1
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Dibble JP, Deboer SR, Mersha M, Robinson TJ, Felling RJ, Zeiler SR, Tovar JD. In Vivo Formation and Tracking of π-Peptide Nanostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:25091-25097. [PMID: 35838681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics associated with the self-assembly of π-peptide molecules into 1-D nanostructures has been well-established, thus revealing the creation of nanoscale electronic conduits in aqueous media. Such materials have therapeutic potential in many biomedical applications. In this work, we report the in vivo deployment of these π-peptide nanostructures in brain tissue using photothrombotic stroke as a model application. A test peptide was used for brain injections, and the nanostructures formed were visualized with electron microscopy. A new peptide bearing a low-energy fluorescence dye was prepared to facilitate direct visualization of π-peptide localization in the brain cavity by way of fluorescence microscopy. This work demonstrates feasibility for in vivo application of π-peptide nanostructures toward pressing biomedical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie P Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Scott R Deboer
- Medstar Franklin Square Medical Center, 9000 Franklin Square Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21237, United States
| | - Mahlet Mersha
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Thomas J Robinson
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Ryan J Felling
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Steven R Zeiler
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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2
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Han J, Jiang Y, Tiernana E, Ganley C, Song Y, Lee T, Chiu A, McGuiggan P, Adams N, Clancy P, Russell TP, Hopkins PE, Thon SM, Tovar JD, Katz HE. Blended Conjugated Host and Unconjugated Dopant Polymers Towards N-type All-Polymer Conductors and High-ZT Thermoelectrics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219313. [PMID: 37021740 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Type thermoelectrics typically consist of small molecule dopant+polymer host. Only a few polymer dopant+polymer host systems have been reported, and these have lower thermoelectric parameters. N-type polymers with high crystallinity and order are generally used for high-conductivity ( ) organic conductors. Few n-type polymers with only short-range lamellar stacking for high-conductivity materials have been reported. Here, we describe an n-type short-range lamellar-stacked all-polymer thermoelectric system with highest of 78 S -1, power factor (PF) of 163 μW m-1K-2, and maximum figure of merit (ZT) of 0.53 at room temperature with a dopant/host ratio of 75 wt%. The minor effect of polymer dopant on the molecular arrangement of conjugated polymer PDPIN at high ratios, high doping capability, high Seebeck coefficient (S) absolute values relative to , and typical decreased thermal conductivity ( ) with increased doping ratio contribute to the promising performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Han
- Johns Hopkins University - Homewood Campus: Johns Hopkins University, Materials Science and Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory: E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Emma Tiernana
- University of Virginia, Mechanical Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Connor Ganley
- Johns Hopkins University - Homewood Campus: Johns Hopkins University, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Yunjia Song
- Johns Hopkins University - Homewood Campus: Johns Hopkins University, Materials Science and Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Taein Lee
- Johns Hopkins University - Homewood Campus: Johns Hopkins University, Materials Science and Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Arlene Chiu
- Johns Hopkins University - Homewood Campus: Johns Hopkins University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Patricia McGuiggan
- Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Nicholas Adams
- Johns Hopkins University Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Paulette Clancy
- Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory: E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Polymer Science, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Susanna M Thon
- Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UNITED STATES
| | - John D Tovar
- Johns Hopkins University - Homewood Campus: Johns Hopkins University, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Howard E Katz
- Johns Hopkins University, Materials Science and Engineering, 206 Maryland Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, 21218, Baltimore, UNITED STATES
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3
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Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Evolution of π-Peptide Self-Assembly: From Understanding to Prediction and Control. Langmuir 2022; 38:15463-15475. [PMID: 36475709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials derived from the self-assembly of engineered molecules continue to garner tremendous scientific and technological interest. Recent innovations include the realization of nano- and mesoscale particles (0D), rods and fibrils (1D), sheets (2D), and even extended lattices (3D). Our research groups have focused attention over the past 15 years on one particular class of supramolecular materials derived from oligopeptides with embedded π-electron units, where the oligopeptides can be viewed as substituents or side chains to direct the assembly of the central π-electron cores. Upon assembly, the π-systems are driven into close cofacial architectures that facilitate a variety of energy migration processes within the nanomaterial volume, including exciton transport, voltage transmission, and photoinduced electron transfer. Like many practitioners of supramolecular materials science, many of our initial molecular designs were designed with substantial inspiration from biologically occurring self-assembly coupled with input from chemical intuition and molecular modeling and simulation. In this feature article, we summarize our current understanding of the π-peptide self-assembly process as documented through our body of publications in this area. We address fundamental spectroscopic and computational tools used to extract information regarding the internal structures and energetics of the π-peptide assemblies, and we address the current state of the art in terms of recent applications of data science tools in conjunction with high-throughput computational screening and experimental assays to guide the efficient traversal of the π-peptide molecular design space. The abstract image details our integrated program of chemical synthesis, spectroscopic and functional characterization, multiscale simulation, and machine learning which has advanced the understanding and control of the assembly of synthetic π-conjugated peptides into supramolecular nanostructures with energy and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
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4
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Han J, Tiernan E, Lee T, Chiu A, McGuiggan P, Adams N, Tomko JA, Hopkins PE, Thon SM, Tovar JD, Katz HE. A New Polystyrene-Poly(vinylpyridinium) Ionic Copolymer Dopant for n-Type All-Polymer Thermoelectrics with High and Stable Conductivity Relative to the Seebeck Coefficient giving High Power Factor. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2201062. [PMID: 35441380 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel n-type copolymer dopant polystyrene-poly(4-vinyl-N-hexylpyridinium fluoride) (PSpF) with fluoride anions is designed and synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. This is thought to be the first polymeric fluoride dopant. Electrical conductivity of 4.2 S cm-1 and high power factor of 67 µW m-1 K-2 are achieved for PSpF-doped polymer films, with a corresponding decrease in thermal conductivity as the PSpF concentration is increased, giving the highest ZT of 0.1. An especially high electrical conductivity of 58 S cm-1 at 88 °C and outstanding thermal stability are recorded. Further, organic transistors of PSpF-doped thin films exhibit high electron mobility and Hall mobility of 0.86 and 1.70 cm2 V-1 s-1 , respectively. The results suggest that polystyrene-poly(vinylpyridinium) salt copolymers with fluoride anions are promising for high-performance n-type all-polymer thermoelectrics. This work provides a new way to realize organic thermoelectrics with high conductivity relative to the Seebeck coefficient, high power factor, thermal stability, and broad processing window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Emma Tiernan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Taein Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Arlene Chiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Patty McGuiggan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Nicholas Adams
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - John A Tomko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Patrick E Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Susanna M Thon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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5
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Peterson E, Maust RL, Jasti R, Kertesz M, Tovar JD. Splitting the Ring: Impact of Ortho and Meta Pi Conjugation Pathways through Disjointed [8]Cycloparaphenylene Electronic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4611-4622. [PMID: 35245032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the synthesis and electronic properties of small-molecule and polymeric [8]cycloparaphenylenes ([8]CPPs) with disjointed pi-conjugated substituents. Arylene-ethynylene linkers were installed on opposite sides of the [8]CPP nanohoop as separated by three phenyl units on either side such that the monomer systems have syn (C2 symmetry) and anti (C1 symmetry) conformers with a small energy gap (0.1-0.6 kcal/mol). This disjoined substitution pattern necessarily forces delocalization through and around the CPP radial structure. We demonstrate new electronic states from this radial/linear mixing in both the small molecules and the pi extended polymers. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that these electronic processes arise from multiple operative radial/linear conjugation pathways, as the disjoint pattern results in both ortho and meta connections to the CPP ring. These results affirm the unique nature of hybrid radial and linear pi electron delocalization operative in these new conjugation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ruth L Maust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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6
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Hong C, Baltazar J, Tovar JD. Manifestations of antiaromaticity in organic materials: case studies of cyclobutadiene, borole, and pentalene. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John D. Tovar
- Johns Hopkins University Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering 3400 N. Charles StreetNCB 316 MD 21218 Baltimore UNITED STATES
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7
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Panda SS, Shmilovich K, Herringer NSM, Marin N, Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Computationally Guided Tuning of Peptide-Conjugated Perylene Diimide Self-Assembly. Langmuir 2021; 37:8594-8606. [PMID: 34213333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-π-conjugated materials are important for biointerfacing charge-transporting applications due to their aqueous compatibility and formation of long-range π-electron networks. Perylene diimides (PDIs), well-established charge-transporting π systems, can self-assemble in aqueous solutions when conjugated with amino acids. In this work, we leveraged computational guidance from our previous work to access two different self-assembled architectures from PDI-amino acid conjugates. Furthermore, we expanded the design rule to other sequences to learn that the closest amino acids to the π core have a significant effect on the photophysical properties of the resulting assemblies. By simply altering glycine to alanine at the closest residue position, we observed significantly different electronic properties as revealed through UV-vis, photoluminescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopies. Accompanying molecular dynamics simulations revealed two distinct types of self-assembled architectures: cofacial structures when the smaller glycine residue is at the closest residue position to the π core versus rotationally shifted structures when glycine is substituted for the larger alanine. This study illustrates the use of tandem computations and experiments to unearth and understand new design rules for supramolecular materials and exposes a modest amino acid substitution as a means to predictably modulate the supramolecular organization and engineer the photophysical properties of π-conjugated peptidic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Subhra Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicholas S M Herringer
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Nicolas Marin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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8
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Tovar JD. Repurposing aromaticity for organic electronics: Making, breaking, and stacking π‐circuits. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
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9
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Ghorbani F, Harry SA, Capilato JN, Pitts CR, Joram J, Peters GN, Tovar JD, Smajlagic I, Siegler MA, Dudding T, Lectka T. Carbonyl-Directed Aliphatic Fluorination: A Special Type of Hydrogen Atom Transfer Beats Out Norrish II. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14710-14724. [PMID: 32786786 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, our group reported that enone and ketone functional groups, upon photoexcitation, can direct site-selective sp3 C-H fluorination in terpenoid derivatives. How this transformation actually occurred remained mysterious, as a significant number of mechanistic possibilities came to mind. Herein, we report a comprehensive study describing the reaction mechanism through kinetic studies, isotope-labeling experiments, 19F NMR, electrochemical studies, synthetic probes, and computational experiments. To our surprise, the mechanism suggests intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) chemistry is at play, rather than classical Norrish hydrogen atom abstraction as initially conceived. What is more, we discovered a unique role for photopromoters such as benzil and related compounds that necessitates their chemical transformation through fluorination in order to be effective. Our findings provide documentation of an unusual form of directed HAT and are of crucial importance for defining the necessary parameters for the development of future methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshte Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Stefan Andrew Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joseph N Capilato
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Cody Ross Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jacob Joram
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Garvin N Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Ivor Smajlagic
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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10
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Dibble JP, Troyano-Valls C, Tovar JD. A Tale of Three Hydrophobicities: Impact of Constitutional Isomerism on Nanostructure Evolution and Electronic Communication in π-Conjugated Peptides. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Panda SS, Shmilovich K, Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Computationally Guided Tuning of Amino Acid Configuration Influences the Chiroptical Properties of Supramolecular Peptide-π-Peptide Nanostructures. Langmuir 2020; 36:6782-6792. [PMID: 32491857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular materials derived from peptidic macromolecules with π-conjugated building blocks are of enormous interest because of their aqueous solubility and biocompatibility. The design rules to achieve tailored optoelectronic properties from these types of materials can be guided by computation and virtual screening rather than intuition-based experimental trial-and-error. Using machine learning, we reported previously that the supramolecular chirality in self-assembled aggregates from VEVAG-π-GAVEV type peptidic materials was most strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic packing of the alanine and valine residues. Herein, we build upon this idea to demonstrate through molecular-level experimental characterization and all-atom molecular modeling that varying the stereogenic centers of these residues has a profound impact on the optoelectronic properties of the supramolecular aggregates, whereas the variation of stereogenic centers of other residues has only nominal influence on these properties. This study highlights the synergy between computational and experimental insight relevant to the control of chiroptical or other electronic properties associated with supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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12
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Grover G, Peters GM, Tovar JD, Kertesz M. Quinonoid vs. aromatic structures of heteroconjugated polymers from oligomer calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11431-11439. [PMID: 32386288 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00606h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with quinonoid ground states can display low optical band gaps. The design of novel conjugated polymers with quinonoid ground states offers insights into the relative stabilities of aromatic vs. quinonoid structures. In this work, we present parameters such as the quinonoid (Q)/aromatic (A) energy difference, the band gap, and the C-C distances between the repeat units. This study reveals eight new polymers which exist in quinonoid ground state among twenty-nine polymers of varying structural composition that were subject to analysis. We expect that copolymerizing such quinonoid ground state monomers with aromatic ground state monomers will modulate the bandgap of the resulting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girishma Grover
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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13
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Jira ER, Shmilovich K, Kale TS, Ferguson A, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Effect of Core Oligomer Length on the Phase Behavior and Assembly of π-Conjugated Peptides. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:20722-20732. [PMID: 32286786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biohybrid molecules are a versatile class of materials for controlling the assembly behavior and functional properties of electronically active organics. In this work, we study the effect of the size of the π-conjugated core on the assembly and phase behavior for a series of π-conjugated peptides consisting of oligothiophene cores of defined lengths flanked by sequence-defined peptides (OTX, where X = 4, 5, 6 is the number of thiophene core units). Interestingly, we find that π-conjugated peptides with relatively short OT4 cores assemble into ordered, high aspect ratio, one-dimensional (1D) structures, whereas π-conjugated peptides with longer OT5 and OT6 cores assemble into disordered structures or lower aspect ratio 1D structures depending on assembly conditions. Phase diagrams for assembled materials are experimentally determined as a function of ionic strength, pH, temperature, and peptide concentration, revealing the impact of molecular sequence and π-conjugated core length on assembled morphologies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are further used to probe the origins of microscale differences in assembly that arise from subtle changes in molecular identity. Broadly, our work elucidates the mechanisms governing the assembly of π-conjugated peptides, which will aid in efficient materials processing for soft electronic applications. Overall, these results highlight the complex phase behavior of biohybrid materials, including the impact of molecular sequence on assembly behavior and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Jira
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Tejaswini S Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Andrew Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Shmilovich K, Mansbach RA, Sidky H, Dunne OE, Panda SS, Tovar JD, Ferguson AL. Discovery of Self-Assembling π-Conjugated Peptides by Active Learning-Directed Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3873-3891. [PMID: 32180410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronically active organic molecules have demonstrated great promise as novel soft materials for energy harvesting and transport. Self-assembled nanoaggregates formed from π-conjugated oligopeptides composed of an aromatic core flanked by oligopeptide wings offer emergent optoelectronic properties within a water-soluble and biocompatible substrate. Nanoaggregate properties can be controlled by tuning core chemistry and peptide composition, but the sequence-structure-function relations remain poorly characterized. In this work, we employ coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations within an active learning protocol employing deep representational learning and Bayesian optimization to efficiently identify molecules capable of assembling pseudo-1D nanoaggregates with good stacking of the electronically active π-cores. We consider the DXXX-OPV3-XXXD oligopeptide family, where D is an Asp residue and OPV3 is an oligophenylenevinylene oligomer (1,4-distyrylbenzene), to identify the top performing XXX tripeptides within all 203 = 8000 possible sequences. By direct simulation of only 2.3% of this space, we identify molecules predicted to exhibit superior assembly relative to those reported in prior work. Spectral clustering of the top candidates reveals new design rules governing assembly. This work establishes new understanding of DXXX-OPV3-XXXD assembly, identifies promising new candidates for experimental testing, and presents a computational design platform that can be generically extended to other peptide-based and peptide-like systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Rachael A Mansbach
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Hythem Sidky
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Olivia E Dunne
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sayak Subhra Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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15
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Lee T, Panda SS, Tovar JD, Katz HE. Unusually Conductive Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanostructures Derived from Bio-Inspired Mineralization of Peptide/Pi-Electron Assemblies. ACS Nano 2020; 14:1846-1855. [PMID: 31999098 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials derived from pi-conjugated peptidic macromolecules are well-established to self-assemble into 1D nanostructures. In the presence of KOH, which was used to more fully dissolve the peptide macromolecules prior to triggering the self-assembly by way of exposure to HCl vapor, we report here an unexpected mineralization of KCl as templated presumably by the glutamic acid residues that were present along the backbone of the peptide macromolecules. In order to decouple the peptidic side chains from the central pi-electron unit, three-carbon spacers were added between them on both sides. The assembled structures that resulted from the collective formation of β-sheets, π-orbital overlaps, and mineralization resulted in highly interconnected dendritic structures under suitable KOH concentrations. Electrical measurements indicated that when well-interconnected, these dendritic structures maintained conductivities comparable to those of metals at around 1800 S/cm. About 50 mA current was measured for 0.5 V/37.5 μm. Varying the gate voltage in a transistor configuration had no effect on the current levels, indicating a conductive instead of a semiconducting pathway. Control experiments without the peptide, measurements of conductivity over time, and conductivity quenching by ammonia suggested the conductivity of these dendritic networks was derived from proton doping of the central π-electron units in a strong acid environment and was facilitated by closely spaced chromophores, as suggested in the literature, leading to facile π-electron transfer along the interconnected dendritic pathways. Our findings suggest that mineralization templated by appropriate amino acids combined with peptide/π-electron self-assembly can lead to highly conductive dendritic macrostructures as well as control of nanowire growth in specific directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taein Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Sayak Subhra Panda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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16
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Peters GM, Grover G, Maust RL, Colwell CE, Bates H, Edgell WA, Jasti R, Kertesz M, Tovar JD. Linear and Radial Conjugation in Extended π-Electron Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2293-2300. [PMID: 31934753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and electronic properties of new π-conjugated small molecules and polymers that combine the linear intramolecular conjugation pathways commonly associated with organic electronic materials with the emerging properties of radial conjugation found in cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) and other curved π-surfaces. Using arylene ethynylenes as prototypical linear segments and [6]/[8]CPP as the radial segments, we demonstrate the formation of new electronic states that are not simply additive responses from the individual components. Quantum chemical calculations of model oligomeric structures reveal these electronic processes to arise from the hybrid nature of wave function delocalization over the linear and radial contributors in the photophysically relevant electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garvin M Peters
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Girishma Grover
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets NW , Washington , DC 20057 , United States
| | - Ruth L Maust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Curtis E Colwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Haley Bates
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - William A Edgell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Ramesh Jasti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, and Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact , University of Oregon , Eugene , Oregon 97403 , United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets NW , Washington , DC 20057 , United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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17
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Honick CR, Peters GM, Young JD, Tovar JD, Bragg AE. Core structure dependence of cycloreversion dynamics in diarylethene analogs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3314-3328. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05797h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased core rigidity in diarylethene-type photoswitches results in shallower excited-state potential energy surfaces and faster funneling towards the conical intersections from which cycloreversion and nonreactive deactivation occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie D. Young
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
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18
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Thurston BA, Shapera EP, Tovar JD, Schleife A, Ferguson AL. Revealing the Sequence-Structure-Electronic Property Relation of Self-Assembling π-Conjugated Oligopeptides by Molecular and Quantum Mechanical Modeling. Langmuir 2019; 35:15221-15231. [PMID: 31657579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanoaggregates of π-conjugated synthetic peptides present a biocompatible and highly tunable alternative to silicon-based optical and electronic materials. Understanding the relationship between structural morphology and electronic properties of these assemblies is critical for understanding and controlling their mechanical, optical, and electronic responses. In this work, we combine all-atom classical molecular simulations with quantum mechanical electronic structure calculations to ascertain the sequence-structure-electronic property relationship within a family of Asp-X-X-quaterthiophene-X-X-Asp (DXX-OT4-XXD) oligopeptides in which X is one of the five amino acids {Ala, Phe, Gly, Ile, Val} ({A, F, G, I, V}). Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that smaller amino acid substituents (A, G) favor linear stacking within a peptide dimer, whereas larger groups (F, I, V) induce larger twist angles between the peptides. Density functional theory calculations on the dimer show the absorption spectrum to be dominated by transitions between carbon and sulfur p orbitals. Although the absorption spectrum is largely insensitive to the relative twist angle, the highest occupied molecular orbital strongly localizes onto one molecule within the dimer at large twist angles, impeding the efficiency of transport between molecules. Our results provide a fundamental understanding of the relation between peptide orientation and electronic structure and offer design precepts for rational engineering of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A Thurston
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies , Sandia National Laboratories , P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque , New Mexico 87185 , United States
| | - Ethan P Shapera
- Department of Physics , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1110 West Green Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - André Schleife
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , 1304 West Green Street , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Materials Research Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 104 South Goodwin Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1205 West Clark Street , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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19
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Baghernejad M, Van Dyck C, Bergfield J, Levine DR, Gubicza A, Tovar JD, Calame M, Broekmann P, Hong W. Quantum Interference Enhanced Chemical Responsivity in Single‐Molecule Dithienoborepin Junctions. Chemistry 2019; 25:15141-15146. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Baghernejad
- Transport at Nanoscale Interface Laboratory Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 56 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Colin Van Dyck
- Department of Physics University of Mons 20, place du parc 7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Justin Bergfield
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry Illinois State University Moulton Hall USA
| | - David R. Levine
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Agnes Gubicza
- Transport at Nanoscale Interface Laboratory Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Michel Calame
- Transport at Nanoscale Interface Laboratory Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 56 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Wenjing Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, NEL, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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20
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Kim J, Oh J, Park S, Zafra JL, DeFrancisco JR, Casanova D, Lim M, Tovar JD, Casado J, Kim D. Two-electron transfer stabilized by excited-state aromatization. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4983. [PMID: 31676760 PMCID: PMC6825201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific significance of excited-state aromaticity concerns with the elucidation of processes and properties in the excited states. Here, we focus on TMTQ, an oligomer composed of a central 1,6-methano[10]annulene and 5-dicyanomethyl-thiophene peripheries (acceptor-donor-acceptor system), and investigate a two-electron transfer process dominantly stabilized by an aromatization in the low-energy lying excited state. Our spectroscopic measurements quantitatively observe the shift of two π-electrons between donor and acceptors. It is revealed that this two-electron transfer process accompanies the excited-state aromatization, producing a Baird aromatic 8π core annulene in TMTQ. Biradical character on each terminal dicyanomethylene group of TMTQ allows a pseudo triplet-like configuration on the 8π core annulene with multiexcitonic nature, which stabilizes the energetically unfavorable two-charge separated state by the formation of Baird aromatic core annulene. This finding provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of excited-state aromaticity and insight to designing functional photoactive materials. Excited state aromaticity gives rise to unique photophysical properties which may aid the design of functional photoactive materials. Here, the authors spectroscopically characterize an acceptor-donor-acceptor system featuring a two-electron transfer process stabilized by aromatization in the lower energy excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Seongchul Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Jose L Zafra
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Justin R DeFrancisco
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia, International Physics Center (DIPC) & IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal, 4, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain.
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Andalucia-Tech, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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21
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Panda SS, Shmilovich K, Ferguson AL, Tovar JD. Controlling Supramolecular Chirality in Peptide-π-Peptide Networks by Variation of the Alkyl Spacer Length. Langmuir 2019; 35:14060-14073. [PMID: 31566986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular organic materials with π-functionalities are of great interest because of their applications as biocompatible nanoelectronics. A detailed understanding of molecular parameters to modulate the formation of hierarchical structures can inform design principles for materials with engineered optical and electronic properties. In this work, we combine molecular-level characterization techniques with all-atom molecular simulations to investigate the subtle relationship between the chemical structure of peptide-π-peptide molecules and the emergent supramolecular chirality of their spontaneously self-assembled nanoaggregates. We demonstrate through circular dichroism measurements that we can modulate the chirality by incorporating alkyl spacers of various lengths in between the peptides and thienylene-phenylene π-system chromophores: even numbers of alkyl carbons in the spacer units (0, 2) induce M-type helical character whereas odd numbers (1, 3) induce P-type. Corroborating molecular dynamics simulations and explicating machine learning analysis techniques identify hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic packing to be the principal discriminants of the observed chirality switches. Our results present a molecular-level design rule to engineer chirality into optically and electronically active nanoaggregates of these peptidic building blocks by exploiting systematic variations in the alkyl spacer length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirill Shmilovich
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering , University of Chicago , 5640 South Ellis Avenue , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
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22
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Young JD, Honick CR, Zhou J, Pitts CR, Ghorbani F, Peters GM, Lectka T, Tovar JD, Bragg AE. Energy- and conformer-dependent excited-state relaxation of an E/Z photoswitchable thienyl-ethene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14440-14452. [PMID: 30920561 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis(bithienyl)-1,2-dicyanoethene (4TCE) is a photoswitch that operates via reversible E/Z photoisomerization following absorption of visible light. cis-to-trans photoisomerization of 4TCE requires excitation below 470 nm, is relatively inefficient (quantum yield < 5%) and occurs via the lowest-lying triplet. We present excitation-wavelength dependent (565-420 nm) transient absorption (TA) studies to probe the photophysics of cis-to-trans isomerization to identify sources of switching inefficiency. TA data reveals contributions from more than one switch conformer and relaxation cascades between multiple states. Fast (∼4 ps) and slow (∼40 ps) components of spectral dynamics observed at low excitation energies (>470 nm) are readily attributed to deactivation of two conformers; this assignment is supported by computed thermal populations and absorption strengths of two molecular geometries (PA and PB) characterized by roughly parallel dipoles for the thiophenes on opposite sides of the ethene bond. Only the PB conformer is found to contribute to triplet population and the switching of cis-4TCE: high-energy excitation (<470 nm) of PB involves direct excitation to S2, relaxation from which prepares an ISC-active S1 geometry (ISC QY 0.4-0.67, kISC∼ 1.6-2.6 × 10-9 s-1) that is the gateway to triplet population and isomerization. We ascribe low cis-to-trans isomerization yield to excitation of the nonreactive PA conformer (75-85% loss) as well as loses along the PB S2→ S1→ T1 cascade (10-20% loss). In contrast, electrocyclization is inhibited by the electronic character of the excited states, as well as a non-existent thermal population of a reactive "antiparallel" ring conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Young
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Chana R Honick
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Cody R Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Fereshte Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Garvin M Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The co-assembly behavior of peptide-π-peptide and peptide-alkyl-peptide triblock molecules that form one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures under acidic, aqueous environments is dependent on the peptide sequence and the torsional constraints imposed within the nanomaterial volume. Although a hydrophilic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Asp-Asp, DDD-) previously promoted isolation/dilution of minority π-electron components in the matrix of aliphatic peptides, a β-sheet promoting sequence (Asp-Val-Val, DVV-) led to blocks of the two components distributed within larger 1D self-assembled nanostructures. Furthermore, torsional restrictions exerted on the oligoaromatic π-electron unit by the self-assembly process can lead to changes in its conformation (for example, planarity), which has ramifications on its functionality within the peptide matrix. Here, we study this impact on thiophene-based π-electron units with inherently different geometries, viz., relatively planar 2,2':5',2″:5″,2‴-quaterthiophene and 3″,4'-dimethyl-2,2':5',2″:5″,2‴-quaterthiophene, which is twisted at the core bithiophene unit due to the presence of two methyl groups. These peptides were co-assembled at 5 and 20 mol % with peptide- n-decyl-peptide triblock molecules, and the resultant assemblies were studied using UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopies. We found that torsional restriction in dimethylated quaterthiophene units can impact the stacking behavior of these 1D peptide nanoassemblies and have consequences on their photophysical properties. Additionally, these insights help in the understanding of the dependence of the optoelectronic properties of these materials on both the intrinsic conformation of π-units and the geometric constraints imposed by their immediate local environment under aqueous conditions.
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24
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Peters GM, Tovar JD. Pendant Photochromic Conjugated Polymers Incorporating a Highly Functionalizable Thieno[3,4-b]thiophene Switching Motif. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3146-3152. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Abstract
The definition and measurement of local and global aromaticity in fused ring polycyclic aromatic compounds is a complex issue. Historically, these types of molecules have been explored in this capacity by way of experimental (NMR, thermochemistry) and computational (NICS, HOMA) analyses. We previously showed how borepin rings with [ b, f] arene fusions can be used as experimental magnetic aromaticity reporters via the remaining protons attached to the borepin rings. In this report, we describe a joint experimental and computational analysis of several borepin-containing polycyclic aromatic molecules in order to draw conclusions about the influence of ring fusion on aromaticity. We find that the borepin ring within these extended structures is a unique motif with limited σ-contribution to aromaticity while still displaying a wide range of structural and magnetic aromatic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid E Messersmith
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States of America
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States of America.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States of America
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26
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Panda SS, Katz HE, Tovar JD. Correction: Solid-state electrical applications of protein and peptide based nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5616. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs90092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for ‘Solid-state electrical applications of protein and peptide based nanomaterials’ by Sayak Subhra Panda et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018, 47, 3640–3658.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Subhra Panda
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
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27
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Abstract
This review summarizes recent advancements in electrical properties and applications of natural proteins and mutated variants, synthetic oligopeptides and peptide–π conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Subhra Panda
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
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28
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Abstract
Self-assembling peptides with covalent pi-electron functionality offer new ways to create delocalized conduits within protein-based nanomaterials. My group's recent research is summarized in this regard, detailing foundational self-assembly and photophysical characterizations that validate the electronic couplings existing within the resulting peptidic nanomaterials. Using these initial studies as a benchmark, ongoing studies to create even more complex photonic energy delocalization schemes are presented, spanning excitonic and Förster energy transfer to low-bandgap dopant sites (whereby 46% of the observed photoluminescence could be quenched by the addition of 1 mol% of an energy acceptor), the creation of charge separated states following photoinduced electron transfer that persisted for over a nanosecond, and use of kinetic control to dictate self-sorting (at long time scales, ca. several hours) or intimate coassembly (at short time scales, ca. several seconds) of multiple peptide components. Peptide coassemblies are described that exhibit both directed exciton migration to low-energy sites and follow-up charge separation events, very much in mimicry with relevant photosynthetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street (NCB 316), Baltimore, MD 21218, United States of America
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29
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Messersmith RE, Yadav S, Siegler MA, Ottosson H, Tovar JD. Benzo[b]thiophene Fusion Enhances Local Borepin Aromaticity in Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13440-13448. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reid E. Messersmith
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751
20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751
20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400
North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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30
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Zhou Y, Li B, Li S, Ardoña HAM, Wilson WL, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Concentration-Driven Assembly and Sol-Gel Transition of π-Conjugated Oligopeptides. ACS Cent Sci 2017; 3:986-994. [PMID: 28979940 PMCID: PMC5620977 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in supramolecular assembly have enabled the design and synthesis of functional materials with well-defined structures across multiple length scales. Biopolymer-synthetic hybrid materials can assemble into supramolecular structures with a broad range of structural and functional diversity through precisely controlled noncovalent interactions between subunits. Despite recent progress, there is a need to understand the mechanisms underlying the assembly of biohybrid/synthetic molecular building blocks, which ultimately control the emergent properties of hierarchical assemblies. In this work, we study the concentration-driven self-assembly and gelation of π-conjugated synthetic oligopeptides containing different π-conjugated cores (quaterthiophene and perylene diimide) using a combination of particle tracking microrheology, confocal fluorescence microscopy, optical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Our results show that π-conjugated oligopeptides self-assemble into β-sheet-rich fiber-like structures at neutral pH, even in the absence of electrostatic screening of charged residues. A critical fiber formation concentration cfiber and a critical gel concentration cgel are determined for fiber-forming π-conjugated oligopeptides, and the linear viscoelastic moduli (storage modulus G' and loss modulus G″) are determined across a wide range of peptide concentrations. These results suggest that the underlying chemical structure of the synthetic π-conjugated cores greatly influences the self-assembly process, such that oligopeptides appended to π-conjugated cores with greater torsional flexibility tend to form more robust fibers upon increasing peptide concentration compared to oligopeptides with sterically constrained cores. Overall, our work focuses on the molecular assembly of π-conjugated oligopeptides driven by concentration, which is controlled by a combination of enthalpic and entropic interactions between oligopeptide subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecheng Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Songsong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - William L. Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center
for Nanoscale Systems, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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31
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Ardoña HAM, Kale TS, Ertel A, Tovar JD. Nonresonant and Local Field Effects in Peptidic Nanostructures Bearing Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) Units. Langmuir 2017; 33:7435-7445. [PMID: 28683194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nanostructures with built-in electronic functions offer a new platform for biomaterial science. In this report, we interrogate the influences of the immediate peptide environment around oligo(p-phenylenevinylene) (OPV3) electronic units embedded within one-dimensional peptide nanostructures on the resulting photophysics as assessed by UV-vis, photoluminescence (PL), and circular dichroism spectroscopies. To do so, we studied peptide-core-peptide molecules where the core was either OPV3 or an aliphatic n-decyl chain. Coassemblies of these molecules wherein the π-core was diluted as a minority component within a majority aliphatic matrix allowed for the variation of interchromophore exciton coupling commonly found in homoassemblies of peptide-OPV3-peptide monomers. Upon coassembly of the peptides, a hydrophilic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Asp-Asp-, DDD-) promoted the dilution/isolation of the peptide-π-peptide molecules in the majority peptide-decyl-peptide matrix whereas a hydrophobic tripeptide sequence (Asp-Val-Val-, DVV-) promoted the formation of self-associated stacks within the nanostructures. We also performed temperature variation studies to induce the reorganization of π-electron units in the spatially constrained n-decyl environment. This study elucidates the nonresonant (e.g., conformational) and local peptide field effects enforced within the internal environment of peptide nanomaterials and how they lead to varied photophysical properties of the embedded π-electron cores. It offers new insights on tuning the optoelectronic properties of these types of materials on the basis of the local electronic and steric environment available within the nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tejaswini S Kale
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alyssa Ertel
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeannette E. Marine
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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33
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Ardoña HAM, Draper ER, Citossi F, Wallace M, Serpell LC, Adams DJ, Tovar JD. Kinetically Controlled Coassembly of Multichromophoric Peptide Hydrogelators and the Impacts on Energy Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8685-8692. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily R. Draper
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Citossi
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Wallace
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Dave J. Adams
- School
of Chemistry, WESTChem, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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34
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Levine DR, Messersmith RE, Siegler MA, Tovar JD. Ring fusion isomers of dithienoborepins: perturbations of electronic structure, aromaticity, and reactivity in boron-containing polycyclic heteroaromatics. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Through a combination of rational design and synthetic serendipity, two new structural isomers of the dithienoborepin (DTB) architecture have been realized. Unlike previous members of this family, these boron-containing polycyclic aromatics are unsymmetrical with respect to the fusion orientation of the central borepin and flanking thiophene rings. Characterization of the unsymmetrical dithienoborepins through spectroscopic, crystallographic, electrochemical, and computational methods reveal that the electronics, aromaticity, and chemical reactivity can differ subtly (as for DTB 3) or in dramatic fashion (DTB 4) throughout the series, as dictated by the nature of the unique π-conjugation in each structure. Synthetic elaboration of the three most closely related DTB isomers (1, 2, and 3) into π-extended derivatives by Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings revealed an enhancement in their inherent electronic property differences, demonstrating the feasibility of such an approach for molecular property tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Levine
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Reid E. Messersmith
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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35
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Kale TS, Tovar JD. Corrigendum to “Regulation of peptide-π-peptide nanostructure bundling: The impact of ‘cruciform’ π-electron segments” [Tetrahedron 72 (2016) 6084–6090]. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Sanders A, Kale TS, Katz HE, Tovar JD. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Self-Assembling Multivalent π-Conjugated Peptides. ACS Omega 2017; 2:409-419. [PMID: 31457447 PMCID: PMC6640940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a completely solid-phase synthetic strategy to create three- and four-fold peptide-appended π-electron molecules, where the multivalent oligopeptide presentation is dictated by the symmetries of reactive handles placed on discotic π-conjugated cores. Carboxylic acid and anhydride groups were viable amidation and imidation partners, respectively, and oligomeric π-electron discotic cores were prepared through Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings. Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the three or four peptide axes, these π-peptide hybrids self-assemble into robust one-dimensional nanostructures with high aspect ratios in aqueous solution. The preparation of these systems via solid-phase methods will be detailed along with their self-assembly properties, as revealed by steady-state spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy and electrical characterization using field-effect transistor measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allix
M. Sanders
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Tejaswini S. Kale
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Howard E. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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37
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Li B, Li S, Zhou Y, Ardoña HAM, Valverde LR, Wilson WL, Tovar JD, Schroeder CM. Nonequilibrium Self-Assembly of π-Conjugated Oligopeptides in Solution. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:3977-3984. [PMID: 28067038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assembly is a powerful method that can be used to generate materials with well-defined structures across multiple length scales. Supramolecular assemblies consisting of biopolymer-synthetic polymer subunits are specifically known to exhibit exceptional structural and functional diversity as well as programmable control of noncovalent interactions through hydrogen bonding in biopolymer subunits. Despite recent progress, there is a need to control and quantitatively understand assembly under nonequilibrium conditions. In this work, we study the nonequilibrium self-assembly of π-conjugated synthetic oligopeptides using a combination of experiments and analytical modeling. By isolating an aqueous peptide solution droplet within an immiscible organic layer, the rate of peptide assembly in the aqueous solution can be controlled by tuning the transport rate of acid that is used to trigger assembly. Using this approach, peptides are guided to assemble under reaction-dominated and diffusion-dominated conditions, with results showing a transition from a diffusion-limited reaction front to spatially homogeneous assembly as the transport rate of acid decreases. Interestingly, our results show that the morphology of self-assembled peptide fibers is controlled by the assembly kinetics such that increasingly homogeneous structures of self-assembled synthetic oligopeptides were generally obtained using slower rates of assembly. We further developed an analytical reaction-diffusion model to describe oligopeptide assembly, and experimental results are compared to the reaction-diffusion model across a range of parameters. Overall, this work highlights the importance of molecular self-assembly under nonequilibrium conditions, specifically showing that oligopeptide assembly is governed by a delicate balance between reaction kinetics and transport processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Songsong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Yuecheng Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lawrence R Valverde
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - William L Wilson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61820, United States
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38
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Translational
Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400
North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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39
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40
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez‐García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Corrigendum: An Unusually Small Singlet–Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6‐Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird's 4
n
π‐Electron Triplet Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9122. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez‐García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Berichtigung: An Unusually Small Singlet–Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6‐Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird's 4
n
π‐Electron Triplet Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid E. Messersmith
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Maxime A. Siegler
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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43
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Thurston BA, Tovar JD, Ferguson AL. Thermodynamics, morphology, and kinetics of early-stage self-assembly of π-conjugated oligopeptides. Molecular Simulation 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2015.1125997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Thurston
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L. Ferguson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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44
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Sanders AM, Magnanelli TJ, Bragg AE, Tovar JD. Photoinduced Electron Transfer within Supramolecular Donor–Acceptor Peptide Nanostructures under Aqueous Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3362-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allix M. Sanders
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Timothy J. Magnanelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department
of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Institute
of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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45
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Fraind AM, Ryzhkov LR, Tovar JD. Chain Dynamics, Relaxation Times, and Conductivities of Bithiophene–Acene Copolymers Measured Using High Frequency Saturation Transfer EPR. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1033-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lev R. Ryzhkov
- Department
of Chemistry Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252 United States
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46
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Besar K, Ardoña HAM, Tovar JD, Katz HE. Demonstration of Hole Transport and Voltage Equilibration in Self-Assembled π-Conjugated Peptide Nanostructures Using Field-Effect Transistor Architectures. ACS Nano 2015; 9:12401-12409. [PMID: 26554697 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated peptide materials are attractive for bioelectronics due to their unique photophysical characteristics, biofunctional interfaces, and processability under aqueous conditions. In order to be relevant for electrical applications, these types of materials must be able to support the passage of current and the transmission of applied voltages. Presented herein is an investigation of both the current and voltage transmission activities of one-dimensional π-conjugated peptide nanostructures. Observations of the nanostructures as both semiconducting and gate layers in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were made, and the effect of systematic changes in amino acid composition on the semiconducting/conducting functionality of the nanostructures was investigated. These molecular variations directly impacted the hole mobility values observed for the nanomaterial active layers over 3 orders of magnitude (∼0.02 to 5 × 10(-5) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) when the nanostructures had quaterthiophene cores and the assembled peptide materials spanned source and drain electrodes. Peptides without the quaterthiophene core were used as controls and did not show field-effect currents, verifying that the transport properties of the nanostructures rely on the semiconducting behavior of the π-electron core and not just ionic rearrangements. We also showed that the nanomaterials could act as gate electrodes and assessed the effect of varying the gate dielectric layer thickness in devices where the conventional organic semiconductor pentacene spanned the source and drain electrodes in a top-contact OFET, showing an optimum performance with 35-40 nm dielectric thickness. This study shows that these peptides that self-assemble in aqueous environments can be used successfully to transmit electronic signals over biologically relevant distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Besar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M Ardoña
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, and §Institute of NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials
Science and
Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and §Department of Materials
Science and
Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 United States
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48
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez-García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Innentitelbild: An Unusually Small Singlet-Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird’s 4 nπ-Electron Triplet Stabilization (Angew. Chem. 20/2015). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez-García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. Inside Cover: An Unusually Small Singlet-Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird’s 4nπ-Electron Triplet Stabilization (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 20/2015). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Streifel BC, Zafra JL, Espejo GL, Gómez-García CJ, Casado J, Tovar JD. An Unusually Small Singlet-Triplet Gap in a Quinoidal 1,6-Methano[10]annulene Resulting from Baird’s 4nπ-Electron Triplet Stabilization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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