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Hu G, Cui S, Wang H, Shi Y, Li Z. Mechanism of high sensitivity proton acids doped polypyrrole molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor and its application in urea detection. Talanta 2024; 278:126514. [PMID: 38986310 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor is a kind of convenient, fast, and stable analyzer, but the conductivity of electrode materials and their affinity with the analyte affect its performance. A proton acid (PSS, SA, SSA) doping method was proposed to improve the electrochemical performance of the polypyrrole molecularly imprinted polymer (PPy-MIP), which promoted the electropolymerization of pyrrole, reduced the charge transfer resistance, and increased the electrochemical surface area. In terms of both improving conductivity and affinity, the response of the proton acids doped the polypyrrole molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (PPy-MIECS) to urea was improved by 25-fold (PSS), 5-fold (SA), and 3-fold (SSA) over that of PPy-MIECS. In addition, the PSS-PPy-MIECS was validated for the practical application with a linear detection range from 0.1 mM to 100 mM, high selectivity (α = 39.73), reusability (RSD% = 4.54 %), reproducibility (RSD% = 0.93 %), and stability (11 days). The advantage of proton acid doping method in PSS-PEDOT-MIECS to urea and PSS-PPy-MIECS to glucose extended its application in the performance enhancement of MIECS design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, Shandong, 266200, China
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China.
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
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Choi W, Shin S, Do J, Son J, Kim K, Lee JS. Influence of Surface Treatments on Urea Detection Using Si Electrolyte-Gated Transistors with Different Gate Electrodes. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:621. [PMID: 38793194 PMCID: PMC11123436 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of surface treatments on Si-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) for detecting urea. Three types of EGTs were fabricated with distinct gate electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt) using a top-down method. These EGTs exhibited exceptional intrinsic electrical properties, including a low subthreshold swing of 80 mV/dec, a high on/off current ratio of 106, and negligible hysteresis. Three surface treatment methods ((3-amino-propyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GA), 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA)) were individually applied to the EGTs with different gate electrodes (Ag, Au, Pt). Gold nanoparticle binding tests were performed to validate the surface functionalization. We compared their detection performance of urea and found that APTES and GA exhibited the most superior detection characteristics, followed by 11-MUA and 3-MPA, regardless of the gate metal. APTES and GA, with the highest pKa among the three surface treatment methods, did not compromise the activity of urease, making it the most suitable surface treatment method for urea sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyeong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Seonghwan Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jeonghyeon Do
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Jongmin Son
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Division of Electronics Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea; (W.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.); (J.S.)
- Innovative General Electronic Sensor Technology (i-GEST) Co., Ltd., Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Anelli C, Pellicorio V, Bello V, Merlo S. Label- and Reagent-Free Optical Sensor for Absorption-Based Detection of Urea Concentration in Water Solutions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2754. [PMID: 38732860 PMCID: PMC11086112 DOI: 10.3390/s24092754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Contactless and label-free detection of urea content in aqueous solutions is of great interest in chemical, biomedical, industrial, and automotive applications. In this work, we demonstrate a compact and low-cost instrumental configuration for label-free, reagent-free, and contactless detection of urea dissolved in water, which exploits the absorption properties of urea in the near-infrared wavelength region. The intensity of the radiation transmitted through the fluid under test, contained in a rectangle hollow glass tubing with an optical pathlength of 1 mm, is detected in two spectral bands. Two low-cost, low-power LEDs with emission spectra centered at λ = 1450 nm and λ = 2350 nm are used as readout sources. The photodetector is positioned on the other side of the tubing, in front of the LEDs. The detection performances of a photodiode and of a thermal optical power detector have been compared, exploiting different approaches for LED driving current modulation and photodetected signal processing. The implemented detection system has been tested on urea-water solutions with urea concentrations from 0 up to 525 mg/mL as well as on two samples of commercial diesel exhaust fluid ("AdBlue™"). Considering the transmitted intensity in presence of the urea-water solution, at λ = 1450 nm and λ = 2350 nm, normalized to the transmitted intensity in presence of water, we demonstrate that their ratio is linearly related to urea concentration on a wide range and with good sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Anelli
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Vanessa Pellicorio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Valentina Bello
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Sabina Merlo
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.A.); (V.B.)
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Choi W, Jin B, Shin S, Do J, Son J, Kim K, Lee JS. Highly Sensitive Detection of Urea Using Si Electrolyte-Gated Transistor with Low Power Consumption. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13050565. [PMID: 37232926 DOI: 10.3390/bios13050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate Si-based electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) for detecting urea. The top-down-fabricated device exhibited excellent intrinsic characteristics, including a low subthreshold swing (SS) (~80 mV/dec) and a high on/off current ratio (~107). The sensitivity, which varied depending on the operation regime, was analyzed with the urea concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 316 mM. The current-related response could be enhanced by reducing the SS of the devices, whereas the voltage-related response remained relatively constant. The urea sensitivity in the subthreshold regime was as high as 1.9 dec/pUrea, four times higher than the reported value. The extracted power consumption of 0.3 nW was extremely low compared to other FET-type sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyeong Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Jin
- Zhejiang RockerStone Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. (Defeng Electronic Technology), Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Seonghwan Shin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Do
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Son
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Division of Electronics Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Gharib G, Bütün İ, Muganlı Z, Kozalak G, Namlı İ, Sarraf SS, Ahmadi VE, Toyran E, van Wijnen AJ, Koşar A. Biomedical Applications of Microfluidic Devices: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12111023. [PMID: 36421141 PMCID: PMC9688231 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Both passive and active microfluidic chips are used in many biomedical and chemical applications to support fluid mixing, particle manipulations, and signal detection. Passive microfluidic devices are geometry-dependent, and their uses are rather limited. Active microfluidic devices include sensors or detectors that transduce chemical, biological, and physical changes into electrical or optical signals. Also, they are transduction devices that detect biological and chemical changes in biomedical applications, and they are highly versatile microfluidic tools for disease diagnosis and organ modeling. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the significant advances that have been made in the development of microfluidics devices. We will discuss the function of microfluidic devices as micromixers or as sorters of cells and substances (e.g., microfiltration, flow or displacement, and trapping). Microfluidic devices are fabricated using a range of techniques, including molding, etching, three-dimensional printing, and nanofabrication. Their broad utility lies in the detection of diagnostic biomarkers and organ-on-chip approaches that permit disease modeling in cancer, as well as uses in neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, and pulmonary diseases. Biosensor applications allow for point-of-care testing, using assays based on enzymes, nanozymes, antibodies, or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). An anticipated development in the field includes the optimization of techniques for the fabrication of microfluidic devices using biocompatible materials. These developments will increase biomedical versatility, reduce diagnostic costs, and accelerate diagnosis time of microfluidics technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Gharib
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - İsmail Bütün
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Zülâl Muganlı
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Gül Kozalak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - İlayda Namlı
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | | | | | - Erçil Toyran
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ali Koşar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Centre (SUNUM), Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Çankaya, Ankara 06700, Turkey
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Sanko V, Şenocak A, Oğuz Tümay S, Demirbas E. A novel comparative study for electrochemical urea biosensor design: effect of different ferrite nanoparticles (MFe2O4, M: Cu, Co, Ni, Zn) in urease immobilized composite system. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 149:108324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dhinasekaran D, Soundharraj P, Jagannathan M, Rajendran AR, Rajendran S. Hybrid ZnO nanostructures modified graphite electrode as an efficient urea sensor for environmental pollution monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133918. [PMID: 35150706 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a facile electrochemical sensing platform for urea detection using pencil graphite electrode modified nanocomposites of CuO/ZnO and Fe2O3/ZnO. The detection of urea is essential to monitor for identifying its pollution in the water, at the soil surface and in diagnosing urea cycle disorder related diseases. Therefore, an effective, accurate, cost-effective method of diagnosis is urgently needed. Nanostructured metal oxides have the potential ability to detect molecules even at trace level and to explore this, the present work is formulated with Cu and Fe based ZnO nanocomposites for enhancing the sensing performance towards electrochemical sensing of urea. The sensing responses were confirmed from the increase in oxidation current with respect to the concentration of urea. The results show that Fe2O3/ZnO coated graphite electrode has a higher response against urea compared to ZnO and CuO/ZnO. The cyclic voltammetry studies also validate urea sensing of Fe-ZnO in the linear range of 0.8 μg/mL to 4 μg/mL, with the detection limit of 2.5 μg/mL. This suggests that the cost-effective pencil graphite electrode modified Fe2O3/ZnO can be utilized as a promising analytical tool for urea sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ajay Rakkesh Rajendran
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile
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