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Wu X, Yun Z, Su N, Zhao L, Zhang H, Zhang M, Wu Q, Zhang C, Xing XH. Characterization of maltose-binding protein-fused heparinases with enhanced thermostability by application of rigid and flexible linkers. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39072851 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Heparinases, including heparinases I-III (HepI, HepII, and HepIII, respectively), are important tools for producing low-molecular-weight heparin, an improved anticoagulant. The poor thermostability of heparinases significantly hinders their industrial and laboratory applications. To improve the thermostability of heparinases, we applied a rigid linker (EAAAK)5 (R) and a flexible linker (GGGGS)5 (F) to fuse maltose-binding protein (MBP) and HepI, HepII, and HepIII from Pedobacter heparinus, replacing the original linker from the plasmid pMAL-c2X. Compared with their parental fusion protein, MBP-fused HepIs, HepIIs, and HepIIIs with linkers (EAAAK)5 or (GGGGS)5 all displayed enhanced thermostability (half-lives at 30°C: 242%-464%). MBP-fused HepIs and HepIIs exhibited higher specific activity (127%-324%), whereas MBP-fused HepIIIs displayed activity similar to that of their parental fusion protein. Kinetics analysis revealed that MBP-fused HepIIs showed a significantly decreased affinity toward heparin with increased Km values (397%-480%) after the linker replacement, whereas the substrate affinity did not change significantly for MBP-fused HepIs and HepIIIs. Furthermore, it preliminarily appeared that the depolymerization mechanism of these fusion proteins may not change after linker replacement. These findings suggest the superior enzymatic properties of MBP-fused heparinases with suitable linker designs and their potential for the bioproduction of low-molecular-weight heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Yun
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Su
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyan Zhang
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Chadha A, Padhi SK, Stella S, Venkataraman S, Saravanan T. Microbial alcohol dehydrogenases: recent developments and applications in asymmetric synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:228-251. [PMID: 38050738 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01447a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases are a well-known group of enzymes in the class of oxidoreductases that use electron transfer cofactors such as NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H for oxidation or reduction reactions of alcohols or carbonyl compounds respectively. These enzymes are utilized mainly as purified enzymes and offer some advantages in terms of green chemistry. They are environmentally friendly and a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals. Industry has implemented several whole-cell biocatalytic processes to synthesize pharmaceutically active ingredients by exploring the high selectivity of enzymes. Unlike the whole cell system where cofactor regeneration is well conserved within the cellular environment, purified enzymes require additional cofactors or a cofactor recycling system in the reaction, even though cleaner reactions can be carried out with fewer downstream work-up problems. The challenge of producing purified enzymes in large quantities has been solved in large part by the use of recombinant enzymes. Most importantly, recombinant enzymes find applications in many cascade biotransformations to produce several important chiral precursors. Inevitably, several dehydrogenases were engineered as mere recombinant enzymes could not meet the industrial requirements for substrate and stereoselectivity. In recent years, a significant number of engineered alcohol dehydrogenases have been employed in asymmetric synthesis in industry. In a parallel development, several enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods have been established for regenerating expensive cofactors (NAD+/NADP+) to make the overall enzymatic process more efficient and economically viable. In this review article, recent developments and applications of microbial alcohol dehydrogenases are summarized by emphasizing notable examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Chadha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Santosh Kumar Padhi
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
| | - Selvaraj Stella
- Department of Chemistry, Sarah Tucker College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University), Tirunelveli-627007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, 600116, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
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Ledesma-Fernandez A, Velasco-Lozano S, Santiago-Arcos J, López-Gallego F, Cortajarena AL. Engineered repeat proteins as scaffolds to assemble multi-enzyme systems for efficient cell-free biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2587. [PMID: 37142589 PMCID: PMC10160029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-enzymatic cascades with enzymes arranged in close-proximity through a protein scaffold can trigger a substrate channeling effect, allowing for efficient cofactor reuse with industrial potential. However, precise nanometric organization of enzymes challenges the design of scaffolds. In this study, we create a nanometrically organized multi-enzymatic system exploiting engineered Tetrapeptide Repeat Affinity Proteins (TRAPs) as scaffolding for biocatalysis. We genetically fuse TRAP domains and program them to selectively and orthogonally recognize peptide-tags fused to enzymes, which upon binding form spatially organized metabolomes. In addition, the scaffold encodes binding sites to selectively and reversibly sequester reaction intermediates like cofactors via electrostatic interactions, increasing their local concentration and, consequently, the catalytic efficiency. This concept is demonstrated for the biosynthesis of amino acids and amines using up to three enzymes. Scaffolded multi-enzyme systems present up to 5-fold higher specific productivity than the non-scaffolded ones. In-depth analysis suggests that channeling of NADH cofactor between the assembled enzymes enhances the overall cascade throughput and the product yield. Moreover, we immobilize this biomolecular scaffold on solid supports, creating reusable heterogeneous multi-functional biocatalysts for consecutive operational batch cycles. Our results demonstrate the potential of TRAP-scaffolding systems as spatial-organizing tools to increase the efficiency of cell-free biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ledesma-Fernandez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Susana Velasco-Lozano
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH-CSIC), University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragonese Foundation for Research and Development (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Santiago-Arcos
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Gallego
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
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Wang L, Chen K, Zheng P, Huo X, Liao F, Zhu L, Hu M, Tao Y. Enhanced production of D-psicose from D-fructose by a redox-driven multi-enzyme cascade system. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 163:110172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li T, Qin Z, Wang D, Xia X, Zhou X, Hu G. Coenzyme self-sufficiency system-recent advances in microbial production of high-value chemical phenyllactic acid. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:36. [PMID: 36472665 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA), a natural antimicrobial substance, has many potential applications in the food, animal feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. However, its production is limited by the complex reaction steps involved in its chemical synthesis. Through advances in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies, enzymatic or whole-cell catalysis was developed as an alternative method for PLA production. Herein, we review recent developments in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies that promote the microbial production of high-value PLA. Specially, the advantages and disadvantages of the using of the three kinds of substrates, which includes phenylpyruvate, phenylalanine and glucose as starting materials by natural or engineered microbes is summarized. Notably, the bio-conversion of PLA often requires the consumption of expensive coenzyme NADH. To overcome the issues of NADH regeneration, efficiently internal cofactor regeneration systems constructed by co-expressing different enzyme combinations composed of lactate dehydrogenase with others for enhancing the PLA production, as well as their possible improvements, are discussed. In particular, the construction of fusion proteins with different linkers can achieve higher PLA yield and more efficient cofactor regeneration than that of multi-enzyme co-expression. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of PLA biosynthesis pathways and strategies for increasing PLA yield through biotechnology, providing future directions for the large-scale commercial production of PLA and the expansion of downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinglan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Efficient Synthesis of cis-4-Propylcyclohexanol Using a Mutant Alcohol Dehydrogenase Coupled with Glucose Dehydrogenase. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
cis-4-Propylcyclohexanol is an important intermediate for synthesizing trans-2-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-1,3-propanediol, which is widely used in the manufacture of liquid crystal displays. In this study, cis-4-propylcyclohexanol was prepared using a mutant alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir (LK-TADH, A94T/F147L/L199H/A202L) coupled with glucose dehydrogenase. Using the optimal catalytic conditions, 125 g/L (250 g) of 4-propylcyclohexanone was completely transformed after 5 h, and 225.8 g of cis-4-propylcyclohexanol (cis/trans ratio of 99.5:0.5) was obtained through extraction and rotary evaporation at a yield of 90.32%. This study reports a potential method for the green production of cis-4-propylcyclohexanol as the key intermediate of trans-2-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-1,3-propanediol at an industrial level.
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Qin Z, Wang D, Luo R, Li T, Xiong X, Chen P. Using Unnatural Protein Fusions to Engineer a Coenzyme Self-Sufficiency System for D-Phenyllactic Acid Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:795885. [PMID: 34976983 PMCID: PMC8718758 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.795885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic production of D-penyllactic acid (D-PLA) is often affected by insufficient supply and regeneration of cofactors, leading to high production cost, and difficulty in industrialization. In this study, a D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) and glycerol dehydrogenase (GlyDH) co-expression system was constructed to achieve coenzyme NADH self-sufficiency and sustainable production of D-PLA. Using glycerol and sodium phenylpyruvate (PPA) as co-substrate, the E. coli BL21 (DE3) harboring a plasmid to co-express LfD-LDH and BmGlyDH produced 3.95 g/L D-PLA with a yield of 0.78 g/g PPA, similar to previous studies. Then, flexible linkers were used to construct fusion proteins composing of D-LDH and GlyDH. Under the optimal conditions, 5.87 g/L D-PLA was produced by expressing LfD-LDH-l3-BmGlyDH with a yield of 0.97 g/g PPA, which was 59.3% increased compared to expression of LfD-LDH. In a scaled-up reaction, a productivity of 5.83 g/L/h was reached. In this study, improving the bio-catalytic efficiency by artificial redox self-equilibrium system with a bifunctional fusion protein could reduce the bio-production cost of D-PLA, making this bio-production of D-PLA a more promising industrial technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Wang,
| | - Ruoshi Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tinglan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochao Xiong
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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