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Zhang K, Qin Y, Sun W, Shi H, Zhao S, He L, Li C, Zhao J, Pan J, Wang G, Han Z, Zhao C, Yang X. Phylogenomic Analysis of Cytochrome P450 Gene Superfamily and Their Association with Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1944. [PMID: 37895293 PMCID: PMC10606413 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) constitute extensive enzyme superfamilies in the plants, playing pivotal roles in a multitude of biosynthetic and detoxification pathways essential for growth and development, such as the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. However, CYPs have not yet been systematically studied in the cultivated peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), a globally significant cash crop. This study addresses this knowledge deficit through a comprehensive genome-wide analysis, leading to the identification of 589 AhCYP genes in peanuts. Through phylogenetic analysis, all AhCYPs were systematically classified into 9 clans, 43 gene families. The variability in the number of gene family members suggests specialization in biological functions. Intriguingly, both tandem duplication and fragment duplication events have emerged as pivotal drivers in the evolutionary expansion of the AhCYP superfamily. Ka/Ks analysis underscored the substantial influence of strong purifying selection on the evolution of AhCYPs. Furthermore, we selected 21 genes encoding 8 enzymes associated with the flavonoid pathway. The results of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments unveiled stage-specific expression patterns during the development of peanut testa, with discernible variations between pink and red testa. Importantly, we identified a direct correlation between gene expression levels and the accumulation of metabolites. These findings offer valuable insights into elucidating the comprehensive functions of AhCYPs and the underlying mechanisms governing the divergent accumulation of flavonoids in testa of different colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.P.); (G.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yongmei Qin
- College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Sun
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi 276003, China;
| | - Hourui Shi
- Shandong Seed Management Station, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Shuzhen Zhao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.P.); (G.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Liangqiong He
- Cash Crop Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Changsheng Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.P.); (G.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiaowen Pan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.P.); (G.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Guanghao Wang
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.P.); (G.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhuqiang Han
- Cash Crop Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Chuanzhi Zhao
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (Institute of Biotechnology), Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan 250100, China; (S.Z.); (C.L.); (J.P.); (G.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiangli Yang
- College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan 250100, China; (K.Z.); (Y.Q.); (J.Z.)
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Chen Q, Dong H, Li Q, Sun X, Qiao X, Yin H, Xie Z, Qi K, Huang X, Zhang S. PbrChiA: a key chitinase of pear in response to Botryosphaeria dothidea infection by interacting with PbrLYK1b2 and down-regulating ROS accumulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad188. [PMID: 37899950 PMCID: PMC10611555 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Pear ring rot, caused by the pathogenic fungi Botryosphaeria dothidea, seriously affects pear production. While the infection-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst of infected plants limits the proliferation of B. dothidea during the early infection stage, high ROS levels can also contribute to their growth during the later necrotrophic infection stage. Therefore, it is important to understand how plants balance ROS levels and resistance to pathogenic B. dothidea during the later stage. In this study, we identified PbrChiA, a glycosyl hydrolases 18 (GH18) chitinase-encoding gene with high infection-induced expression, through a comparative transcriptome analysis. Artificial substitution, stable overexpression, and virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments demonstrated that PbrChiA can positively regulate pear resistance as a secreted chitinase to break down B. dothidea mycelium in vitro and that overexpression of PbrChiA suppressed infection-induced ROS accumulation. Further analysis revealed that PbrChiA can bind to the ectodomain of PbrLYK1b2, and this interaction suppressed PbrLYK1b2-mediated chitin-induced ROS accumulation. Collectively, we propose that the combination of higher antifungal activity from abundant PbrChiA and lower ROS levels during later necrotrophic infection stage confer resistance of pear against B. dothidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huizhen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qionghou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaosan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Qin Y, Li Q, An Q, Li D, Huang S, Zhao Y, Chen W, Zhou J, Liao H. A phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Fritillaria unibracteata promotes drought tolerance by regulating lignin biosynthesis and SA signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 213:574-588. [PMID: 35643154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Drought is one of the key threatening environmental factors for plant and agriculture. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme involved in plant defense against abiotic stress, however, the role of PAL in drought tolerance remains elusive. Here, a PAL member (FuPAL1) containing noncanonical Ala-Ser-Gly triad was isolated from Fritillaria unibracteata, one important alpine pharmaceutical plant. FuPAL1, mainly distributed in cytosol, was more conserved than FuCOMT and FuCHI at both nucleotide and amino acid levels. FuPAL1 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the purified recombinant FuPAL1 protein showed catalytic preference on L-Phe than L-Tyr. Homology modeling and site-mutation of FuPAL1 exhibited FuPAL1 took part in the ammonization process by forming MIO-like group, and Phe141, Ser208, Ileu218 and Glu490 played key roles in substrate binding and (or) catalysis. HPLC analysis showed that lignin and salicylic acid levels increased but total flavonoid levels decreased in FuPAL1 transgenic Arabidopsis compared to wild-type plants. Moreover, FuPAL1 transgenic Arabidopsis significantly enhanced its drought tolerance, which suggested that FuPAL1 mediated tolerance to drought by inducing the biosynthesis and accumulation of salicylic acid and lignin. Taken together, our results confirmed that the FuPAL1 played an important role in drought tolerance, and FuPAL1 might be a valuable target for genetic improvement of drought resistance in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Qiue Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Qiuju An
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Dexin Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Sipei Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yongyang Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
| | - Hai Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China.
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Yang L, Li WC, Fu FL, Qu J, Sun F, Yu H, Zhang J. Characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes facilitating flavonoid biosynthesis from two species of medicinal plant Anoectochilus. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13614. [PMID: 35818361 PMCID: PMC9270878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anoectochilus roxburghii and Anoectochilus formosanus, belong to the Anoectochilus genus, have been used for Chinese herbal drugs as well as health food. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the key enzyme in primary metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism, produces secondary metabolites (flavonoids) in plants, which are beneficial for the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid metabolites. Methods The PAL genes were cloned from A. formosanus and A. roxburghii according to our previous transcriptomic analysis. The PALs were introduced into pCAMBIA2300-35S-PAL-eGFP to generate 35S-PAL-eGFP. The constructs were further used for subcellular localization and transgenic Arabidopsis. The expression of AfPAL and ArPAL under precursor substance (L-Phe), NaCl, UV, and red-light were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Results AfPAL and ArPAL , encoding 2,148 base pairs, were cloned from A. formosanus and A. roxburghii. The subcellular localization showed that the ArPAL and AfPAL were both localized in the nucleus with GPF. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that the ArPAL and AfPAL genes function in the phenylalanine pathway as well as response to induced conditions. Overexpression of the AfPAL and ArPAL could increase flavonoids and anthocyanin content in the transgenic Arabidopsis. Discussion The results suggest that AfPAL and ArPAL play a crucial role in the flavonoid biosynthesis in Anoectochilus. Also, our study provides new insights into the enrichment of secondary metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines A. formosanus and A. roxburghii, which can improve their medicinal active ingredients and be used for drug discovery in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Sanming University, Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center Fujian Province University, Sanming, China
| | - Wan-Chen Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-ling Fu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingtao Qu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuai Sun
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoqiang Yu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Juncheng Zhang
- Sanming University, Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center Fujian Province University, Sanming, China
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5
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Kayani SI, Shen Q, Rahman SU, Fu X, Li Y, Wang C, Hassani D, Tang K. Transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Artemisia annua by AaYABBY5. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:257. [PMID: 34848710 PMCID: PMC8632904 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is a medicinal plant rich in terpenes and flavonoids with useful biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antimalarial activities. The transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in A. annua has not been well-studied. In this study, we identified a YABBY family transcription factor, AaYABBY5, as a positive regulator of anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents in A. annua. AaYABBY5 was selected based on its similar expression pattern to the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and flavonol synthase (FLS) genes. A transient dual-luciferase assay in Nicotiana bethamiana with the AaYABBY5 effector showed a significant increase in the activity of the downstream LUC gene, with reporters AaPAL, AaCHS, AaCHI, and AaUFGT. The yeast one-hybrid system further confirmed the direct activation of these promoters by AaYABBY5. Gene expression analysis of stably transformed AaYABBY5 overexpression, AaYABBY5 antisense, and control plants revealed a significant increase in the expression of AaPAL, AaCHS, AaCHI, AaFLS, AaFSII, AaLDOX, and AaUFGT in AaYABBY5 overexpression plants. Moreover, their total flavonoid content and anthocyanin content were also found to increase. AaYABBY5 antisense plants showed a significant decrease in the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, as well as a decrease in anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents. In addition, phenotypic analysis revealed deep purple-pigmented stems, an increase in the leaf lamina size, and higher trichome densities in AaYABBY5 overexpression plants. Together, these data proved that AaYABBY5 is a positive regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in A. annua. Our study provides candidate transcription factors for the improvement of flavonoid concentrations in A. annua and can be further extended to elucidate its mechanism of regulating trichome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf-Ilyas Kayani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Saeed-Ur Rahman
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Danial Hassani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Hassani D, Fu X, Shen Q, Khalid M, Rose JKC, Tang K. Parallel Transcriptional Regulation of Artemisinin and Flavonoid Biosynthesis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:466-476. [PMID: 32304658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants regulate the synthesis of specialized compounds through the actions of individual transcription factors (TFs) or sets of TFs. One such compound, artemisinin from Artemisia annua, is widely used as a pharmacological product in the first-line treatment of malaria. However, the emergence of resistance to artemisinin in Plasmodium species, as well as its low production rates, have required innovative treatments such as exploiting the synergistic effects of flavonoids with artemisinin. We overview current knowledge about flavonoid and artemisinin transcriptional regulation in A. annua, and review the dual action of TFs and structural genes that can regulate both pathways simultaneously. Understanding the concerted action of these TFs and their associated structural genes can guide the development of strategies to further improve flavonoid and artemisinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Hassani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), Shanghai 200240, China.
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Sharma A, Sidhu GPS, Araniti F, Bali AS, Shahzad B, Tripathi DK, Brestic M, Skalicky M, Landi M. The Role of Salicylic Acid in Plants Exposed to Heavy Metals. Molecules 2020; 25:540. [PMID: 31991931 PMCID: PMC7037467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030540,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its high versatility and the involvement of SA in several plant processes either in optimal conditions or in plants facing environmental cues, including heavy metal (HM) stress. Nowadays, a huge body of evidence has unveiled that SA plays a pivotal role as plant growth regulator and influences intra- and inter-plant communication attributable to its methyl ester form, methyl salicylate, which is highly volatile. Under stress, including HM stress, SA interacts with other plant hormones (e.g., auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellin) and promotes the stimulation of antioxidant compounds and enzymes thereby alerting HM-treated plants and helping in counteracting HM stress. The present literature survey reviews recent literature concerning the roles of SA in plants suffering from HM stress with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture about SA and HM, in order to orientate the direction of future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh 160047, India;
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, RC, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.A.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.A.); (M.L.)
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8
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Sharma A, Sidhu GPS, Araniti F, Bali AS, Shahzad B, Tripathi DK, Brestic M, Skalicky M, Landi M. The Role of Salicylic Acid in Plants Exposed to Heavy Metals. Molecules 2020; 25:E540. [PMID: 31991931 PMCID: PMC7037467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its high versatility and the involvement of SA in several plant processes either in optimal conditions or in plants facing environmental cues, including heavy metal (HM) stress. Nowadays, a huge body of evidence has unveiled that SA plays a pivotal role as plant growth regulator and influences intra- and inter-plant communication attributable to its methyl ester form, methyl salicylate, which is highly volatile. Under stress, including HM stress, SA interacts with other plant hormones (e.g., auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellin) and promotes the stimulation of antioxidant compounds and enzymes thereby alerting HM-treated plants and helping in counteracting HM stress. The present literature survey reviews recent literature concerning the roles of SA in plants suffering from HM stress with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture about SA and HM, in order to orientate the direction of future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh 160047, India;
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, RC, Italy
| | | | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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9
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Zhang X, Li C, Wang L, Fei Y, Qin W. Analysis of Centranthera grandiflora Benth Transcriptome Explores Genes of Catalpol, Acteoside and Azafrin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236034. [PMID: 31795510 PMCID: PMC6928798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of health loss in the world. Prevention and treatment of this disease by traditional Chinese medicine is a promising method. Centranthera grandiflora Benth is a high-value medicinal herb in the prevention and treatment of CVDs; its main medicinal components include iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and azafrin in roots. However, biosynthetic pathways of these components and their regulatory mechanisms are unknown. Furthermore, there are no genomic resources of this herb. In this article, we provide sequence and transcript abundance data for the root, stem, and leaf transcriptome of C. grandiflora Benth obtained by the Illumina Hiseq2000. More than 438 million clean reads were obtained from root, stem, and leaf libraries, which produced 153,198 unigenes. Based on databases annotation, a total of 557, 213, and 161 unigenes were annotated to catalpol, acteoside, and azafrin biosynthetic pathways, respectively. Differentially expressed gene analysis identified 14,875 unigenes differentially enriched between leaf and root with 8,054 upregulated genes and 6,821 downregulated genes. Candidate MYB transcription factors involved in catalpol, acteoside, and azafrin biosynthesis were also predicated. This work is the first transcriptome analysis in C. grandiflora Benth which will aid the deciphering of biosynthesis pathways and regulatory mechanisms of active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; (X.Z.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Food and Bioengineering College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Caixia Li
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; (X.Z.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
- Food and Bioengineering College, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China
| | - Lianchun Wang
- College of Chemistry Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi 653100, China; (X.Z.); (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Yahong Fei
- Yuxi Flyingbear Agricultural Development Company Limited, Yuxi 653100, China;
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-807-343-8467
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10
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Wu Q, Zhao G, Bai X, Zhao W, Xiang D, Wan Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Tan M, Peng L, Zhao J. Characterization of the transcriptional profiles in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) under PEG-mediated drought stress. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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11
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Lin D, Xu Y, Wu H, Liu X, Zhang L, Wang J, Rao Q. Plant Defense Responses Induced by Two Herbivores and Consequences for Whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Front Physiol 2019; 10:346. [PMID: 31019468 PMCID: PMC6458271 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse herbivores are known to induce various plant defenses. The plant defenses may detrimentally affect the performance and preference to subsequent herbivores on the same plant, such as affecting another insect’s feeding, settling, growth or oviposition. Here, we report two herbivores (mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis and carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus) which were used to pre-infest the cucumber to explore the impact on the plants and the later-colonizing species, whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The results showed that the whiteflies tended to select the treatments pre-infested by the mites, rather than the uninfected treatments. However, the result of treatments pre-infested by the mealybugs was opposite. Total number of eggs laid of whiteflies was related to their feeding preference. The results also showed that T. cinnabarinus were more likely to activate plant jasmonic acid (JA) regulated genes, while mealybugs were more likely to activate key genes regulated by salicylic acid (SA). The different plant defense activities on cucumbers may be one of the essential factors that affects the preference of B. tabaci. Moreover, the digestive enzymes and protective enzymes of the whitefly might play a substantial regulatory role in its settling and oviposition ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lin
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghua Xu
- Zhejiang Branch of National Pesticide R&D South Center, Zhejiang Chemical Industry Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiming Wu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xunyue Liu
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jirui Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Rao
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Pandey N, Goswami N, Tripathi D, Rai KK, Rai SK, Singh S, Pandey-Rai S. Epigenetic control of UV-B-induced flavonoid accumulation in Artemisia annua L. PLANTA 2019; 249:497-514. [PMID: 30267151 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
UV-B-induced flavonoid biosynthesis is epigenetically regulated by site-specific demethylation of AaMYB1, AaMYC, and AaWRKY TF-binding sites inAaPAL1promoter-causing overexpression ofAaPALgene inArtemisia annua. The present study was undertaken to understand the epigenetic regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis under the influence of ultraviolet-B radiation using Artemisia annua L. as an experimental model. In-vitro propagated and acclimatized plantlets were treated with UV-B radiation (2.8 W m-2; 3 h), which resulted in enhanced accumulation of total flavonoid and phenolics content as well as eleven individual flavonoids measured through HPLC-DAC. Expression of eight genes (phenylanaline ammonia lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate: CoA ligase; chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, cinnamoyl reductase, flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase, and flavones synthase) from upstream and downstream flavonoid biosynthetic pathways was measured through RT-PCR and RT-Q-PCR and all were variably induced under UV-B irradiation. Among them, AaPAL1 transcript and its protein were most significantly upregulated. Global DNA methylation analysis revealed hypomethylation of genomic DNA in A. annua. Further epigenetic characterization of promoter region of AaPAL1 revealed cytosine demethylation at five sites, which in turn caused epigenetic activation of six transcription factor-binding sites including QELEMENT, EBOXBNNAPA/MYCCONSENSUSAT, MYBCORE, MYBCOREATCYCB1, and GCCCORE. MYB transcription factors are positive regulators of flavonoid biosynthesis. Epigenetic activation of transcription-enhancing cis-regulatory elements in AaPAL1 promoter and subsequent overexpression of AaMYB1 and AaMYC and AaWRKY transcription factors under UV-B irradiation may probably be the reason for higher AaPAL1 expression and hence greater biosynthesis of flavonoids in A. annua L. The present study is the first report that provides mechanistic evidence of epigenetic regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis under UV-B radiation in A. annua L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Pandey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Botany, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Niraj Goswami
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Deepika Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Rai
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Rai
- Department of Horticulture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Pandey-Rai
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Li YX, Zhang W, Dong HX, Liu ZY, Ma J, Zhang XY. Salicylic acid in Populus tomentosa is a remote signalling molecule induced by Botryosphaeria dothidea infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14059. [PMID: 30232461 PMCID: PMC6145909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role during the establishment of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in uninfected plant tissues after localised exposure to a pathogen. Here, we studied SA in Populus tomentosa infected by the plant pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. The accumulation of SA and methyl salicylate (MeSA) occurred in chronological order in P. tomentosa. The SA and MeSA contents were greater at infected than uninfected sites. Additionally, a gene expression analysis indicated that SA might be accumulated by phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and converted to MeSA by SA carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT), while MeSA might convert to SA by SA-binding protein 2 (SABP2). The expressions of SAMT at infected sites and SABP2 at uninfected sites, respectively, were significantly up-regulated. Thus, SA might be converted to MeSA at infected sites and transported as a signalling molecule to uninfected sites, where it is converted to SA for SAR. Moreover, the expressions of pathogenesis-related genes PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5 in P. tomentosa were up-regulated by the B. dothidea infection. Our study determined that variations in SA and MeSA contents occur at infected and uninfected sites in poplar after pathogen infection and contributed to the remote signals for poplar SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xia Li
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hui-Xia Dong
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xing-Yao Zhang
- Lab. of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China. .,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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14
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Yusuf CYL, Abdullah JO, Shaharuddin NA, Abu Seman I, Abdullah MP. Characterization of promoter of EgPAL1, a novel PAL gene from the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:265-278. [PMID: 29090330 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The oil palm EgPAL1 gene promoter and its regulatory region were functional as a promoter in the heterologous system of Arabidopsis according to the cis-acting elements present in that region. The promoter was developmentally regulated, vascular tissue specific and responsive to water stress agents. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24) is the key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway which plays important roles in plant development and adaptation. To date, there is no report on the study of PAL from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), an economically important oil crop. In this study, the 5' regulatory sequence of a highly divergent oil palm PAL gene (EgPAL1) was isolated and fused with GUS in Arabidopsis to create two transgenic plants carrying the minimal promoter with (2302 bp) and without its regulatory elements (139 bp). The regulatory sequence contained cis-acting elements known to be important for plant development and stress response including the AC-II element for lignin biosynthesis and several stress responsive elements. The promoter and its regulatory region were fully functional in Arabidopsis. Its activities were characterised by two common fundamental features of PAL which are responsive to plant internal developmental programme and external factors. The promoter was developmentally regulated in certain organs; highly active in young organs but less active or inactive in mature organs. The presence of the AC elements and global activity of the EgPAL1 promoter in all organs resembled the property of lignin-related genes. The existence of the MBS element and enhancement of the promoter activity by PEG reflected the behaviour of drought-responsive genes. Our findings provide a platform for evaluating oil palm gene promoters in the heterologous system of Arabidopsis and give insights into the activities of EgPAL1 promoter in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yu Lok Yusuf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Jasin, 77300, Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Idris Abu Seman
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Puad Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Ma RF, Liu QZ, Xiao Y, Zhang L, Li Q, Yin J, Chen WS. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene family in Isatis indigotica Fort.: molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14:801-812. [PMID: 27914524 PMCID: PMC7129711 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds, metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway, play an important role in the growth and environmental adaptation of many plants. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway. The present study was designed to investigate whether there is a multi-gene family in I. Indigotic and, if so, to characterize their properties. We conducted a comprehensive survey on the transcription profiling database by using tBLASTn analysis. Several bioinformatics methods were employed to perform the prediction of composition and physicochemical characters. The expression levels of IiPAL genes in various tissues of I. indigotica with stress treatment were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. Protoplast transient transformation was used to observe the locations of IiPALs. IiPALs were functionally characterized by expression with pET-32a vector in Escherichia colis strain BL21 (DE3). Integration of transcripts and metabolite accumulations was used to reveal the relation between IiPALs and target compounds. An new gene (IiPAL2) was identified and both IiPALs had the conserved enzymatic active site Ala-Ser-Gly and were classified as members of dicotyledon. IiPAL1 and IiPAL2 were expressed in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, with the highest expression levels of IiPAL1 and IiPAL2 being observed in stems and roots, respectively. The two genes responded to the exogenous elicitor in different manners. Subcellular localization experiment showed that both IiPALs were localized in the cytosol. The recombinant proteins were shown to catalyze the conversion of L-Phe to trans-cinnamic acid. Correlation analysis indicated that IiPAL1 was more close to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites than IiPAL2. In conclusion, the present study provides a basis for the elucidation of the role of IiPALs genes in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds, which will help further metabolic engineering to improve the accumulation of bioactive components in I. indigotica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Ma
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qian-Zi Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Development and Utilization Key Laboratory of Northeast Plant Materials, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Wan-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
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