1
|
Siniscalchi M, Liu J, Gibson JS, Turrell SJ, Aspinall J, Weatherup RS, Pasta M, Speller SC, Grovenor CRM. On the Relative Importance of Li Bulk Diffusivity and Interface Morphology in Determining the Stripped Capacity of Metallic Anodes in Solid-State Batteries. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:3593-3599. [PMID: 36277136 PMCID: PMC9578048 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal self-diffusion is too slow to sustain large current densities at the interface with a solid electrolyte, and the resulting formation of voids on stripping is a major limiting factor for the power density of solid-state cells. The enhanced morphological stability of some lithium alloy electrodes has prompted questions on the role of lithium diffusivity in these materials. Here, the lithium diffusivity in Li-Mg alloys is investigated by an isotope tracer method, revealing that the presence of magnesium slows down the diffusion of lithium. For large stripping currents the delithiation process is diffusion-limited, hence a lithium metal electrode yields a larger capacity than a Li-Mg electrode. However, at lower currents we explain the apparent contradiction that more lithium can be extracted from Li-Mg electrodes by showing that the alloy can maintain a more geometrically stable diffusion path to the solid electrolyte surface so that the effective lithium diffusivity is improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Siniscalchi
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Joshua S. Gibson
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Stephen J. Turrell
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Jack Aspinall
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Robert S. Weatherup
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Mauro Pasta
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| | | | - Chris R. M. Grovenor
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eckhardt JK, Fuchs T, Burkhardt S, Klar PJ, Janek J, Heiliger C. 3D Impedance Modeling of Metal Anodes in Solid-State Batteries-Incompatibility of Pore Formation and Constriction Effect in Physical-Based 1D Circuit Models. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42757-42769. [PMID: 36075055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A non-ideal contact at the electrode/solid electrolyte interface of a solid-state battery arising due to pores (voids) or inclusions results in a geometric constriction effect that severely deteriorates the electric transport properties of the battery cell. The lack of understanding of this phenomenon hinders the optimization process of novel components, such as reversible and high-rate metal anodes. Deeper insight into the constriction phenomenon is necessary to correctly monitor interface degradation and to accelerate the successful use of metal anodes in solid-state batteries. Here, we use a 3D electric network model to study the fundamentals of the constriction effect. Our findings suggest that dynamic constriction as a non-local effect cannot be captured by conventional 1D equivalent circuit models and that its electric behavior is not ad hoc predictable. It strongly depends on the interplay of the geometry of the interface causing the constriction and the microscopic transport processes in the adjacent phases. In the presence of constriction, the contribution from the non-ideal electrode/solid electrolyte interface to the impedance spectrum may exhibit two signals that cannot be explained when the porous interface is described by a physical-based (effective medium theory) 1D equivalent circuit model. In consequence, the widespread assumption of a single interface contribution to the experimental impedance spectrum may be entirely misleading and can cause serious misinterpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis K Eckhardt
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Simon Burkhardt
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Peter J Klar
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Christian Heiliger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eckhardt JK, Klar PJ, Janek J, Heiliger C. Interplay of Dynamic Constriction and Interface Morphology between Reversible Metal Anode and Solid Electrolyte in Solid State Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35545-35554. [PMID: 35878322 PMCID: PMC9376931 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In an all-solid-state battery, the electrical contact between its individual components is of key relevance in addition to the electrochemical stability of its interfaces. Impedance spectroscopy is particularly suited for the non-destructive investigation of interfaces and of their stability under load. Establishing a valid correlation between microscopic processes and the macroscopic impedance signal, however, is challenging and prone to errors. Here, we use a 3D electric network model to systematically investigate the effect of various electrode/sample interface morphologies on the impedance spectrum. It is demonstrated that the interface impedance generally results from a charge transfer step and a geometric constriction contribution. The weights of both signals depend strongly on the material parameters as well as on the interface morphology. Dynamic constriction results from a non-ideal local contact, e.g., from pores or voids, which reduce the electrochemical active surface area only in a certain frequency range. Constriction effects dominate the interface behavior for systems with small charge transfer resistance like garnet-type solid electrolytes in contact with a lithium metal electrode. An in-depth analysis of the origin and the characteristics of the constriction phenomenon and their dependence on the interface morphology is conducted. The discussion of the constriction effect provides further insight into the processes at the microscopic level, which are, e.g., relevant in the case of reversible metal anodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis K. Eckhardt
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig
University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter J. Klar
- Center
for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig
University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute
of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig
University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Center
for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig
University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Heiliger
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig
University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang M, Mo Y. Interfacial Defect of Lithium Metal in Solid‐State Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD USA
- Maryland Energy Innovation Institute University of Maryland College Park MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang M, Mo Y. Interfacial Defect of Lithium Metal in Solid-State Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21494-21501. [PMID: 34329513 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
All-solid-state battery with Li metal anode is a promising rechargeable battery technology with high energy density and improved safety. Currently, the application of Li metal anode is plagued by the failure at the interfaces between lithium metal and solid electrolyte (SE). However, little is known about the defects at Li-SE interfaces and their effects on Li cycling, impeding further improvement of Li metal anodes. Herein, by performing large-scale atomistic modeling of Li metal interfaces with common SEs, we discover that lithium metal forms an interfacial defect layer of nanometer-thin disordered lithium at the Li-SE interfaces. This interfacial defect Li layer is highly detrimental, leading to interfacial failure such as pore formation and contact loss during Li stripping. By systematically studying and comparing incoherent, coherent, and semi-coherent Li-SE interfaces, we find that the interface with good lattice coherence has reduced Li defects at the interface and has suppressed interfacial failure during Li cycling. Our finding discovered the critical roles of atomistic lithium defects at interfaces for the interfacial failure of Li metal anode, and motivates future atomistic-level interfacial engineering for Li metal anode in solid-state batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Interfacial compatibility issues in rechargeable solid-state lithium metal batteries: a review. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-9985-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Krauskopf T, Richter FH, Zeier WG, Janek J. Physicochemical Concepts of the Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7745-7794. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Krauskopf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix H. Richter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G. Zeier
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Correnstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weiss M, Simon FJ, Busche MR, Nakamura T, Schröder D, Richter FH, Janek J. From Liquid- to Solid-State Batteries: Ion Transfer Kinetics of Heteroionic Interfaces. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-020-00062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hybrid battery cells combining liquid electrolytes (LEs) with inorganic solid electrolyte (SE) separators or different SEs and polymer electrolytes (PEs), respectively, are developed to solve the issues of single-electrolyte cells. Among the issues that can be solved are detrimental shuttle effects, decomposition reactions between the electrolyte and the electrodes, and dendrite propagation. However, the introduction of new interfaces by contacting different ionic conductors leads to other problems, which cannot be neglected before commercialization is possible. The interfaces between the different types of ionic conductors (LE/SE and PE/SE) often result in significant charge-transfer resistances, which increase the internal resistance considerably. This review highlights studies evaluating the interfacial resistances and activation barriers in such systems to present an overview of the issues still hampering hybrid battery systems. The interfaces between different SEs in hybrid all-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are considered as well. In addition, a short summary of physicochemical models describing heteroionic interfaces—interfaces between two different ion conductors—is given in an attempt to explain high interface resistances. In doing so, we hope to inspire future work on the crucial topic of interface optimization toward better SSBs.
Graphic Abstract
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Krauskopf T, Hartmann H, Zeier WG, Janek J. Toward a Fundamental Understanding of the Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries-An Electrochemo-Mechanical Study on the Garnet-Type Solid Electrolyte Li 6.25Al 0.25La 3Zr 2O 12. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14463-14477. [PMID: 30892861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For the development of next-generation lithium batteries, major research effort is made to enable a reversible lithium metal anode by the use of solid electrolytes. However, the fundamentals of the solid-solid interface and especially the processes that take place under current load are still not well characterized. By measuring pressure-dependent electrode kinetics, we explore the electrochemo-mechanical behavior of the lithium metal anode on the garnet electrolyte Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12. Because of the stability against reduction in contact with the lithium metal, this serves as an optimal model system for kinetic studies without electrolyte degradation. We show that the interfacial resistance becomes negligibly small and converges to practically 0 Ω·cm2 at high external pressures of several 100 MPa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the smallest reported interfacial resistance in the literature without the need for any interlayer. We interpret this observation by the concept of constriction resistance and show that the contact geometry in combination with the ionic transport in the solid electrolyte dominates the interfacial contributions for a clean interface in equilibrium. Furthermore, we show that-under anodic operating conditions-the vacancy diffusion limitation in the lithium metal restricts the rate capability of the lithium metal anode because of contact loss caused by vacancy accumulation and the resulting pore formation near the interface. Results of a kinetic model show that the interface remains morphologically stable only when the anodic load does not exceed a critical value of approximately 100 μA·cm-2, which is not high enough for practical cell setups employing a planar geometry. We highlight that future research on lithium metal anodes on solid electrolytes needs to focus on the transport within and the morphological instability of the metal electrode. Overall, the results help to develop a deeper understanding of the lithium metal anode on solid electrolytes, and the major conclusions are not limited to the Li|Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Krauskopf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hannah Hartmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Zeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wenzel S, Leichtweiss T, Weber DA, Sann J, Zeier WG, Janek J. Interfacial Reactivity Benchmarking of the Sodium Ion Conductors Na 3PS 4 and Sodium β-Alumina for Protected Sodium Metal Anodes and Sodium All-Solid-State Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28216-28224. [PMID: 27677413 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial stability of solid electrolytes at the electrodes is crucial for an application of all-solid-state batteries and protected electrodes. For instance, undesired reactions between sodium metal electrodes and the solid electrolyte form charge transfer hindering interphases. Due to the resulting large interfacial resistance, the charge transfer kinetics are altered and the overvoltage increases, making the interfacial stability of electrolytes the limiting factor in these systems. Driven by the promising ionic conductivities of Na3PS4, here we explore the stability and viability of Na3PS4 as a solid electrolyte against metallic Na and compare it to that of Na-β″-Al2O3 (sodium β-alumina). As expected, Na-β″-Al2O3 is stable against sodium, whereas Na3PS4 decomposes with an increasing overall resistance, making Na-β″-Al2O3 the electrolyte of choice for protected sodium anodes and all-solid-state batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wenzel
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Thomas Leichtweiss
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Dominik A Weber
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Joachim Sann
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Zeier
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peppler K, Pölleth M, Meiss S, Rohnke M, Janek J. Electrodeposition of Metals for Micro- and Nanostructuring at Interfaces between Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Conductors: Dendrites, Whiskers and Nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2006.220.10.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrodeposition of a metal requires the reduction of metal ions by electrons and can in principle occur at any interface or in any boundary region between two electrically conducting phases with different ionic transference numbers. Here we summarize and review metal deposition at all possible five interfaces: solid|solid (short s|s), liquid|liquid (l|l), solid|liquid (s|l), solid|gas (s|g), liquid|gas (l|g), emphasizing processes at less studied interfaces. Cathodic deposition of a metal from a liquid electrolyte (s|l interface) is the most typical case and forms the basis of numerous applied galvanic processes. The equivalent deposition of a metal on a solid electrolyte (s|s interface) is much less usual, but phenomenologically identical. The deposition processes of a metal at the interface between two liquid electrolytes, or between a gaseous conductor and either a solid or a liquid conductor form three other possible situations. Examples for these five general cases (the s|l interface is only briefly treated) are reviewed and discussed with respect to the growth kinetics and the product morphology. Nano-sized memory devices, switches, electron beam induced formation of metals on solid electrolytes and plasma-cathodic metal deposition from ionic liquids, where in the first place the very low vapour pressure of ionic liquids facilitates the application of low-temperature plasmas, are discussed as possible new and unusual applications of electrochemical metal deposition.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Abstract
This paper discusses two of Ostwalds experimental observations which the literature connects with his name. The generalized conclusions Ostwald inferred are presented and discussed. His discoveries deal essentially with the formation of solid phases. Later both played important roles in the field of solid state reactions. The two items are: 1. Ostwalds rule of successive reaction steps (ORS-rule) and 2. the Ostwald-ripening process (ORP-process). Since material scientists and engineers try to obtain special properties of a solid by establishing its microstructure, Ostwalds discoveries and ideas do influence the field of materials science till nowadays.In what follows his farsightedness and his limitations are placed in the context of solid state physical chemistry and its history.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mutoro E, Luerßen B, Janek J. Grenzflächen fester Ionenleiter. Oberflächen-Elektrochemie. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.200800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Korte C, Franz B, Hesse D. Electric field driven solid state reactions—reaction kinetics and the influence of grain boundaries on the interface morphology in the system MgO/MgIn2O4/In2O3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b413421d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Vennekamp M, Janek J. Control of the surface morphology of solid electrolyte films during field-driven growth in a reactive plasma. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:666-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b414567d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
17
|
Korte C, Zakharov ND, Hesse D. Electric field driven solid state reactions—microscopic investigation of moving phase boundaries in the system MgO/MgIn2O4/In2O3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b310401j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Lambert C, Lauque P, Seguin JL, Albinet G, Bendahan M, Debierre JM, Knauth P. Solid-state electrolysis in CuBr thin films: observation and modelling of fractal growth. Chemphyschem 2002; 3:107-10. [PMID: 12465480 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7641(20020118)3:1<107::aid-cphc107>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lambert
- Laboratoire Matériaux Divisés, Revêtements, Electrocéramiques (MADIREL) UMR 6121, Université de Provence-CNRS, Centre St. Charles, Case 26, 13331 Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lambert C, Lauque P, Seguin JL, Albinet G, Bendahan M, Debierre JM, Knauth P. Solid-State Electrolysis in CuBr Thin Films: Observation and Modelling of Fractal Growth. Chemphyschem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1439-7641(20020118)3:1%3c107::aid-cphc107%3e3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|