1
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Bliksted Roug Pedersen V, Price TW, Kofod N, Zakharov LN, Laursen BW, Jasti R, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Synthesis and Properties of Fluorenone-Containing Cycloparaphenylenes and Their Late-Stage Transformation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303490. [PMID: 37930279 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) are the smallest possible armchair carbon nanotubes, the properties of which strongly depend on their ring size. They can be further tuned by either peripheral functionalization or by replacing phenylene rings for other aromatic units. Here we show how four novel donor-acceptor chromophores were obtained by incorporating fluorenone or 2-(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)malononitrile into the loops of two differently sized CPPs. Synthetically, we managed to perform late-stage functionalization of the fluorenone-based rings by high-yielding Knoevenagel condensations. The structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analyses, which revealed that replacing a phenylene for a fused-ring-system acceptor introduces additional strain. The donor-acceptor characters of the CPPs were supported by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies, electrochemical studies (displaying the CPPs as multi-redox systems undergoing reversible or quasi-reversible redox events), as well as by computations. The oligophenylene parts were found to comprise the electron donor units of the macrocycles and the fluorenone parts the acceptor units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tavis W Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Nicolaj Kofod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR-Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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2
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Ishibashi H, Rondelli M, Shudo H, Maekawa T, Ito H, Mizukami K, Kimizuka N, Yagi A, Itami K. Noncovalent Modification of Cycloparaphenylene by Catenane Formation Using an Active Metal Template Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310613. [PMID: 37608514 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The active metal template (AMT) strategy is a powerful tool for the formation of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) such as rotaxanes and catenanes, allowing the synthesis of a variety of MIMs, including π-conjugated and multicomponent macrocycles. Cycloparaphenylene (CPP) is an emerging molecule characterized by its cyclic π-conjugated structure and unique properties. Therefore, diverse modifications of CPPs are necessary for its wide application. However, most CPP modifications require early stage functionalization and the direct modification of CPPs is very limited. Herein, we report the synthesis of a catenane consisting of [9]CPP and a 2,2'-bipyridine macrocycle as a new CPP analogue that contains a reliable synthetic scaffold enabling diverse and concise post-modification. Following the AMT strategy, the [9]CPP-bipyridine catenane was successfully synthesized through Ni-mediated aryl-aryl coupling. Catalytic C-H borylation/cross-coupling and metal complexation of the bipyridine macrocycle moiety, an effective post-functionalization method, were also demonstrated with the [9]CPP-bipyridine catenane. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis revealed that the [9]CPP-bipyridine catenane forms a tridentated complex with an Ag ion inside the CPP ring. This interaction significantly enhances the phosphorescence lifetime through improved intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayasu Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Manuel Rondelli
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shudo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takehisa Maekawa
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kiichi Mizukami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akiko Yagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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3
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Chen D, Wada Y, Kusakabe Y, Sun L, Kayahara E, Suzuki K, Tanaka H, Yamago S, Kaji H, Zysman-Colman E. A Donor-Acceptor 10-Cycloparaphenylene and Its Use as an Emitter in an Organic Light-Emitting Diode. Org Lett 2023; 25:998-1002. [PMID: 36744816 PMCID: PMC9942195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we explored the possibility of using cycloparaphenylenes (CPP) within a donor-acceptor TADF emitter design. 4PXZPh-[10]CPP contains four electron-donating moieties connected to a [10]CPP. In the 15 wt % doped in CzSi film, 4PXZPh-[10]CPP showed sky-blue emission with λPL = 475 nm, ΦPL = 29%, and triexponential emission decays with τPL of 4.4, 46.3, and 907.8 ns. Solution-processed OLEDs using 4PXZPh-[10]CPP exhibited sky-blue emission with an λEL of 465 nm and an EQEmax of 1.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Chen
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshimasa Wada
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yu Kusakabe
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Liansheng Sun
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kayahara
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamago
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan,
| | - Hironori Kaji
- Institute
for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan,
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic
Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom,
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4
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Peterson E, Maust RL, Jasti R, Kertesz M, Tovar JD. Splitting the Ring: Impact of Ortho and Meta Pi Conjugation Pathways through Disjointed [8]Cycloparaphenylene Electronic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4611-4622. [PMID: 35245032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the synthesis and electronic properties of small-molecule and polymeric [8]cycloparaphenylenes ([8]CPPs) with disjointed pi-conjugated substituents. Arylene-ethynylene linkers were installed on opposite sides of the [8]CPP nanohoop as separated by three phenyl units on either side such that the monomer systems have syn (C2 symmetry) and anti (C1 symmetry) conformers with a small energy gap (0.1-0.6 kcal/mol). This disjoined substitution pattern necessarily forces delocalization through and around the CPP radial structure. We demonstrate new electronic states from this radial/linear mixing in both the small molecules and the pi extended polymers. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that these electronic processes arise from multiple operative radial/linear conjugation pathways, as the disjoint pattern results in both ortho and meta connections to the CPP ring. These results affirm the unique nature of hybrid radial and linear pi electron delocalization operative in these new conjugation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ruth L Maust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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5
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Volkmann J, Kohrs D, Bernt F, Wegner HA. Synthesis of a Substituted [10]Cycloparaphenylene through [2+2+2] Cycloaddition. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Volkmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Material Research (ZfM/LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Daniel Kohrs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Material Research (ZfM/LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Felix Bernt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Material Research (ZfM/LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Material Research (ZfM/LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
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6
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Zeng Q, Long Q, Lu J, Wang L, You Y, Yuan X, Zhang Q, Ge Q, Cong H, Liu M. Synthesis of a novel aminobenzene-containing hemicucurbituril and its fluorescence spectral properties with ions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2840-2847. [PMID: 34956406 PMCID: PMC8685562 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hemicucurbituril-based macrocycle, alternately consisting of amidobenzene and 2-imidazolidione moieties was designed and synthesized. Based on the fragment coupling strategy, nitrobenzene-containing hemicucurbituril was firstly prepared facilely under alkaline environment, and reduction of the nitro groups produced the desired amidobenzene-containing hemicucurbituril. As an original fluorescent chemosensor, it exhibited strong interactions with Fe3+ over other metal cations. The experimental evidence of fluorescence spectra suggested that a 1:1 complex was formed between this macrocycle and Fe3+ with an association constant up to (2.1 ± 0.3) × 104 M−1. Meanwhile, this macrocycle showed no obvious or only slight enhancement of the fluorescence intensity with selected anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkai Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Qiumeng Long
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Jihong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Yuting You
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Qianjun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Qingmei Ge
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Hang Cong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
| | - Mao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, PR China
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