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Brockmann M, Glotz G, von Glasenapp JS, Unterriker L, Neshchadin D, Gescheidt G, Herges R. Highly Sensitive, Easy-to-Use, One-Step Detection of Peroxide-, Nitrate- and Chlorate-Based Explosives with Electron-Rich Ni Porphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13010-13024. [PMID: 38690970 PMCID: PMC11099979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Homemade explosives, such as peroxides, nitrates, and chlorates, are increasingly abused by terrorists, criminals, and amateur chemists. The starting materials are easily accessible and instructions on how to make the explosives are described on the Internet. Safety considerations raise the need to detect these substances quickly and in low concentrations using simple methods. Conventional methods for the detection of these substances require sophisticated, electrically operated, analytical equipment. The simpler chemical detection methods are multistep and require several chemicals. We have developed a simple, one-step method that works similarly to a pH test strip in terms of handling. The analytical reaction is based on an acid-catalyzed oxidation of an electron-rich porphyrin to an unusually stable radical cation and dication. The detection limit for the peroxide-based explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP), which is very frequently used by terrorists, is 40 ng and thus low enough to detect the substance without direct contact via the gas phase. It is sufficient to bring the stick close to the substance to observe a color change from red to green. Nitrates and chlorates, such as ammonium nitrate, urea nitrate, or potassium chlorate, are detected by direct contact with a sensitivity of 85-350 ng. A color change from red to dark brown is observed. The test thus detects all homemade explosives and distinguishes between the extremely impact-, shock-, and friction-sensitive peroxides and the less sensitive nitrates and chlorates by color change of a simple test strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Brockmann
- Otto
Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriel Glotz
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz
University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jan-Simon von Glasenapp
- Otto
Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lara Unterriker
- Otto
Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz
University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz
University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto
Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Otto Hahn Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Navrátilová T, Tatar A, Havlík M, Hajduch J, Drozdová M, Gurung K, Palatinus L, Čejka J, Sedláček J, Anzenbacher P, Dolenský B. Preparation and Characterization of Metalloporphyrin Tröger’s and Spiro-Tröger’s Base Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15178-15186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Navrátilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ameneh Tatar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Havlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hajduch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Drozdová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kshitij Gurung
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Palatinus
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Čejka
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Sedláček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Bohumil Dolenský
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Rosa M, Ostrowski S. Studies on Synthesis of Porphyrins –
β
‐Substituted with Multiple Nitrogen‐containing Groups. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Rosa
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology ul. Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warszawa Poland
| | - Stanisław Ostrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology ul. Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warszawa Poland
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Patra S, Mosiagin I, Katayev D, Giri R. Organic Nitrating Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitro compounds are vital raw chemicals that are widely used in academic laboratories and industries for the preparation of various drugs, agrochemicals, and materials. Thus, nitrating reactions are of great importance for chemists and are even taught in schools as one of the fundamental transformations in organic synthesis. Since the discovery of the first nitrating reactions in the 19th century, progress in this field has been constant. Yet, for many years the classical electrophilic nitration approach using a mixture of strong mineral acids dominated the field. However, in recent decades, the attention of researchers has focused on new reactivity and new reagents that can provide access to nitro compounds in a practical and straightforward way under mild reaction conditions. Organic nitrating reagents have played a special role in this field since they have enhanced reactivity. They also allow nitration to be carried out in an ecofriendly and sustainable manner. This review examines the development and application of organic nitrating reagents.1 Introduction2 Organic Nitrating Reagents2.1 Alkyl Nitrites2.2 Nitroalkanes2.3 Alkyl Nitrates2.4 N-Nitroamides2.5 N-Nitropyrazole2.6 N-Nitropyridinium Salts3 Organic Nitrating Reagents Generated In Situ3.1 Acyl Nitrates3.2 Trimethylsilyl Nitrate3.3 Nitro Onium Salts4 Organic Nitronium Salts5 Organic Nitrates and Nitrites5.1 Ammonium Nitrates5.2 Heteroarylium Nitrates5.3 Other Organic Nitrates5.4 Organic Nitrites6 Conclusion and Outlook
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Mao W, Zhao H, Zhang M. Hydride transfer-initiated synthesis of 3-functionalized quinolines by deconstruction of isoquinoline derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4380-4383. [PMID: 35297459 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Under transition metal catalyst-free conditions, we herein present a hydride transfer-initiated construction of novel 3-(2-aminomethyl)aryl quinolines from N-isoquinolinium salts and 2-aminobenzaldehydes, proceeding with the merits of operational simplicity, high step and atom efficiency, good substrate and functional group compatibility, and mild conditions. The products are formed by reacting with the isoquinolyl motif as a two-carbon synthon along with the cleavage of its C3-N bond. Given the interesting applications of 3-aryl quinolines, the developed chemistry is anticipated to be further applied to develop new functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Mao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Zhao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
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Prakash K, Osterloh WR, Rathi P, Kadish KM, Sankar M. Facile synthesis of antipodal β-arylaminodibromoporphyrins through Buchwald-Hartwig C-N coupling reaction and exploring their spectral and electrochemical redox properties. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang J, Zhao H, Tan Z, Cao L, Jiang H, Ci C, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. syn-Selective Construction of Fused Heterocycles by Catalytic Reductive Tandem Functionalization of N-Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - He Zhao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhenda Tan
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Key Laboratory of Computational Catalytic Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, P. R. China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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