| | - Naoya Aizawa
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center (IFRC), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - In Seob Park
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center (IFRC), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuma Yasuda
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center (IFRC), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kusukawa T, Kannen F, Kojima Y, Yoza K. Crystal Polymorphism-dependent Fluorescence of Fluoroarene-substituted Anthracene Derivatives. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kusukawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kannen
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kojima
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Yoza
- Bruker Japan K.K., 3-9 Moriya-cho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 221-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang HN, Lin YJ, Jin GX. Selective Construction of Very Large Stacking-Interaction-Induced Molecular 818 Metalla-knots and Borromean Ring Using Curved Dipyridyl Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:1119-1125. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ning Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Zeng W, Sun MJ, Gong ZL, Shao JY, Zhong YW, Yao J. Effect of the Fluoro-Substituent Position on the Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence of Microcrystals of Platinum β-Diketonate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:11316-11328. [PMID: 32799462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular packing has an important effect on the photophysical properties of crystalline materials. We demonstrate in this work the modulation of molecular packing and emission properties of microcrystals by minor molecular structural variations. Four platinum β-diketonate complexes, with two fluoro substituents (1) or one fluoro atom substituted on different positions of the auxiliary phenylpyridine ligand (2-4) have been synthesized. These complexes were used to prepare one-dimensional microcrystals with well-defined shapes and uniform sizes. Although 1-4 display similar emission spectra in the solution state, the corresponding microcrystals display different emission colors from green to yellow and orange. In addition, different temperature-responsive (80-298 K) emission spectral changes have been observed from these microcrystals, including the intensity variation of the locally excited (LE) emission without obvious wavelength shifts, competition between the LE and metal-metal-to-ligand charge-transfer emissions, and the sole wavelength shift of the π-π excimer emissions. These differences in emission properties are rationalized by different molecular packings of these materials, as revealed by single-crystal X-ray analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Jia Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Liang Gong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yang Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Two chiral face-rotating metalla-assembled polyhedra were constructed upon self-assembling achiral components, i.e., a tritopic ligand based on a truxene core (10,15-dihydro-5H-diindeno[1,2-a;1′,2′-c]fluorene) and two different hydroxyquinonato–bridged diruthenium complexes. Both polyhedra were characterized in solution as well as in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. In both cases, the self-sorting process leading to only two homo-chiral enantiomers was governed by non-covalent interactions between both truxene units that faced each other.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharber SA, Mann A, Shih KC, Mullin WJ, Nieh MP, Thomas SW. Directed Polymorphism and Mechanofluorochromism of Conjugated Materials through Weak Non-Covalent Control. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2019; 7:8316-8324. [PMID: 33133604 PMCID: PMC7597496 DOI: 10.1039/c9tc01301f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and manipulating crystal polymorphism can provide novel strategies for materials discovery in organic optoelectronics. In this paper, a series of seven ester-terminated three-ring phenylene ethynylenes (PEs) exhibit structure-dependent polymorphism wherein alkyl chain length modulates the propensity to form violet or green fluorescent solid phases, as well as tunable thermal and mechanofluorochromic (MFC) transitions. These compounds harness "soft" non-covalent control to achieve polymorphism: the electronic substituent effect of the ester groups weakens the fluoroarene-arene (ArF-ArH) interactions that typically direct crystal packing of this class of compounds, increasing competitiveness of other interactions. Small structural modifications tip this balance and shift the prevalence of violet- or green-emitting polymorphs. Compounds with short alkyl chain lengths show both violet and various green fluorescent polymorphs, while the violet fluorescent form dominates with alkyl lengths longer than butyl. Further, thermally induced green-to-violet fluorescent crystal-to-crystal transitions occur for single crystals of CO2-1 and CO2-3. Finally, the PEs show reversible violet-to-green mechanofluorochromism (MFC), with temperature required for reversion of this MFC decreasing with alkyl chain length. We therefore present this design of directional but weak interactions as a strategy to access polymorphs and tunable stimuli-responsive behavior in solids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Sharber
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Arielle Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Kuo-Chih Shih
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - William J Mullin
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang T, Zhang C, Li X, Liang M, Bian W, Zhang Y, Wang K, Xue P. Fluorescence response of cruciform D–π–A–π–D phenothiazine derivatives to mechanical force. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three kinds of crystals of two phenothiazine derivatives transformed into similar amorphous powders, in which the short-range π-stacking can be deduced by single-crystal structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| | - Meng Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| | - Weixiao Bian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| | - Pengchong Xue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules
- MOE Key Laboratory of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Tianjin Normal University
- Tianjin 300387
| |
Collapse
|