1
|
Zhou M, Fan J, Gao Y, Zheng C, Xu Y, Jia L, An X, Chen Z. Identification and analysis of UGT genes associated with triterpenoid saponin in soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:588. [PMID: 38902602 PMCID: PMC11191301 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi) is an economically important multifunctional tree species. Triterpenoid saponins have many functions in soapberry. However, the types of uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in the synthesis of triterpenoid saponins in soapberry have not been clarified. RESULTS In this study, 42 SmUGTs were identified in soapberry, which were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes and had sequence lengths of 450 bp to 1638 bp, with an average of 1388 bp. The number of amino acids in SmUGTs was 149 to 545, with an average of 462. Most SmUGTs were acidic and hydrophilic unstable proteins, and their secondary structures were mainly α-helices and random coils. All had conserved UDPGT and PSPG-box domains. Phylogenetic analysis divided them into four subclasses, which glycosylated different carbon atoms. Prediction of cis-acting elements suggested roles of SmUGTs in plant development and responses to environmental stresses. The expression patterns of SmUGTs differed according to the developmental stage of fruits, as determined by transcriptomics and RT-qPCR. Co-expression network analysis of SmUGTs and related genes/transcription factors in the triterpenoid saponin synthesis pathway was also performed. The results indicated potential roles for many transcription factors, such as SmERFs, SmGATAs and SmMYBs. A correlation analysis showed that 42 SmUGTs were crucial in saponin synthesis in soapberry. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest optimal targets for manipulating glycosylation in soapberry triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis; they also provide a theoretical foundation for further evaluation of the functions of SmUGTs and analyses of their biosynthetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education of Engineering Research Centre for Forest and Grassland Carbon Sequestration, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, P. O. Box 407, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jialin Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education of Engineering Research Centre for Forest and Grassland Carbon Sequestration, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, P. O. Box 407, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education of Engineering Research Centre for Forest and Grassland Carbon Sequestration, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, P. O. Box 407, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education of Engineering Research Centre for Forest and Grassland Carbon Sequestration, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, P. O. Box 407, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Liming Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education of Engineering Research Centre for Forest and Grassland Carbon Sequestration, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, P. O. Box 407, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xinmin An
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Education of Engineering Research Centre for Forest and Grassland Carbon Sequestration, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, P. O. Box 407, No.35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang Y, Zeng Z, He G, Liu M, Liu C, Liu M, Lv T, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhao M, Wang K, Zhang M. Genome-wide identification and integrated analysis of the FAR1/FHY3 gene family and genes expression analysis under methyl jasmonate treatment in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:549. [PMID: 38872078 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) is an important and valuable medicinal plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine, and its metabolite ginsenoside is the primary active ingredient. The FAR1/FHY3 gene family members play critical roles in plant growth and development as well as participate in a variety of physiological processes, including plant development and signaling of hormones. Studies have indicated that methyl jasmonate treatment of ginseng adventitious roots resulted in a significant increase in the content of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides. Therefore, it is highly significant to screen the FAR1/FHY3 gene family members in ginseng and preliminarily investigate their expression patterns in response to methyl jasmonic acid signaling. In this study, we screened and identified the FAR1/FHY3 family genes in the ginseng transcriptome databases. And then, we analyzed their gene structure and phylogeny, chromosomal localization and expression patterns, and promoter cis-acting elements, and made GO functional annotations on the members of this family. After that, we treated the ginseng adventitious roots with 200 mM methyl jasmonate and investigated the trend of the expression of four genes containing the largest number of methyl jasmonate cis-acting elements at different treatment times. All four genes were able to respond to methyl jasmonate, the most significant change was in the PgFAR40 gene. This study provides data support for subsequent studies of this family member in ginseng and provides experimental reference for subsequent validation of the function of this family member under methyl jasmonic acid signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Zixia Zeng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Gaohui He
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Mengna Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Tingting Lv
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Yin X, Kou C, Thimmappa R, Hua X, Xue Z. Classification, biosynthesis, and biological functions of triterpene esters in plants. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100845. [PMID: 38356259 PMCID: PMC11009366 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Triterpene esters comprise a class of secondary metabolites that are synthesized by decorating triterpene skeletons with a series of oxidation, glycosylation, and acylation modifications. Many triterpene esters with important bioactivities have been isolated and identified, including those with applications in the pesticide, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. They also play essential roles in plant defense against pests, diseases, physical damage (as part of the cuticle), and regulation of root microorganisms. However, there has been no recent summary of the biosynthetic pathways and biological functions of plant triterpene esters. Here, we classify triterpene esters into five categories based on their skeletons and find that C-3 oxidation may have a significant effect on triterpenoid acylation. Fatty acid and aromatic moieties are common ligands present in triterpene esters. We further analyze triterpene ester synthesis-related acyltransferases (TEsACTs) in the triterpene biosynthetic pathway. Using an evolutionary classification of BAHD acyltransferases (BAHD-ATs) and serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases (SCPL-ATs) in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, we classify 18 TEsACTs with identified functions from 11 species. All the triterpene-skeleton-related TEsACTs belong to BAHD-AT clades IIIa and I, and the only identified TEsACT from the SCPL-AT family belongs to the CP-I subfamily. This comprehensive review of the biosynthetic pathways and bioactivities of triterpene esters provides a foundation for further study of their bioactivities and applications in industry, agricultural production, and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chengxi Kou
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ramesha Thimmappa
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University, Noida, UP India 201313, India
| | - Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Plant Bioactive Substance Biosynthesis and Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu Z, Mao T, Chen K, Chai L, Dai Y, Liu K. Ginsenoside Rc: A potential intervention agent for metabolic syndrome. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1375-1387. [PMID: 38223453 PMCID: PMC10785250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rc, a dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponin primarily derived from Panax ginseng, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties. This review outlined the sources, putative biosynthetic pathways, extraction, and quantification techniques, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenoside Rc. Furthermore, this study explored the pharmacological effects of ginsenoside Rc against metabolic syndrome (MetS) across various phenotypes including obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and osteoarthritis. It also highlighted the impact of ginsenoside Rc on multiple associated signaling molecules. In conclusion, the anti-MetS effect of ginsenoside Rc is characterized by its influence on multiple organs, multiple targets, and multiple ways. Although clinical investigations regarding the effects of ginsenoside Rc on MetS are limited, its proven safety and tolerability suggest its potential as an effective treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tongyun Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Longxin Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yongguo Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu H, Dai W, Xia M, Guo W, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Gao W, You X. Expression of PnSS Promotes Squalene and Oleanolic Acid (OA) Accumulation in Aralia elata via Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) Induction. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1132. [PMID: 37372312 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aralia elata is an important herb due to the abundance of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins whose important precursors are squalene and OA. Here, we found that MeJA treatment promoted both precursors accumulation, especially the latter, in transgenic A. elata, overexpressing a squalene synthase gene from Panax notoginseng(PnSS). In this study, Rhizobium-mediated transformation was used to express the PnSS gene. Gene expression analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the effect of MeJA on squalene and OA accumulation. The PnSS gene was isolated and expressed in A. elata. Transgenic lines showed a very high expression of the PnSS gene and farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene (AeFPS) and a slightly higher squalene content than the wild-type, but endogenous squalene synthase (AeSS), squalene epoxidase (AeSE), and β-amyrin synthase (Aeβ-AS) gene were decreased as well as OA content. Following one day of MeJA treatment, the expression levels of PeSS, AeSS, and AeSE genes increased significantly. On day 3, the maximum content of both products reached 17.34 and 0.70 mg·g-1, which increased 1.39- and 4.90-fold than in the same lines without treatment. Transgenic lines expressing PnSS gene had a limited capability to promote squalene and OA accumulation. MeJA strongly activated their biosynthesis pathways, leading to enhance yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenxue Dai
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Meiling Xia
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shunjie Zhang
- Medical Resources Research Center, Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Wa Gao
- Application of Nuclear Technology, Heilongjiang Institute of Atomic Energy, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiangling You
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Wang K, Yun Z, Liu W, Zhao M, Wang Y, Hu J, Liu T, Wang N, Wang Y, Zhang M. Functional Study of PgGRAS68-01 Gene Involved in the Regulation of Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043347. [PMID: 36834759 PMCID: PMC9961673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is a perennial herb from the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae. It is famous in China and abroad. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides is controlled by structural genes and regulated by transcription factors. GRAS transcription factors are widely found in plants. They can be used as tools to modify plant metabolic pathways by interacting with promoters or regulatory elements of target genes to regulate the expression of target genes, thereby activating the synergistic interaction of multiple genes in metabolic pathways and effectively improving the accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, there are no reports on the involvement of the GRAS gene family in ginsenoside biosynthesis. In this study, the GRAS gene family was located on chromosome 24 pairs in ginseng. Tandem replication and fragment replication also played a key role in the expansion of the GRAS gene family. The PgGRAS68-01 gene closely related to ginsenoside biosynthesis was screened out, and the sequence and expression pattern of the gene were analyzed. The results showed that the expression of PgGRAS68-01 gene was spatio-temporal specific. The full-length sequence of PgGRAS68-01 gene was cloned, and the overexpression vector pBI121-PgGRAS68-01 was constructed. The ginseng seedlings were transformed by Agrobacterium rhifaciens-mediated method. The saponin content in the single root of positive hair root was detected, and the inhibitory role of PgGRAS68-01 in ginsenoside synthesis is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ziyi Yun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Laboratory for Cultivation and Breeding of Medicinal Plants of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jian Hu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (K.W.); (M.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Transcriptome and Phenotype Integrated Analysis Identifies Genes Controlling Ginsenoside Rb1 Biosynthesis and Reveals Their Interactions in the Process in Panax ginseng. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214016. [PMID: 36430494 PMCID: PMC9698431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes are the keys to deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying a biological trait and designing approaches desirable for plant genetic improvement. Ginseng is an important medicinal herb in which ginsenosides have been shown to be the major bioactive component; however, only a few genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis have been cloned through orthologue analysis. Here, we report the identification of 21 genes controlling Rb1 biosynthesis by stepwise ginseng transcriptome and Rb1 content integrated analysis. We first identified the candidate genes for Rb1 biosynthesis by integrated analysis of genes with the trait from four aspects, including gene transcript differential expression between highest- and lowest-Rb1 content cultivars, gene transcript expression-Rb1 content correlation, and biological impacts of gene mutations on Rb1 content, followed by the gene transcript co-expression network. Twenty-two candidate genes were identified, of which 21 were functionally validated for Rb1 biosynthesis by gene regulation, genetic transformation, and mutation analysis. These genes were strongly correlated in expression with the previously cloned genes encoding key enzymes for Rb1 biosynthesis. Based on the correlations, a pathway for Rb1 biosynthesis was deduced to indicate the roles of the genes in Rb1 biosynthesis. Moreover, the genes formed a strong co-expression network with the previously cloned Rb1 biosynthesis genes, and the variation in the network was associated with the variation in the Rb1 content. These results indicate that Rb1 biosynthesis is a process of correlative interactions among Rb1 biosynthesis genes. Therefore, this study provides new knowledge, 21 new genes, and 96 biomarkers for Rb1 biosynthesis useful for enhanced research and breeding in ginseng.
Collapse
|
8
|
Coutinho-Wolino KS, Almeida PP, Mafra D, Stockler-Pinto MB. Bioactive compounds modulating Toll-like 4 receptor (TLR4)-mediated inflammation: pathways involved and future perspectives. Nutr Res 2022; 107:96-116. [PMID: 36209684 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with the development and progression of several noncommunicable diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Evidence suggests that pattern recognition receptors that identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns are crucial in chronic inflammation. Among the pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulates several inflammatory pathway agonists, such as nuclear factor-κB, interferon regulator factor 3, and nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 pathways, which consequently trigger the expression of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, increasing the risk of noncommunicable disease development and progression. Studies have focused on the antagonistic potential of bioactive compounds, following the concept of food as a medicine, in which nutritional strategies may mitigate inflammation via TLR4 modulation. Thus, this review discusses preclinical evidence concerning bioactive compounds from fruit, vegetable, spice, and herb extracts (curcumin, resveratrol, catechin, cinnamaldehyde, emodin, ginsenosides, quercetin, allicin, and caffeine) that may regulate the TLR4 pathway and reduce the inflammatory response. Bioactive compounds can inhibit TLR4-mediated inflammation through gut microbiota modulation, improvement of intestinal permeability, inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 binding, and decreasing TLR4 expression by modulation of microRNAs and antioxidant pathways. The responses directly mitigated inflammation, especially nuclear factor-κB activation and inflammatory cytokines release. These findings should be considered for further clinical studies on inflammation-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Coutinho-Wolino
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Patricia P Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Milena B Stockler-Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shen LY, Luo H, Wang XL, Wang XM, Qiu XJ, Liu H, Zhou SS, Jia KH, Nie S, Bao YT, Zhang RG, Yun QZ, Chai YH, Lu JY, Li Y, Zhao SW, Mao JF, Jia SG, Mao YM. Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly for Chinese Sour Jujube and Insights Into Its Genome Evolution and Domestication Signature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:773090. [PMID: 34899800 PMCID: PMC8652243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sour or wild jujube fruits and dried seeds are popular food all over the world. In this study, we reported a high-quality genome assembly of sour jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa), with a size of 406 Mbp and scaffold N50 of 30.3 Mbp, which experienced only γ hexaploidization event, without recent genome duplication. Population structure analysis identified four jujube subgroups (two domesticated ones, i.e., D1 in West China and D2 in East/SouthEast China, semi-wild, and wild), which underwent an evolutionary history of a significant decline of effective population size during the Last Glacial Period. The respective selection signatures of three subgroups were discovered, such as strong peaks on chromosomes #3 in D1, #1 in D2, and #4 in wild. Genes under the most significant selection on chromosomes #4 in wild were confirmed to be involved in fruit variations among jujube accessions, in transcriptomic analysis. Our study offered novel insights into the jujube population structure and domestication and provided valuable genomic resources for jujube improvement in stress response and fruit flavor in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Ying Shen
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hang Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xue-Meng Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Qiu
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Hua Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Nie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Gang Zhang
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Quan-Zheng Yun
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hui Chai
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ying Lu
- Shenzhou Space Biotechnology Group, China Academy of Space Technology (CAST), Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Wei Zhao
- Hebei Hemuliyuan Agricultural Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Jian-Feng Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Gang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Min Mao
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glucosylation of (±)-Menthol by Uridine-Diphosphate-Sugar Dependent Glucosyltransferases from Plants. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185511. [PMID: 34576983 PMCID: PMC8470988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Menthol is a cyclic monoterpene alcohol of the essential oils of plants of the genus Mentha, which is in demand by various industries due to its diverse sensorial and physiological properties. However, its poor water solubility and its toxic effect limit possible applications. Glycosylation offers a solution as the binding of a sugar residue to small molecules increases their water solubility and stability, renders aroma components odorless and modifies bioactivity. In order to identify plant enzymes that catalyze this reaction, a glycosyltransferase library containing 57 uridine diphosphate sugar-dependent enzymes (UGTs) was screened with (±)-menthol. The identity of the products was confirmed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Five enzymes were able to form (±)-menthyl-β-d-glucopyranoside in whole-cell biotransformations: UGT93Y1, UGT93Y2, UGT85K11, UGT72B27 and UGT73B24. In vitro enzyme activity assays revealed highest catalytic activity for UGT93Y1 (7.6 nkat/mg) from Camellia sinensis towards menthol and its isomeric forms. Although UGT93Y2 shares 70% sequence identity with UGT93Y1, it was less efficient. Of the five enzymes, UGT93Y1 stood out because of its high in vivo and in vitro biotransformation rate. The identification of novel menthol glycosyltransferases from the tea plant opens new perspectives for the biotechnological production of menthyl glucoside.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kurze E, Wüst M, Liao J, McGraphery K, Hoffmann T, Song C, Schwab W. Structure-function relationship of terpenoid glycosyltransferases from plants. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:389-409. [PMID: 34486004 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2021Terpenoids are physiologically active substances that are of great importance to humans. Their physicochemical properties are modified by glycosylation, in terms of polarity, volatility, solubility and reactivity, and their bioactivities are altered accordingly. Significant scientific progress has been made in the functional study of glycosylated terpenes and numerous plant enzymes involved in regio- and enantioselective glycosylation have been characterized, a reaction that remains chemically challenging. Crucial clues to the mechanism of terpenoid glycosylation were recently provided by the first crystal structures of a diterpene glycosyltransferase UGT76G1. Here, we review biochemically characterized terpenoid glycosyltransferases, compare their functions and primary structures, discuss their acceptor and donor substrate tolerance and product specificity, and elaborate features of the 3D structures of the first terpenoid glycosyltransferases from plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19C, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jieren Liao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Kate McGraphery
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany. .,State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hou M, Wang R, Zhao S, Wang Z. Ginsenosides in Panax genus and their biosynthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1813-1834. [PMID: 34386322 PMCID: PMC8343117 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids which belong to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-, protopanaxatriol (PPT)-, ocotillol (OCT)- and oleanane (OA)-type saponins known as active compounds of Panax genus. They are accumulated in plant roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The content and composition of ginsenosides are varied in different ginseng species, and in different parts of a certain plant. In this review, we summarized the representative saponins structures, their distributions and the contents in nearly 20 Panax species, and updated the biosynthetic pathways of ginsenosides focusing on enzymes responsible for structural diversified ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also emphasized the transcription factors in ginsenoside biosynthesis and non-coding RNAs in the growth of Panax genus plants, and highlighted the current three major biotechnological applications for ginsenosides production. This review covered advances in the past four decades, providing more clues for chemical discrimination and assessment on certain ginseng plants, new perspectives for rational evaluation and utilization of ginseng resource, and potential strategies for production of specific ginsenosides.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AtCPR (ATR), Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 reductase
- BARS, baruol synthase
- Biosynthetic pathway
- Biotechnological approach
- CAS, cycloartenol synthase
- CDP, cytidine diphosphate
- CPQ, cucurbitadienol synthase
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DDS, dammarenediol synthase
- DM, dammarenediol-II
- DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate
- FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate
- FPPS (FPS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- Ginsenoside
- HEJA, 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate
- HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase
- IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate
- ITS, internal transcribed spacer
- JA, jasmonic acid
- JA-Ile, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine
- JAR, JA-amino acid synthetase
- JAZ, jasmonate ZIM-domain
- KcMS, Kandelia candel multifunctional triterpene synthases
- LAS, lanosterol synthase
- LUP, lupeol synthase
- MEP, methylerythritol phosphate
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MeJA, methyl jasmonate
- NDP, nucleotide diphosphate
- Non-coding RNAs
- OA, oleanane or oleanic acid
- OAS, oleanolic acid synthase
- OCT, ocotillol
- OSC, oxidosqualene cyclase
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPDS, PPD synthase
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PPTS, PPT synthase
- Panax species
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SA, salicylic acid
- SE (SQE), squalene epoxidase
- SPL, squamosa promoter-binding protein-like
- SS (SQS), squalene synthase
- SUS, sucrose synthase
- TDP, thymine diphosphate
- Transcription factors
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- UGPase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphosphprylase
- UGT, UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase
- WGD, whole genome duplication
- α-AS, α-amyrin synthase
- β-AS, β-amyrin synthase
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao JN, Wang RF, Zhao SJ, Wang ZT. Advance in glycosyltransferases, the important bioparts for production of diversified ginsenosides. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:643-658. [PMID: 32928508 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids predominantly originated from Panax species with multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, mediatory effect on the immune system and the nervous system. During the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, glycosyltransferases play essential roles by transferring various sugar moieties to the sapogenins in contributing to form structure and bioactivity diversified ginsenosides, which makes them important bioparts for synthetic biology-based production of these valuable ginsenosides. In this review, we summarized the functional elucidated glycosyltransferases responsible for ginsenoside biosynthesis, the advance in the protein engineering of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and their application with the aim to provide in-depth understanding on ginsenoside-related UGTs for the production of rare ginsenosides applying synthetic biology-based microbial cell factories in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen J, Yang H, Ma S, Yao R, Huang X, Yan J, Xie D. HbCOI1 perceives jasmonate to trigger signal transduction in Hevea brasiliensis. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:460-471. [PMID: 33032325 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber, a strategically essential raw material used in manufacturing throughout the world, is produced from coagulated and refined latex of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). It is known that phytohormone jasmonate (JA) plays an essential role in regulating latex biosynthesis. However, it is unclear how the JA signal is sensed in a rubber tree. Here, we showed that H. brasiliensis CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE 1 (HbCOI1) acts as a receptor that perceives JA to recruit H. brasiliensis JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN1 (HbJAZ1) for signal transduction. We found that HbCOI1 restores male sterility and JA responses of the coi1-1 mutant in Arabidopsis. The identification of a JA receptor in the rubber tree is essential for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying JA-regulated latex biosynthesis. Our results elucidate the mechanism of JA perception in H. brasiliensis and also provide an efficient strategy to identify JA receptors in woody plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sui Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Ruifeng Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Jianbin Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Daoxin Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang Z, Tu L, Yang W, Zhang Y, Hu T, Ma B, Lu Y, Cui X, Gao J, Wu X, Tong Y, Zhou J, Song Y, Liu Y, Liu N, Huang L, Gao W. The chromosome-level reference genome assembly for Panax notoginseng and insights into ginsenoside biosynthesis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100113. [PMID: 33511345 PMCID: PMC7816079 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng, a perennial herb of the genus Panax in the family Araliaceae, has played an important role in clinical treatment in China for thousands of years because of its extensive pharmacological effects. Here, we report a high-quality reference genome of P. notoginseng, with a genome size up to 2.66 Gb and a contig N50 of 1.12 Mb, produced with third-generation PacBio sequencing technology. This is the first chromosome-level genome assembly for the genus Panax. Through genome evolution analysis, we explored phylogenetic and whole-genome duplication events and examined their impact on saponin biosynthesis. We performed a detailed transcriptional analysis of P. notoginseng and explored gene-level mechanisms that regulate the formation of characteristic tubercles. Next, we studied the biosynthesis and regulation of saponins at temporal and spatial levels. We combined multi-omics data to identify genes that encode key enzymes in the P. notoginseng terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Finally, we identified five glycosyltransferase genes whose products catalyzed the formation of different ginsenosides in P. notoginseng. The genetic information obtained in this study provides a resource for further exploration of the growth characteristics, cultivation, breeding, and saponin biosynthesis of P. notoginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqian Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dai L, Qin L, Hu Y, Huang JW, Hu Z, Min J, Sun Y, Guo RT. Structural dissection of unnatural ginsenoside-biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferase Bs-YjiC from Bacillus subtilis for substrate promiscuity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:73-78. [PMID: 33310191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation catalyzed by uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGT) contributes to the chemical and functional diversity of a number of natural products. Bacillus subtilis Bs-YjiC is a robust and versatile UGT that holds potentials in the biosynthesis of unnatural bioactive ginsenosides. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the substrate promiscuity of Bs-YjiC, we solved crystal structures of Bs-YjiC and its binary complex with uridine diphosphate (UDP) at resolution of 2.18 Å and 2.44 Å, respectively. Bs-YjiC adopts the classical GT-B fold containing the N-terminal and C-terminal domains that accommodate the sugar acceptor and UDP-glucose, respectively. Molecular docking indicates that the spacious sugar-acceptor binding pocket of Bs-YjiC might be responsible for its broad substrate spectrum and unique glycosylation patterns toward protopanaxadiol-(PPD) and PPD-type ginsenosides. Our study reveals the structural basis for the aglycone promiscuity of Bs-YjiC and will facilitate the protein engineering of Bs-YjiC to synthesize novel bioactive glycosylated compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Lujiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Zheyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu R, Zhang J, You J, Gao L, Li Y, Zhang S, Zhu W, Shu S, Xiong C, Xiong H, Chen P, Guo J, Liu Z. Full-length transcriptome sequencing and modular organization analysis of oleanolic acid- and dammarane-type saponins related gene expression patterns in Panax japonicus. Genomics 2020; 112:4137-4147. [PMID: 32653517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The saponins found in Panax japonicus, a traditional medicinal herb in Asia, exhibit high degrees of structural and functional similarity. In this study, metabolite analysis revealed that oleanolic acid-type and dammarane-type saponins were distributed unevenly in three tissues (rhizome_Y, rhizome_O, and secRoot) of P. japonicus. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS) data revealed distinct and tissue-specific transcriptomic patterns relating to the production of these two types of saponins. In the co-expression network and hierarchical clustering analyses, one 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and two 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) etc. transcripts were found to be key genes associated with the biosynthesis of oleanolic acid and dammarane-type saponins in P. japonicus, respectively. In addition, cytochrome p450 (CYP) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family proteins that serve as regulators of saponin biosynthesis-related genes were also found to exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns. Together these results offer a comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic overview of P. japonicus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jingmao You
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Limei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongchang Li
- Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin 64804, USA
| | - Shaopeng Zhang
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shaohua Shu
- School of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Xiong
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Hui Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li X, Cheng X, Liao B, Xu J, Han X, Zhang J, Lin Z, Hu L. Spatial protein expression of Panax ginseng by in-depth proteomic analysis for ginsenoside biosynthesis and transportation. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:58-65. [PMID: 33437157 PMCID: PMC7790901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng, as one of the most widely used herbal medicines worldwide, has been studied comprehensively in terms of the chemical components and pharmacology. The proteins from ginseng are also of great importance for both nutrition value and the mechanism of secondary metabolites. However, the proteomic studies are less reported in the absence of the genome information. With the completion of ginseng genome sequencing, the proteome profiling has become available for the functional study of ginseng protein components. Methods We optimized the protein extraction process systematically by using SDS-PAGE and one-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The extracted proteins were then analyzed by two-dimensional chromatography separation and cutting-edge mass spectrometry technique. Results A total of 2,732 and 3,608 proteins were identified from ginseng root and cauline leaf, respectively, which was the largest data set reported so far. Only around 50% protein overlapped between the cauline leaf and root tissue parts because of the function assignment for plant growing. Further gene ontology and KEGG pathway revealed the distinguish difference between ginseng root and leaf, which accounts for the photosynthesis and metabolic process. With in-deep analysis of functional proteins related to ginsenoside synthesis, we interestingly found the cytochrome P450 and UDP-glycosyltransferase expression extensively in cauline leaf but not in the root, indicating that the post glucoside synthesis of ginsenosides might be carried out when growing and then transported to the root at withering. Conclusion The systematically proteome analysis of Panax ginseng will provide us comprehensive understanding of ginsenoside synthesis and guidance for artificial cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianhui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baosheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Han
- Jilin Zixin Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- Nanjing Novogene Bio Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- Nanjing Novogene Bio Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Lianghai Hu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hwang JE, Suh DH, Kim KT, Paik HD. Comparative study on anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of hydroponic ginseng and soil-cultured ginseng. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:215-224. [PMID: 30815313 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroponic ginseng (HPG) and soil-cultured ginseng (SCG) were extracted in 70% methanol to quantify relative content of 8 ginsenosides and polyphenolic compounds, and flavonoids to compare their antioxidative effects. Level of nitric oxide and inflammatory targets produced in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were measured. 2-year-old HPG shoots contained highest levels of ginsenoside Rb2, Rb3, Rd, Re, and F1. Total polyphenol content was highest in shoots of HPG, followed by roots of HPG and SCG. HPG shoots had high radical scavenging activity and an elevated ability to inhibit linoleic acid oxidation. 2-year-old HPG shoots reduced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells by 47%, whereas 6-year-old SCG roots reduced it by only 21%. HPG also significantly lowered mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, as determined by RT-PCR, compared to SCGs. Therefore, HPG may have potential for utilization as an alternative to SCG, because of superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Hwang
- 1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwa Suh
- 1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- 1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea.,2Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- 1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea.,2Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
ISSUE HIGHLIGHTS. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|