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Luo X, Ci C, Zhou C, Li J, Xiong W, Xie ZH, Guo M, Wu D, Chen B, Liu Y. Dopamine modified natural glucomannan as a highly efficient inhibitor for mild steel: Experimental and theoretical methods. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124712. [PMID: 37148938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Glucomannan was modified with dopamine to synthesize a new polysaccharide Schiff base (GAD). After confirmation of GAD by NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic methods, it was introduced as a sustainable corrosion inhibitor with excellent anti-corrosion action for mild steel in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. Employing electrochemical test, morphology measurement, and theoretical analysis, the anticorrosion performance of GAD on mild steel in 0.5 M HCl solution is determined. Maximum efficiency of GAD for suppressing the corrosion rate of mild steel at 0.12 g L-1 reaches 99.0 %. After immersion in HCl solution for 24 h, the results from scanning electron microscopy indicate that GAD is firmly attached to the mild steel surface by making a protective layer. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FeN bonds existed on the steel surface indicate the presence of chemisorption between GAD and Fe to form stable complexes attracted to the active position on the mild steel. The effects of Schiff base groups on the corrosion inhibition efficiencies were also investigated. Moreover, the inhibition mechanism of GAD was further illustrated by the free Gibbs energy, quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Loss Efficacy and Anticorrosion of Materials of Guizhou, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Engineering Research Center of Loss Efficacy and Anticorrosion of Materials of Guizhou, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, PR China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- SINOPEC, Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, PR China
| | - Wentao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hui Xie
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, PR China
| | - Meng Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Loss Efficacy and Anticorrosion of Materials of Guizhou, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, PR China.
| | - Dawang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Loss Efficacy and Anticorrosion of Materials of Guizhou, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Yali Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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Wang M, Zhang C, Ci C, Jiang H, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Room Temperature Construction of Vicinal Amino Alcohols via Electroreductive Cross-Coupling of N-Heteroarenes and Carbonyls. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10967-10973. [PMID: 37075201 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread applications of α-hydroxyalkyl cyclic amines, direct and diverse access to such a class of unique vicinal amino alcohols still remains, to date, a challenge. Here, through a strategy of electroreductive α-hydroxyalkylation of inactive N-heteroarenes with ketones or electron-rich arylaldehydes, we describe a room temperature approach for the direct construction of α-hydroxyalkyl cyclic amines, which features a broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, high chemoselectivity, and no need for pressurized H2 gas and transition metal catalysts. The zinc ion generated from anode oxidation plays a crucial role in the activation of both reactants by decreasing their reduction potentials. The strategy of electroreduction in combination with substrate activation by Lewis acids in this work is anticipated to develop more useful transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorui Wang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chengqian Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Key Laboratory of Computational Catalytic Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Sun J, Ci C, Jiang H, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Utilizing Nitroarenes and HCHO to Directly Construct Functional N-Heterocycles by Supported Cobalt/Amino Acid Relay Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303007. [PMID: 36946861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the generation of multiple intermediates during the nitroarene reduction, precise interception of single one to develop tandem reactions involving both C-C and C-N bond formations still remains a significant challenge. Herein, the relay catalysis of a supported bifunctional cobalt catalyst with L-proline has been successfully applied to establish a bran-new reductive annulation reaction of nitroarenes and formaldehyde, which enables direct and diverse construction of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,3-diaryl imidazolines. It proceeds with operational simplicity, good substrate and functionality compatibility, and excellent step and atom-efficiency. Mechanistic studies reveal that the Co-catalyst exhibits a synergistic effect on the formation of key N-hydroxy imine, and the L-proline subsequently facilitates the key C-C bond formation. The current work opens a door to develop useful transformations with nitroarenes by reduction-interrupted strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Sun
- South China University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 510641, Guangzhou, CHINA
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 558000, Duyun, CHINA
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- South China University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 510641, Guangzhou, CHINA
| | - Pierre H Dixneuf
- Rennes 1 University: Universite de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6226, 35000, Rennes, FRANCE
| | - Min Zhang
- South China University of Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, 381 Wushan Rd, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China, 510641, Guangzhou, CHINA
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Zhao H, Wu Y, Ci C, Tan Z, Yang J, Jiang H, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Intermolecular diastereoselective annulation of azaarenes into fused N-heterocycles by Ru(II) reductive catalysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2393. [PMID: 35501354 PMCID: PMC9061824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization of azaarenes can create molecules of biological importance, but reductive functionalization of weakly reactive azaarenes remains a challenge. Here the authors show a dearomative, diastereoselective annulation of azaarenes, via ruthenium(II) reductive catalysis, proceeding with excellent selectivity, mild conditions, and broad substrate and functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies reveal that the products are formed via hydride transfer-initiated β-aminomethylation and α-arylation of the pyridyl core in the azaarenes, and that paraformaldehyde serves as both the C1-building block and reductant precursor, and the use of Mg(OMe)2 base plays a critical role in determining the reaction chemo-selectivity by lowering the hydrogen transfer rate. The present work opens a door to further develop valuable reductive functionalization of unsaturated systems by taking profit of formaldehyde-endowed two functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Key Laboratory of Computational Catalytic Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, 558000, China
| | - Zhenda Tan
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Pierre H Dixneuf
- University of Rennes, ISCR, UMR CNRS 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China.
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Yang J, Zhao H, Tan Z, Cao L, Jiang H, Ci C, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. syn-Selective Construction of Fused Heterocycles by Catalytic Reductive Tandem Functionalization of N-Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - He Zhao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhenda Tan
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Key Laboratory of Computational Catalytic Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, P. R. China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Tan Z, Ci C, Yang J, Wu Y, Cao L, Jiang H, Zhang M. Catalytic Conversion of N-Heteroaromatics to Functionalized Arylamines by Merging Hydrogen Transfer and Selective Coupling. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenda Tan
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Key Laboratory of Computational Catalytic Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Cao
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
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Ci C, Wu C, Lyu D, Chang X, He C, Liu W, Chen L, Ding W. Downregulation of kynureninase restrains cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma proliferation and represses the PI3K/AKT pathway. Clin Exp Dermatol 2019; 45:194-201. [PMID: 31419330 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein kynureninase (KYNU) has recently been reported to participate in the pathological processes of various diseases. AIM To explore the expression and the biological function of KYNU in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). METHODS Expression of KYNU in cSCC cell lines and tissues was firstly evaluated based on the Gene Expression Omnibus and the Oncomine databases. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA expression of KYNU in cSCC cell lines. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used for silencing KYNU. The effect of KYNU on the growth and motility of cSCC cells was determined by cell counting kit-8, wound-healing and Transwell assays, and western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of KYNU, AKT, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated (p)-AKT and p-PI3K. RESULTS KYNU was significantly upregulated in cSCC tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of KYNU using siRNA noticeably suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of SCL-1 cells (P < 0.01). Western blotting revealed that phosphorylation of AKT and PI3K was markedly inhibited after silencing KYNU. The ratios of p-AKT/AKT and p-PI3K/PI3K were significantly decreased in the si-KYNU group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION Depletion of KYNU could inhibit the growth of cSCC cells, possibly through modulating PI3K/AKT pathway. These data indicate that KYNU takes a key part in the malignant progression of cSCC, and could be considered as a promising therapeutic target for cSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ci
- Department of, Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - C Wu
- Department of, Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - D Lyu
- Department of, Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - X Chang
- Department of, Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - C He
- Department of, Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - W Liu
- Department of, Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - L Chen
- Department of, Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - W Ding
- Department of, Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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Chen X, Zhang H, Ci C, Sun W, Wang Y. Few-Layered Boronic Ester Based Covalent Organic Frameworks/Carbon Nanotube Composites for High-Performance K-Organic Batteries. ACS Nano 2019; 13:3600-3607. [PMID: 30807104 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrodes for low-cost potassium ion batteries (PIBs) are attracting more interest by virtue of their molecular diversity, environmental friendliness, and operation safety. But the sluggish potassium diffusion kinetics, dissolution in organic electrolyte, poor electronic conductivity, and low reversible capacities are several drawbacks compared with inorganic counterparts. Herein, the boronic ester based covalent organic framework (COF) material is successfully prepared on the exterior surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via rational design of the organic condensation reaction and used as an anode material for PIBs. The few-layered structure of COF-10@CNT can provide more exposed active sites and fast K+ kinetics. It exhibits ultrahigh potassium storage performances (large reversible capacities of 288 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 and 161 mAh g-1 after 4000 cycles at 1 A g-1), which is superior to previous organic electrodes and most inorganic electrodes. Moreover, the K-storage mechanism is proposed to be π-cation interaction between K+ and conjugated π-electrons of benzene rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities , Duyun , Guizhou , People's Republic of China , 558000
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
| | - Chenggang Ci
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities , Duyun , Guizhou , People's Republic of China , 558000
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
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Ci C, Liu H, Yan L, Su Z. Mechanistic Investigation into Olefin Epoxidation with H 2O 2 Catalyzed by Aqua-Coordinated Sandwich-Type Polyoxometalates: Role of the Noble Metal and Active Oxygen Position. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:470-476. [PMID: 27777840 PMCID: PMC5062013 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqua-coordinated sandwich-type polyoxometalates (POMs), {[WZnTM2(H2O)2](ZnW9O34)2} n- (TM=RhIII, PdII, and PtII), catalyze olefin epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide and have been well established, and they present an advance toward the utilization of olefins. To elucidate the epoxidation mechanism, we systematically performed density functional calculations. The reaction proceeds through a two-step mechanism: activation of H2O2 and oxygen transfer. The aqua-coordinated complexes show two distinct H2O2 activation pathways: "two-step" and "concerted". The concerted processes are more facile and proceed with similar and rate-determining energy barriers at the Rh-, Pd-, and Pt-containing transition states, which agrees well with the experimental results. Next, the resulting TM-OH-(μ-OOH) intermediate transfers an O atom to olefin to form an epoxide. The higher reactivity of the Rh-containing POM is attributed to more interactions between the Rh and hydroperoxo unit. We also calculated all active oxygen positions to locate the most favorable pathway. The higher reactivity of the two-metal-bonded oxygen position is predominantly ascribed to its lower stereoscopic hindrance. Furthermore, the presence of one and two explicit water solvent molecules significantly reduces the energy barriers, making these sandwich POMs very efficient for the olefin epoxidation with H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Ci
- Institute of Polyoxometalate ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunJilin130024P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringDaqing Normal UniversityKey Laboratory of Oilfield Applied ChemistryCollege of Heilongjiang ProvinceDaqing163712P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQiannan Normal University for NationalitiesDuyun558000P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringDaqing Normal UniversityKey Laboratory of Oilfield Applied ChemistryCollege of Heilongjiang ProvinceDaqing163712P. R. China
| | - Likai Yan
- Institute of Polyoxometalate ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunJilin130024P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Institute of Polyoxometalate ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunJilin130024P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Ci
- Department
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, People’s Republic of China
- Institute
of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jorge J. Carbó
- Department
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Ronny Neumann
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Department
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Josep M. Poblet
- Department
de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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