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Lee LC, Huang KT, Lin YT, Jeng US, Wang CH, Tung SH, Huang CJ, Liu CL. A pH-Sensitive Stretchable Zwitterionic Hydrogel with Bipolar Thermoelectricity. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311811. [PMID: 38372500 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Amid growing interest in using body heat for electricity in wearables, creating stretchable devices poses a major challenge. Herein, a hydrogel composed of two core constituents, namely the negatively-charged 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid and the zwitterionic (ZI) sulfobetaine acrylamide, is engineered into a double-network hydrogel. This results in a significant enhancement in mechanical properties, with tensile stress and strain of up to 470.3 kPa and 106.6%, respectively. Moreover, the ZI nature of the polymer enables the fabrication of a device with polar thermoelectric properties by modulating the pH. Thus, the ionic Seebeck coefficient (Si) of the ZI hydrogel ranges from -32.6 to 31.7 mV K-1 as the pH is varied from 1 to 14, giving substantial figure of merit (ZTi) values of 3.8 and 3.6, respectively. Moreover, a prototype stretchable ionic thermoelectric supercapacitor incorporating the ZI hydrogel exhibits notable power densities of 1.8 and 0.9 mW m-2 at pH 1 and 14, respectively. Thus, the present work paves the way for the utilization of pH-sensitive, stretchable ZI hydrogels for thermoelectric applications, with a specific focus on harvesting low-grade waste heat within the temperature range of 25-40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chieh Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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2
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Pereira N, Afonso L, Salado M, Tubio CR, Correia DM, Costa CM, Lanceros-Mendez S. Ionic Thermoelectric Generators in Vertical and Planar Topologies Based on Fluorinated Polymer Hybrid Materials with Ionic Liquids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400041. [PMID: 38366845 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Ionic thermoelectrics (TEs), in which voltage generation is based on ion migration, are suitable for applications based on their low cost, high flexibility, high ionic conductivity, and wide range of Seebeck coefficients. This work reports on the development of ionic TE materials based on the poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene), Poly(VDF-co-TrFE), as host polymer blended with different contents of the ionic liquid, IL, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [EMIM][TFSI]. The morphology, physico-chemical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the samples are evaluated together with the TE response. It is demonstrated that the IL acts as a nucleating agent for polymer crystallization. The mechanical properties and ionic conductivity values are dependent on the IL content. A high room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.008 S cm-1 is obtained for the sample with 60 wt% of [EMIM][TFSI] IL. The TE properties depend on both IL content and device topology-vertical or planar-the largest generated voltage range being obtained for the planar topology and the sample with 10 wt% of IL content, characterized by a Seebeck coefficient of 1.2 mV K-1. Based on the obtained maximum power density of 4.9 µW m-2, these materials are suitable for a new generation of TE devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Pereira
- Centre of Physics Universities of Minho and Porto and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Luis Afonso
- Centre of Physics Universities of Minho and Porto and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Manuel Salado
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Carmen R Tubio
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | | | - Carlos M Costa
- Centre of Physics Universities of Minho and Porto and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- Centre of Physics Universities of Minho and Porto and Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, LapMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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Ding Z, Du C, Long W, Cao CF, Liang L, Tang LC, Chen G. Thermoelectrics and thermocells for fire warning applications. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:3261-3277. [PMID: 37722927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Historically, fire disasters have killed numerous human lives, and caused tremendous property loss. Fire warning systems play a vital role in predicting fire risks, and are strongly desired to effectively prevent the disaster occurrence and significantly reduce the loss. Among the developed fire warning systems, thermoelectrics (TEs) and thermocells (TECs)-based fire warning materials are extremely important and indispensable in future research, owing to their unique capability of direct conversion between heat and electricity. Here, we present this review of the recent progress of TEs and TECs in fire warning field. Firstly, a brief introduction of existing fire warning systems is provided, including the mechanisms and features of various types. Then, the mechanisms of electronic TE (eTE), ionic TE (iTE) and TEC are elucidated. Next, the basic principles for the material preparation and device fabrication are discussed in their dimension sequence. Subsequently, some important advances or examples of TE fire warnings are highlighted in details. Finally, the challenges and prospects are outlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofu Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering & College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunyu Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering & College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujian Long
- College of Materials Science and Engineering & College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Cao
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Lirong Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering & College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Long-Cheng Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Guangming Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering & College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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4
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Zhou T, Gui C, Sun L, Hu Y, Lyu H, Wang Z, Song Z, Yu G. Energy Applications of Ionic Liquids: Recent Developments and Future Prospects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12170-12253. [PMID: 37879045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) consisting entirely of ions exhibit many fascinating and tunable properties, making them promising functional materials for a large number of energy-related applications. For example, ILs have been employed as electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, as heat transfer fluids and phase-change materials for thermal energy transfer and storage, as solvents and/or catalysts for CO2 capture, CO2 conversion, biomass treatment and biofuel extraction, and as high-energy propellants for aerospace applications. This paper provides an extensive overview on the various energy applications of ILs and offers some thinking and viewpoints on the current challenges and emerging opportunities in each area. The basic fundamentals (structures and properties) of ILs are first introduced. Then, motivations and successful applications of ILs in the energy field are concisely outlined. Later, a detailed review of recent representative works in each area is provided. For each application, the role of ILs and their associated benefits are elaborated. Research trends and insights into the selection of ILs to achieve improved performance are analyzed as well. Challenges and future opportunities are pointed out before the paper is concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhou
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen 518048, China
| | - Chengmin Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Longgang Sun
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Sustainable Energy and Environment Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department for Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Zhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gangqiang Yu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Ping Le Yuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100124, China
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Huo B, Kuang F, Guo CY. Design and Optimization Strategies for Flexible Quasi-Solid-State Thermo-Electrochemical Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6574. [PMID: 37834712 PMCID: PMC10573773 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently, efficient utilization of low-grade thermal energy is a great challenge. Thermoelectricity is an extremely promising method of generating electrical energy from temperature differences. As a green energy conversion technology, thermo-electrochemical cells (TECs) have attracted much attention in recent years for their ability to convert thermal energy directly into electricity with high thermal power. Within TECs, anions and cations gain and lose electrons, respectively, at the electrodes, using the potential difference between the hot and cold terminals of the electrodes by redox couples. Additionally, the anions and cations therein are constantly circulating and mobile via concentration diffusion and thermal diffusion, providing an uninterrupted supply of power to the exterior. This review article focuses mainly on the operation of TECs and recent advances in redox couples, electrolytes, and electrodes. The outlook for optimization strategies regarding TECs is also outlined in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Huo
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
- High & New Technology Research Center, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Fengxia Kuang
- Guangzhou Health Science College, Guangzhou 510925, China;
| | - Cun-Yue Guo
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
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Tabaie Z, Omidvar A. Human body heat-driven thermoelectric generators as a sustainable power supply for wearable electronic devices: Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14707. [PMID: 37025803 PMCID: PMC10070544 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators are devices that directly convert heat flux or the temperature difference between two hot and cold surfaces into electricity. With the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and the development of wearable and portable devices, the issue of providing a sustainable power source is one of the main challenges in the development path of these tools. Creating electric power by harvesting the waste heat from the human body is one of the effective solutions in this way. For this reason, the development and improvement of the technology of wearable thermoelectric generators have received much attention recently. Due to the low-temperature difference between the two sides of wearable thermoelectric generators and the high thermal resistance between the skin and the heated surface of these modules, the performance of these systems is highly dependent on their structural parameters and environmental factors. In this paper, it has tried to review all the previous studies regarding the impact of structural factors (such as the matching of internal and external thermal resistances, geometrical parameters of the module, design of heat source and sink, and flexibility of thermoelectric module) and environmental parameters (including the effect of ambient air temperature and humidity, skin temperature, and the interaction of power consumers with thermoelectric modules). Based on the studies, it seems that in optimizing the performance of wearable thermoelectric generators (WTEGs), it is necessary to consider the effect of the human body's thermoregulatory responses, such as skin temperature and sweating rate. The change in skin temperature directly affects the performance of WTEGs, and the change in sweating rate can also affect the thermal resistance between the skin and the hot plate and overshadow the matching of thermal resistances during operation.
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Shen H, Xu K, Duan Y, Wu P, Qian Z, Chen Y, Luo Y, Liu C, Li Y, Cui J, Liu D. All-Printed Flexible Hygro-Thermoelectric Paper Generator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206483. [PMID: 36683182 PMCID: PMC10037691 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of ubiquitous hygrothermal resources into renewable energy offers significant potential for cable-free, self-powered systems that can operate worldwide without regard to climatic or geographic limitations. Here, an all-printed flexible hygro-thermoelectric paper generator is demonstrated that uses bifunctional mobile ions and electrons to make the moist-diffusion effect, the Soret effect, and the Seebeck effect work synergistically. In the ordinary hygrothermal settings, it generates an unconventional hygro-thermoelectric output pattern and shows almost a dozen-fold increase in positive hygro-thermopower of 26.70 mV K-1 and also another negative hygro-thermopower of -15.71 mV K-1 compared to pure thermopower. A single paper generator can produce a giant 680 mV displaying typical cyclic sinusoidal waveform characters with volt-sized amplitudes. The ion-electron conductive ink is easily printable and consists primarily of a Bi2 Te3 /PEDOT:PSS thermoelectric matrix modulated with a hygroscopic glycerol that releases ion charges for moist-diffusion effect and Soret effect, as well as electron charges for Seebeck effect. The emerged hygro-thermoelectric harvesting strategy from surrounding hygrothermal resources offers a revolutionary approach to the next generation of hybrid energy with cost-efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability, and also enables large-scale roll-to-roll production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Shen
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Ke Xu
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Yulong Duan
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Peilin Wu
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Zhiyun Qian
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Yonghao Chen
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Yao Luo
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Chaocheng Liu
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Jiedong Cui
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
| | - Detao Liu
- School of Light Industry and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyWushan Rd., 381#, Tianhe DistrictGuangzhouGuangdong510640China
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Cheng H, Ouyang J. Soret Effect of Ionic Liquid Gels for Thermoelectric Conversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10830-10842. [PMID: 36382894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cations and anions can accumulate at the two ends of an ionic conductor under temperature gradient, which is the so-called Soret effect. This can generate a voltage between the two electrodes, and the thermopower can be higher than that of the electronic conductors because of the Seebeck effect by 1-2 orders in magnitude. The thermoelectric properties of ionic conductors depend on the ionic thermopower, ionic conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Compared with other ionic conductors, like liquid electrolytes and hydrogels, ionogels made of an ionic liquid and a gelator can have the advantages of high thermopower and high stability. Great progress was recently made to improve the ionic conductivity and/or ionic thermopower of ionogels. They can be used in ionic thermoelectric capacitors (ITECs) to harvest heat. In addition, they can be integrated with electronic thermoelectric materials to harvest heat from both temperature gradient and temperature fluctuation, which can be caused by waste heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlin Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117575, Singapore
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117575, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu215000, China
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Zhou Y, Dong Z, He Y, Zhu W, Yuan Y, Zeng H, Li C, Chen S, Sun K. Multi-ionic Hydrogel with outstanding heat-to-electrical performance for low-grade heat harvesting. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200850. [PMID: 36074542 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) materials have attracted much attention due to their ability to generate ionic Seebeck coefficient of tens of millivolts per Kelvin. In this work, we demonstrate that the ionic thermopower can be enhanced by the introduction of multiple ions. The multi-ionic hydrogel possesses a record thermal-to-electrical energy conversion factor (TtoE factor) of 89.6 mV K-1 and an ionic conductivity of 6.8 mS cm-1, which are both better than single salt contact hydrogel. Subsequently we build a model to explain thermal diffusion of the ions in multi-ionic hydrogels. Finally, the possibility of large-scale integrated applications of multi-ionic hydrogels is demonstrated. By connecting 7 i-TEs hydrogels, we obtained an open-circuit voltage of 1.86 V at ΔT = 3 K. Our work provides a new pathway for the design of i-TEs and low-grade heat harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhou
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Zixian Dong
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Yongjie He
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Youlan Yuan
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Haoran Zeng
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Chen Li
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, CHINA
| | - Kuan Sun
- Chongqing University, School of Energy & Power Engineering, 178 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, CHINA
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Ionic Gelatin-Based Flexible Thermoelectric Generator with Scalability for Human Body Heat Harvesting. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The prosperity of intelligent wearables brings an increasingly critical problem of power supply. Regular rechargeable lithium or disposable button batteries have some problems, such as limited capacity, frequent replacement, environmental pollution, etc. Wearable energy harvester (WEH) can fundamentally solve these problems. Among WEHs, thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a promising option due to its independence of light condition or the motion of the wearer, and thermoelectric conversion (TEC) has the characteristics of quietness and continuity. Therefore, TEG has become a suitable choice for harvesting low-grade heat energy such as human body heat. Ionic thermoelectric gel (iTEG) has the advantages of a large Seebeck coefficient, freely defined shape and size, low processing cost, wide material sources, easy encapsulation, etc. In this paper, the gelatin-based iTEG is regulated and optimized by silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs). The optimal compound quantity of SiO2 NPs is determined, and the optimization mechanism is discussed through a series of characterization tests. Based on the iTEG, a kind of scalable flexible TEGs is proposed, and its preparation method is described in detail. A small wristband TEG (STEG) was made, and its Seebeck coefficient is 74.5 mV/K. Its bendability and stretchability were verified, and the impedance matching experiment was carried out. By charging a capacitor, the STEG successfully lights up an LED at a temperature difference (ΔT) of ~15.5 K. Subsequently, a large extended oversleeve TEG (LTEG) was prepared, and a set of heat sinks was added at the cooling end of the LTEG. Being worn on a volunteer’s forearm, the LTEG output a voltage of more than 3 V at ~20 °C. Through storing the converted energy in a capacitor, the LTEG directly drove a calculator without a DC–DC booster. The proposed iTEG and TEGs in this paper have the prospect of mass production, extending to people’s clothes, harvesting human body heat and directly powering wearable electronics.
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Akbar ZA, Malik YT, Kim DH, Cho S, Jang SY, Jeon JW. Self-Healable and Stretchable Ionic-Liquid-Based Thermoelectric Composites with High Ionic Seebeck Coefficient. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106937. [PMID: 35344267 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of wearable electronics, particularly self-powered wearable electronic devices, necessitates the development of efficient energy conversion technologies with flexible mechanical properties. Recently, ionic thermoelectric (TE) materials have attracted great attention because of their enormous thermopower, which can operate capacitors or supercapacitors by harvesting low-grade heat. This study presents self-healable, stretchable, and flexible ionic TE composites comprising an ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EMIM:OTf); a polymer matrix, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP); and a fluoro-surfactant (FS). The self-healability of the IL-based composites originates from dynamic ion-dipole interactions between the IL, the PVDF-HFP, and the FS. The composites demonstrate excellent ionic TE properties with an ionic Seebeck coefficient (Si ) of ≈38.3 mV K-1 and an ionic figure of merit of ZTi = 2.34 at 90% relative humidity, which are higher than the values reported for other IL-based TE materials. The IL-based ionic TE composites developed in this study can maintain excellent ionic TE properties under harsh conditions, including severe strain (75%) and multiple cutting-healing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zico Alaia Akbar
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoga Trianzar Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hu Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Cho
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Jang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-702, Republic of Korea
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Wang C, Lan T, Xu J, Liu H, Liu X, He M. Influence of polar solvent on the thermal conductivity of ionic liquid based on the developed two-wire 3ω method. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Haque M, Abdurrokhman I, Idström A, Li Q, Rajaras A, Martinelli A, Evenäs L, Lundgren P, Enoksson P. Exploiting low-grade waste heat to produce electricity through supercapacitor containing carbon electrodes and ionic liquid electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Wang X, Wang YL, Yang X, Lu Z, Men Y, Sun J. Skin-Inspired Healable Conductive Elastomers with Exceptional Strain-Adaptive Stiffening and Damage Tolerance. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yong-lei Wang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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Zeng M, Zavanelli D, Chen J, Saeidi-Javash M, Du Y, LeBlanc S, Snyder GJ, Zhang Y. Printing thermoelectric inks toward next-generation energy and thermal devices. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:485-512. [PMID: 34761784 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of thermoelectric (TE) materials to convert thermal energy to electricity and vice versa highlights them as a promising candidate for sustainable energy applications. Despite considerable increases in the figure of merit zT of thermoelectric materials in the past two decades, there is still a prominent need to develop scalable synthesis and flexible manufacturing processes to convert high-efficiency materials into high-performance devices. Scalable printing techniques provide a versatile solution to not only fabricate both inorganic and organic TE materials with fine control over the compositions and microstructures, but also manufacture thermoelectric devices with optimized geometric and structural designs that lead to improved efficiency and system-level performances. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive framework of printing thermoelectric materials and devices by including recent breakthroughs and relevant discussions on TE materials chemistry, ink formulation, flexible or conformable device design, and processing strategies, with an emphasis on additive manufacturing techniques. In addition, we review recent innovations in the flexible, conformal, and stretchable device architectures and highlight state-of-the-art applications of these TE devices in energy harvesting and thermal management. Perspectives of emerging research opportunities and future directions are also discussed. While this review centers on thermoelectrics, the fundamental ink chemistry and printing processes possess the potential for applications to a broad range of energy, thermal and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxiang Zeng
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Duncan Zavanelli
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Mortaza Saeidi-Javash
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Yipu Du
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Saniya LeBlanc
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, 801 22nd St. NW, Suite 739, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - G Jeffrey Snyder
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Yanliang Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Self-healing Ionic Liquid-based Electronics and Beyond. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Xu J, Wang H, Du X, Cheng X, Du Z, Wang H. Highly Stretchable PU Ionogels with Self-Healing Capability for a Flexible Thermoelectric Generator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20427-20434. [PMID: 33882665 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the development of thermoelectric (TE) generator, the flexible, stretchable, self-healable, and wearable TE devices have aroused great interest. Therefore, we designed a self-healable and stretchable polyurethane (PU) ionogel, composed of polyurethane main chains with double bonds in the side, cross-linkers (BDB) and nonconjugated ionic liquids (EMIM:DCA). The PU ionogels with 30 wt % ILs have a high mechanical stretchability (300%), good tensile strength (1.61 MPa), and suitable Young's modulus (0.79 MPa). The proposed materials also exhibited an excellent ionic figure of merit (ZTi) of 0.99 ± 0.3, as well as rapid self-healability in the absence of any external stimuli. The thermoelectric capability of PU ionogels kept stable under the severe condition (50% strain) and during self-healing process, which is rarely reported in recent studies. Furthermore, a stretchable and self-healable ionic thermoelectric capacitor device is also fabricated by the PU ionogels, which can efficiently convert heat into electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuai Xu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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