1
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Demuth T, Fuchs T, Beyer A, Janek J, Volz K. "Depo-all-around": A novel FIB-based TEM specimen preparation technique for solid state battery composites and other loosely bound samples. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 257:113904. [PMID: 38061278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial phenomena between active cathode materials and solid electrolytes play an important role in the function of solid-state batteries. (S)TEM imaging can give valuable insight into the atomic structure and composition at the various interfaces, yet the preparation of TEM specimen by FIB (focused ion beam) is challenging for loosely bound samples like composites, as they easily break apart during conventional preparation routines. We propose a novel preparation method that uses a frame made of deposition layers from the FIB's gas injection system to prevent the sample from breaking apart. This technique can of course be also applied to other loosely bound samples, not only those in the field of batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Demuth
- Materials Science Center and Faculty of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstraße 6, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Materials Science Center and Faculty of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstraße 6, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Gießen 35392, Germany
| | - Kerstin Volz
- Materials Science Center and Faculty of Physics, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstraße 6, Marburg 35043, Germany.
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2
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Flatscher F, Todt J, Burghammer M, Søreide HS, Porz L, Li Y, Wenner S, Bobal V, Ganschow S, Sartory B, Brunner R, Hatzoglou C, Keckes J, Rettenwander D. Deflecting Dendrites by Introducing Compressive Stress in Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Using Ion Implantation. Small 2024; 20:e2307515. [PMID: 37946585 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Lithium dendrites belong to the key challenges of solid-state battery research. They are unavoidable due to the imperfect nature of surfaces containing defects of a critical size that can be filled by lithium until fracturing the solid electrolyte. The penetration of Li metal occurs along the propagating crack until a short circuit takes place. It is hypothesized that ion implantation can be used to introduce stress states into Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 which enables an effective deflection and arrest of dendrites. The compositional and microstructural changes associated with the implantation of Ag-ions are studied via atom probe tomography, electron microscopy, and nano X-ray diffraction indicating that Ag-ions can be implanted up to 1 µm deep and amorphization takes place down to 650-700 nm, in good agreement with kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Based on diffraction results pronounced stress states up to -700 MPa are generated in the near-surface region. Such a stress zone and the associated microstructural alterations exhibit the ability to not only deflect mechanically introduced cracks but also dendrites, as demonstrated by nano-indentation and galvanostatic cycling experiments with subsequent electron microscopy observations. These results demonstrate ion implantation as a viable technique to design "dendrite-free" solid-state electrolytes for high-power and energy-dense solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Flatscher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Juraj Todt
- Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, Grenoble, cedex 9, 38043, France
| | - Hanne-Sofie Søreide
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Lukas Porz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Sigurd Wenner
- SINTEF Industry, Department of Materials and Nanotechnology, Trondheim, 7465, Norway
| | - Viktor Bobal
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Constantinos Hatzoglou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Chair of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben and Erich Schmid Institute for Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Leoben, 8700, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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3
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Zhu Y, Chon M, Thompson CV, Rupp JLM. Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Diagram of Battery-Grade Li-Garnet Electrolytes for Low-Temperature Sustainable Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304581. [PMID: 37723932 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and affordable synthesis of Li+ functional ceramics is crucial for the scalable production of solid electrolytes for batteries. Li-garnet Li7 La3 Zr2 O12-d (LLZO), especially its cubic phase (cLLZO), attracts attention due to its high Li+ conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. However, high sintering temperatures raise concerns about the cathode interface stability, production costs, and energy consumption for scalable manufacture. We show an alternative "sinter-free" route to stabilize cLLZO as films at half of its sinter temperature. Specifically, we establish a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram which captures the amorphous-to-crystalline LLZO transformation based on crystallization enthalpy analysis and confirm stabilization of thin-film cLLZO at record low temperatures of 500 °C. Our findings pave the way for low-temperature processing via TTT diagrams, which can be used for battery cell design targeting reduced carbon footprints in manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael Chon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carl V Thompson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer L M Rupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
- TUMint. Energy Research GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching, 85747, Germany
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University Munich, 80333, Munich, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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4
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Abstract
Solid-state lithium batteries hold great promise for next-generation energy storage systems. However, the formation of lithium filaments within the solid electrolyte remains a critical challenge. In this study, we investigate the crucial role of morphology in determining the resistance of garnet-type electrolytes to lithium filaments. By proposing a new test method, namely, cyclic linear sweep voltammetry, we can effectively evaluate the electrolyte resistance against lithium filaments. Our findings reveal a strong correlation between the microscopic morphology of the solid electrolyte and its resistance to lithium filaments. Samples with reduced pores and multiple grain boundaries demonstrate remarkable performance, achieving a critical current density of up to 3.2 mA cm-2 and excellent long-term cycling stability. Kelvin probe force microscopy and finite element method simulation results shed light on the impact of grain boundaries and electrolyte pores on lithium-ion transport and filament propagation. To inhibit lithium penetration, minimizing pores and achieving a uniform morphology with small grains and plenty of grain boundaries are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hongpeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huanan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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5
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Eckhardt JK, Kremer S, Fuchs T, Minnmann P, Schubert J, Burkhardt S, Elm MT, Klar PJ, Heiliger C, Janek J. Influence of Microstructure on the Material Properties of LLZO Ceramics Derived by Impedance Spectroscopy and Brick Layer Model Analysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:47260-47277. [PMID: 37751537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Variants of garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 are being intensively studied as separator materials in solid-state battery research. The material-specific transport properties, such as bulk and grain boundary conductivity, are of prime interest and are mostly investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Data evaluation is usually based on the one-dimensional (1D) brick layer model, which assumes a homogeneous microstructure of identical grains. Real samples show microstructural inhomogeneities in grain size and porosity due to the complex behavior of grain growth in garnets that is very sensitive to the sintering protocol. However, the true microstructure is often omitted in impedance data analysis, hindering the interlaboratory reproducibility and comparability of results reported in the literature. Here, we use a combinatorial approach of structural analysis and three-dimensional (3D) transport modeling to explore the effects of microstructure on the derived material-specific properties of garnet-type ceramics. For this purpose, Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 pellets with different microstructures are fabricated and electrochemically characterized. A machine learning-assisted image segmentation approach is used for statistical analysis and quantification of the microstructural changes during sintering. A detailed analysis of transport through statistically modeled twin microstructures demonstrates that the transport parameters derived from a 1D brick layer model approach show uncertainties up to 150%, only due to variations in grain size. These uncertainties can be even larger in the presence of porosity. This study helps to better understand the role of the microstructure of polycrystalline electroceramics and its influence on experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis K Eckhardt
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Sascha Kremer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Philip Minnmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Johannes Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Simon Burkhardt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Matthias T Elm
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Peter J Klar
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Christian Heiliger
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, Giessen D-35392, Germany
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6
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Cao S, Chen F, Shen Q, Zhang L. Dual-Coordination-Induced Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Li 6.4Ga 0.2La 3Zr 2O 12/Succinonitrile Composite Solid Electrolytes Toward Enhanced Rate Performance in All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:37422-37432. [PMID: 37497870 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Pursuing high energy and power density in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) has been the focus of attention. However, due to their inferior ion transport, their rate performance is limited compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. Herein, a dual-coordination mechanism is first proposed to construct a high-performance poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Li6.4Ga0.2La3Zr2O12/succinonitrile (PVDF/LLZO/SN) composite solid electrolyte. The dual-coordination interactions of SN with both LLZO and Li+ in lithium salts allow SN to act like a branched chain of PVDF, realizing an increase in the free volume of the composite electrolyte. Meanwhile, SN molecules are immobilized within the electrolyte membrane by coordinating with LLZO, ensuring good interfacial stability. Profiting from the dual-coordination mechanism, the PVDF/LLZO/SN composite solid electrolyte combines enhanced electrochemical performance and interfacial compatibility. When applied to ASSLBs, the composite solid electrolyte enables the battery to operate at rates up to 6 C. The LiFePO4/Li batteries operated at 4 C can still deliver a high capacity retention rate of 96.4% after 50 cycles. Notably, these batteries also exhibit good long-cycle stability. After 500 cycles at 0.5 C, the discharge capacity was maintained at 145.9 mAh g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lianmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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7
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Hoinkis N, Schuhmacher J, Fuchs T, Leukel S, Loho C, Roters A, Richter FH, Janek J. Amorphous Phase Induced Lithium Dendrite Suppression in Glass-Ceramic Garnet-Type Solid Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37254535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal-based solid-state batteries (SSBs) have attracted much attention due to their potentially higher energy densities and improved safety compared with lithium-ion batteries. One of the most promising solid electrolytes, garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), has been investigated intensively in recent years. It enables the use of a lithium metal anode, but its application is still challenging because of lithium dendrites that grow at voids, cracks, and grain boundaries of sintered bodies during cycling of the battery cell. In this work, glass-ceramic Ta-doped LLZO produced in a unique melting process was investigated. Upon cooling, an amorphous phase is generated intrinsically, whose composition and fraction are adjusted during the process. Herein, it was set to about 4 wt % containing Li2O and a Li2O-SiO2 phase. During sintering, it was shown to segregate into the grain boundaries and decrease porosity via liquid phase sintering. Sintering temperature and sintering time were found to be reduced compared with the LLZO fabricated by a solid-state reaction while maintaining high density and ionic conductivity. The glass-ceramic sintered at 1130 °C for 0.5 h showed a room-temperature ionic conductivity of 0.64 mS cm-1. Most importantly, the evenly distributed amorphous phase along the grain boundaries effectively hinders lithium dendrite growth. Besides mechanically blocking pores and voids, it helps to prevent inhomogeneous distribution of current density. The critical current density (CCD) of the Li|LLZTO|Li symmetric cell was determined as 1.15 mA cm-2, and in situ lithium plating experiments in a scanning electron microscope revealed superior dendrite stability properties. Therefore, this work provides a promising strategy to prepare a dense and dendrite-suppressing solid electrolyte for future implementation in SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hoinkis
- SCHOTT AG, Hattenbergstrasse 10, Mainz D-55122, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM) and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | | | - Till Fuchs
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM) and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Felix H Richter
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM) and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM) and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, Giessen D-35392, Germany
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8
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Li L, Andrews J, Mitchell R, Button D, Sinclair DC, Reaney IM. Aqueous Cold Sintering of Li-Based Compounds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:20228-20239. [PMID: 37052205 PMCID: PMC10141261 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous cold sintering of two lithium-based compounds, the electrolyte Li6.25La3Zr2Al0.25O12 (LLZAO) and cathode material LiCoO2 (LCO), is reported. For LLZAO, a relative density of ∼87% was achieved, whereas LCO was sintered to ∼95% with 20 wt % LLZAO as a flux/binder. As-cold sintered LLZAO exhibited a low total conductivity (10-8 S/cm) attributed to an insulating grain boundary blocking layer of Li2CO3. The blocking layer was reduced with a post-annealing process or, more effectively, by replacing deionized water with 5 M LiCl during cold sintering to achieve a total conductivity of ∼3 × 10-5 S/cm (similar to the bulk conductivity). For LCO-LLZAO composites, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray computer tomography indicated a continuous LCO matrix with the LLZAO phase evenly distributed but isolated throughout the ceramics. [001] texturing during cold sintering resulted in an order of magnitude difference in electronic conductivity between directions perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis at room temperature. The electronic conductivity (∼10-2 S/cm) of cold sintered LCO-LLZAO ceramics at room temperature was comparable to that of single crystals and higher than those synthesized via either conventional sintering or hot pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Li
- College
of Mathematics and Physics, Beijing University
of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Jessica Andrews
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Ria Mitchell
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Daniel Button
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Derek C. Sinclair
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Ian M. Reaney
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
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9
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Zou J, Gao X, Zhou X, Yang J, Tang J, Kou H, Chang R, Zhang Y. Al and Ta co-doped LLZO as active filler with enhanced Li +conductivity for PVDF-HFP composite solid-state electrolyte. Nanotechnology 2023; 34:155402. [PMID: 36649649 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb3cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Battery safety calls for solid state batteries and how to prepare solid electrolytes with excellent performance are of significant importance. In this study, hybrid solid electrolytes combined with organic PVDF-HFP and inorganic active fillers are studied. The modified active fillers of Li7-x-3yAlyLa3Zr2-xTaxO12are obtained by co-element doping with Al and Ta when LLZO is synthesized by calcination. And an high room temperature ionic conductivity of 5.357 × 10-4S cm-1is exhibited by ATLLZO ceramic sheet. The composite solid electrolyte PVDF-HFP/LiTFSI/ATLLZO (PHL-ATLLZO) is prepared by solution casting method, and its electrochemical properties are investigated. The results show that when the contents of lithium salt LiTFSI and active filler ATLLZO are controlled at 40 wt% and 10%, respectively, the ionic conductivity of the resulting composite solid electrolyte is as high as 2.686 × 10-4S cm-1at room temperature, and a wide electrochemical window of 4.75 V is exhibited. The LiFePO4/PHL-ATLLZO/Li all-solid-state battery assembled based on the composite solid-state electrolyte exhibits excellent cycling stability at room temperature. The cell assembled by casting the composite solid-state electrolyte on the cathode surface shows a discharge specific capacity of 134.3 mAh g-1and 96.2% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. The prepared composite solid-state electrolyte demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Zou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinlong Gao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Zhou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Tang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaishuo Kou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Chang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Battery Materials, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
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10
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Hu Y, Feng T, Xu L, Zhang L, Luo L. Probing the Phase Transition during the Formation of Lithium Lanthanum Zirconium Oxide Solid Electrolyte. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41978-41987. [PMID: 36094174 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO) has long been considered as a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium (Li) metal batteries because of its interfacial stability when coupled with a Li metal anode. However, the cubic phase of LLZO (c-LLZO) with a higher Li-ion conductivity has a complex atomic structure and is subject to complicated phase transition during its processing and working conditions, which remain largely elusive. Here, we reveal the phase transition process during the formation of c-LLZO nanotubes through detailed microscopic characterization by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. We find four typical stages during the formation of c-LLZO along with several intermediate phases including lanthanum (La)-rich cubic lanthanum zirconium oxide (La-rich c-LZO), c-LZO, and La-rich c-LLZO. We also reveal the role of m-Li2CO3 and h-Li2O2 as the "phase mediator".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Hu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Tianshi Feng
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Langli Luo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, P. R. China
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11
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Nguyen MH, Park S. Synergetic Effect of Li-Ion Concentration and Triple Doping on Ionic Conductivity of Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolyte. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:2946. [PMID: 36079983 PMCID: PMC9457903 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is a promising and safe solid electrolyte for all-solid-state batteries. To achieve high ionic conductivity of LLZO, stabilizing the cubic phase and reducing Li loss during the sintering process is essential. Therefore, reducing the sintering temperature, which increases the sintering time for high-density pellets, is necessary. Herein, we investigate the change in the crystal structure, morphology, and Li ionic conductivity of LLZO pellets by triple doping with Al, Ga, and Ta and modulating the variation in initial Li concentrations. Interestingly, the proportion of the conductive cubic phase increased with increasing Li stoichiometry by 1.1 times, and this tendency was further accelerated by triple doping. The synergetic effects of triple doping and Li concentration also minimized Li loss during sintering. Accordingly, it provided a high-quality LLZO pellet with good ionic conductivity (3.6 × 10-4 S cm-1) and high relative density (97.8%). Notably, the LLZO pellet was obtained using a very short sintering process (40 min). Considering that the most time-consuming step is the sintering process for LLZO, this study can provide guidelines for the fast production and commercialization of LLZO electrolytes with high ionic conductivity.
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12
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Redhammer GJ, Tippelt G, Rettenwander D. Deep hydration of an Li 7-3xLa 3Zr 2M IIIxO 12 solid-state electrolyte material: a case study on Al- and Ga-stabilized LLZO. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2022; 78:1-6. [PMID: 34982043 PMCID: PMC8725724 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229621012250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Single crystals of an Li-stuffed, Al- and Ga-stabilized garnet-type solid-state electrolyte material, Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), have been analysed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the pristine structural state immediately after synthesis via ceramic sintering techniques. Hydrothermal treatment at 150 °C for 28 d induces a phase transition in the Al-stabilized compound from the commonly observed cubic Ia-3d structure to the acentric I-43d subtype. LiI ions at the interstitial octahedrally (4 + 2-fold) coordinated 48e site are most easily extracted and AlIII ions order onto the tetrahedral 12a site. Deep hydration induces a distinct depletion of LiI at this site, while the second tetrahedral site, 12b, suffers only minor LiI loss. Charge balance is maintained by the incorporation of HI, which is bonded to an O atom. Hydration of Ga-stabilized LLZO induces similar effects, with complete depletion of LiI at the 48e site. The LiI/HI exchange not only leads to a distinct increase in the unit-cell size, but also alters some bonding topology, which is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther J. Redhammer
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob Haringerstrasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerold Tippelt
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob Haringerstrasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Mann M, Küpers M, Häuschen G, Finsterbusch M, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Guillon O. Evaluation of Scalable Synthesis Methods for Aluminum-Substituted Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolytes. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14226809. [PMID: 34832211 PMCID: PMC8620275 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid electrolyte is the key component in all-solid-state batteries (ASBs). It is required in electrodes to enhance Li-conductivity and can be directly used as a separator. With its high Li-conductivity and chemical stability towards metallic lithium, lithium-stuffed garnet material Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is considered one of the most promising solid electrolyte materials for high-energy ceramic ASBs. However, in order to obtain high conductivities, rare-earth elements such as tantalum or niobium are used to stabilize the highly conductive cubic phase. This stabilization can also be obtained via high levels of aluminum, reducing the cost of LLZO but also reducing processability and the Li-conductivity. To find the sweet spot for a potential market introduction of garnet-based solid-state batteries, scalable and industrially usable syntheses of LLZO with high processability and good conductivity are indispensable. In this study, four different synthesis methods (solid-state reaction (SSR), solution-assisted solid-state reaction (SASSR), co-precipitation (CP), and spray-drying (SD)) were used and compared for the synthesis of aluminum-substituted LLZO (Al:LLZO, Li6.4Al0.2La3Zr2O12), focusing on electrochemical performance on the one hand and scalability and environmental footprint on the other hand. The synthesis was successful via all four methods, resulting in a Li-ion conductivity of 2.0–3.3 × 10−4 S/cm. By using wet-chemical synthesis methods, the calcination time could be reduced from two calcination steps for 20 h at 850 °C and 1000 °C to only 1 h at 1000 °C for the spray-drying method. We were able to scale the synthesis up to a kg-scale and show the potential of the different synthesis methods for mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mann
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.H.); (D.F.-R.); (O.G.)
| | - Michael Küpers
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.H.); (D.F.-R.); (O.G.)
| | - Grit Häuschen
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.H.); (D.F.-R.); (O.G.)
| | - Martin Finsterbusch
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.H.); (D.F.-R.); (O.G.)
- Helmholtz-Institut Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.H.); (D.F.-R.); (O.G.)
- Helmholtz-Institut Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olivier Guillon
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-1) Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (M.M.); (M.K.); (G.H.); (D.F.-R.); (O.G.)
- Helmholtz-Institut Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-Energy, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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14
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Haarmann L, Rohrer J, Albe K. On the Origin of Zero Interface Resistance in the Li 6.25Al 0.25La 3Zr 2O 12|Li 0 System: An Atomistic Investigation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:52629-52635. [PMID: 34709776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of ion transfer at the interface between Li metal and solid electrolytes (SE) is essential for further optimization of all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. Thus, the Li transfer across the SE|Li metal interface is investigated by means of ab initio calculations based on density functional theory in this work. The aluminum-doped garnet Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is considered as a model SE due to its practical stability against Li metal. A low-energy interface model in bicrystal geometry is constructed and investigated by nudged elastic band calculations as well as ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. In order to distinguish between interface and bulk transport in the AIMD simulations, a post-processing protocol is developed. We find that the activation energies and diffusivities of Li are comparable in bulk LLZO and across the interface, substantiating that the interface kinetics are not rate-limiting. Moreover, electronic structure analysis indicates that charge transfer occurs gradually. Finally, Al3+ loss of LLZO at the interface rationalizes the experimentally observed phase transition from cubic to tetragonal observed close to Li metal contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Haarmann
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Fachgebiet Materialmodellierung, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany
| | - Jochen Rohrer
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Fachgebiet Materialmodellierung, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany
| | - Karsten Albe
- Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Fachgebiet Materialmodellierung, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, Darmstadt D-64287, Germany
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15
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Xu J, Ma C, Chang C, Lei X, Fu Y, Wang J, Liu X, Ding Y. Immobilizing Ceramic Electrolyte Particles into a Gel Matrix Formed In Situ for Stable Li-Metal Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:38179-38187. [PMID: 34348464 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid solid/gel electrolytes (SGEs) have generated much research attentions because of their capability to suppress Li dendrite growth and improve battery safety. However, the interfacial compatibility of the electrode/electrolyte or polymer/inorganic ceramics within hybrid electrolytes remains challenging for practical applications. Herein, an SGE is fabricated by confining ceramic particles (Li7La3Zr2O12; LLZO) into in situ formed tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G4)-based gel electrolytes within assembled cells. A hierarchical layered structure is formed when LLZO settles near the Li anode within the liquid electrolyte during the gradual gelatinization process. Good interfacial compatibility is obtained from good contact with the liquid G4 component. The LLZO layer also serves as an ionic sieve to redistribute the Li deposition. This SGE endows stable Li stripping/plating cycling over 800 h at 0.5 mA/cm2 (60 °C). Moreover, Li-metal batteries with an SGE coupled with LiFePO4 and an air cathode both exhibit superior cycling performance. This work presents a promising strategy for hierarchically layered SGEs for high-performance Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Chengyue Chang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Yinwei Fu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Xizheng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, P.R. China
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16
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Sun Y, Gorobstov O, Mu L, Weinstock D, Bouck R, Cha W, Bouklas N, Lin F, Singer A. X-ray Nanoimaging of Crystal Defects in Single Grains of Solid-State Electrolyte Li 7-3xAl xLa 3Zr 2O 12. Nano Lett 2021; 21:4570-4576. [PMID: 33914547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state lithium batteries promise significant improvements in energy density and safety over traditional liquid electrolyte batteries. The Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid-state electrolyte shows excellent potential given its high ionic conductivity and good thermal, chemical, and electrochemical stability. Nevertheless, further improvements on electrochemical and mechanical properties of LLZO call for an in-depth understanding of its local microstructure. Here, we employ Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to investigate the atomic displacements inside single grains of LLZO with various Al-doping concentrations, resulting in cubic, tetragonal, and cubic-tetragonal mixed structures. We observe coexisting domains of different crystallographic orientations in the tetragonal structure. We further show that Al doping leads to crystal defects such as dislocations and phase boundaries in the mixed- and cubic-phase grain. This study addresses the effect of Al doping on the nanoscale structure within individual grains of LLZO, which is informative for the future development of solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Oleg Gorobstov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Linqin Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Daniel Weinstock
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Ryan Bouck
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Wonsuk Cha
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nikolaos Bouklas
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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17
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Redhammer GJ, Badami P, Meven M, Ganschow S, Berendts S, Tippelt G, Rettenwander D. Wet-Environment-Induced Structural Alterations in Single- and Polycrystalline LLZTO Solid Electrolytes Studied by Diffraction Techniques. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:350-359. [PMID: 33372519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is one of the potential candidates for Li metal-based solid-state batteries owing to its high Li+ conductivity (≈10-3 S cm-1) at room temperature and large electrochemical stability window. However, LLZO undergoes protonation under the influence of moisture-forming Li2CO3 layers, thereby affecting its structural and transport properties. Therefore, a detailed understanding on the impact of the exchange of H+ on Li+ sites on structural alteration and kinetics under the influence of wet environments is of great importance. The present study focuses on the Li+/H+ exchange in single-crystal and polycrystal Li6La3ZrTaO12 (LLZTO) garnets prepared using the Czochralski method and solid-state reactions subjected to weathering in air, aqueous solutions at room temperature, and in aqueous solution at 363 K using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron diffraction (ND) techniques. Based on 36 single-crystal diffraction and 88 powder diffraction measurements, we found that LLZTO crystallizes with space group (SG) Ia3̅d with Li located in 96h (Li(2)) and 24d (Li(1)) sites, whereas the latter one is displaced toward the general position 96h forming shorter Li(1)-Li(2) jump distances. The degradation in air, wet air, water, and acetic acid leads to a Li+/H+ exchange that preferably takes place at the 24d site, which is in contrast to previous reports. Higher Li+/H+ was observed for LLZTO aged in water at 363 K that reduced the symmetry to SG I4̅3d from SG Ia3̅d. This symmetry reduction was found to be related to the site occupation behavior of Li at the tetrahedral 12a site in SG I4̅3d. Moreover, Li+ is exchanged by H+ preferably at the 48e site (equivalent to 96h site). We also found that the equilibrium H+ concentrations in all media tested remains very similar, which is related to the H+ diffusion in the LLZTO-controlled exchange process. Only the increase in temperature led to a significant increase in the exchange capacity as well as in the Li+/H+ exchange rate. Overall, we found that the exchange rate, exchange capacity, site occupation behavior of Li+ and H+, as well as the structural stability of LLZTO, strongly depend on the composition. These findings suggest that measurements on a single LLZTO variant sample do not lead to a general conclusion for all garnets to guide the field toward better materials. In contrast, each composition has to be analyzed exclusively to understand the interplay of composition, structure, and exchange kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther J Redhammer
- Division of Materials Science and Mineralogy, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Pavan Badami
- The Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona 85212, United States
| | - Martin Meven
- Institute of Crystallography, RWTH Aachen University, Jaegerstr. 17/19, Aachen 52056, Germany
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstr. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Steffen Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Stefan Berendts
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Gerold Tippelt
- Division of Materials Science and Mineralogy, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringerstr. 2A, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
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18
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Sastre J, Chen X, Aribia A, Tiwari AN, Romanyuk YE. Fast Charge Transfer across the Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolyte/LiCoO 2 Cathode Interface Enabled by an Interphase-Engineered All-Thin-Film Architecture. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:36196-36207. [PMID: 32672438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is being investigated as a potential solid electrolyte for next-generation solid-state batteries owing to its high ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability against metallic lithium and high potential cathodes. While the LLZO/Li metal anode interface has been thoroughly investigated to achieve almost negligible interface resistances, the LLZO/cathode interface still suffers from high interfacial resistances mainly due to the high-temperature sintering required for proper ceramic bonding. In this work, the LLZO solid electrolyte/LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode interface is investigated in an all-thin-film model system. This architecture provides an easy access to the interface for in situ and ex situ characterization, allowing one to identify the degradation processes taking place under high-temperature cosintering and to test solutions such as interface modifications. Introducing an in situ-lithiated Nb2O5 diffusion barrier at the interface, we were able to lower the LLZO/LCO charge transfer resistance to about 50 Ω cm2, a 3-fold reduction with respect to previously reported values. The low interfacial resistance combined with the high conductance through the LLZO thin-film electrolyte allows one to investigate the charge transfer at high charge-discharge rates, unlike in bulk systems. At 1C, discharge capacities of about 140 mA h g-1 were measured, and at 10C, 60% of the theoretical capacity was retained with a cycle life over 100 cycles. Besides the role of this architecture in the interface investigation, this work also constitutes a milestone in the development of thin-film solid-state batteries with higher power densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sastre
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xubin Chen
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Abdessalem Aribia
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yaroslav E Romanyuk
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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19
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Zhu Y, Wu S, Pan Y, Zhang X, Yan Z, Xiang Y. Reduced Energy Barrier for Li + Transport Across Grain Boundaries with Amorphous Domains in LLZO Thin Films. Nanoscale Res Lett 2020; 15:153. [PMID: 32712882 PMCID: PMC7382668 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The high-resistive grain boundaries are the bottleneck for Li+ transport in Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolytes. Herein, high-conductive LLZO thin films with cubic phase and amorphous domains between crystalline grains are prepared, via annealing the repetitive LLZO/Li2CO3/Ga2O3 multi-nanolayers at 600 °C for 2 h. The amorphous domains may provide additional vacant sites for Li+, and thus relax the accumulation of Li+ at grain boundaries. The significantly improved ionic conductivity across grain boundaries demonstrates that the high energy barrier for Li+ migration caused by space charge layer is effectively reduced. Benefiting from the Li+ transport paths with low energy barriers, the presented LLZO thin film exhibits a cutting-edge value of ionic conductivity as high as 6.36 × 10-4 S/cm, which is promising for applications in thin film lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuai Wu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Yilan Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zongkai Yan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yong Xiang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
- Advanced Energy Research Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
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20
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Pesci FM, Bertei A, Brugge RH, Emge SP, Hekselman AKO, Marbella LE, Grey CP, Aguadero A. Establishing Ultralow Activation Energies for Lithium Transport in Garnet Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:32806-32816. [PMID: 32573199 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Garnet-type structured lithium ion conducting ceramics represent a promising alternative to liquid-based electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. However, their performance is limited by their polycrystalline nature and inherent inhomogeneous current distribution due to different ion dynamics at grains, grain boundaries, and interfaces. In this study, we use a combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, distribution of relaxation time analysis, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in order to understand the role that bulk, grain boundary, and interfacial processes play in the ionic transport and electrochemical performance of garnet-based cells. Variable temperature impedance analysis reveals the lowest activation energy for Li transport in the bulk of the garnet electrolyte (0.15 eV), consistent with pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy measurements (0.14 eV). We also show a decrease in grain boundary activation energy at temperatures below 0 °C, that is followed by the total conductivity, suggesting that the bottleneck to ionic transport resides in the grain boundaries. We reveal that the grain boundary activation energy is heavily affected by its composition that, in turn, is mainly affected by the segregation of dopants and Li. We suggest that by controlling the grain boundary composition, it would be possible to pave the way toward targeted engineering of garnet-type electrolytes and ameliorate their electrochemical performance in order to enable their use in commercial devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Pesci
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K
| | - Antonio Bertei
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rowena H Brugge
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K
| | - Steffen P Emge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - A K Ola Hekselman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K
| | - Lauren E Marbella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Ainara Aguadero
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, U.K
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21
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Besli MM, Usubelli C, Metzger M, Pande V, Harry K, Nordlund D, Sainio S, Christensen J, Doeff MM, Kuppan S. Effect of Liquid Electrolyte Soaking on the Interfacial Resistance of Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:20605-20612. [PMID: 32286048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of liquid electrolyte soaking on the interfacial resistance between the garnet-structured Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolyte and metallic lithium has been studied. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) formed by inadvertent exposure of LLZO to ambient conditions is generally known to increase interfacial impedance and decrease lithium wettability. Soaking LLZO powders and pellets in the electrolyte containing lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) shows a significantly reduced interfacial resistance and improved contact between lithium and LLZO. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveal how Li2CO3 is continuously removed with increasing soaking time. On-line mass spectrometry and free energy calculations show how LiBF4 reacts with surface carbonate to form carbon dioxide. Using a very simple and scalable process that does not involve heat-treatment and expensive coating techniques, we show that the Li-LLZO interfacial resistance can be reduced by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Münir M Besli
- Research and Technology Center, Robert Bosch LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Camille Usubelli
- Research and Technology Center, Robert Bosch LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
- Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Materials of Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex 2 67034, France
| | - Michael Metzger
- Research and Technology Center, Robert Bosch LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Vikram Pande
- Research and Technology Center, Robert Bosch LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | | | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sami Sainio
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jake Christensen
- Research and Technology Center, Robert Bosch LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
| | - Marca M Doeff
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Saravanan Kuppan
- Research and Technology Center, Robert Bosch LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94085, United States
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22
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Shen H, Yi E, Heywood S, Parkinson DY, Chen G, Tamura N, Sofie S, Chen K, Doeff MM. Scalable Freeze-Tape-Casting Fabrication and Pore Structure Analysis of 3D LLZO Solid-State Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:3494-3501. [PMID: 31859476 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonflammable solid-state electrolytes can potentially address the reliability and energy density limitations of lithium-ion batteries. Garnet-structured oxides such as Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) are some of the most promising candidates for solid-state devices. Here, three-dimensional (3D) solid-state LLZO frameworks with low tortuosity pore channels are proposed as scaffolds, into which active materials and other components can be infiltrated to make composite electrodes for solid-state batteries. To make the scaffolds, we employed aqueous freeze tape casting (FTC), a scalable and environmentally friendly method to produce porous LLZO structures. Using synchrotron radiation hard X-ray microcomputed tomography, we confirmed that LLZO films with porosities of up to 75% were successfully fabricated from slurries with a relatively wide concentration range. The acicular pore size and shape at different depths of scaffolds were quantified by fitting the pore shapes with ellipses, determining the long and short axes and their ratios, and investigating the equivalent diameter distribution. The results show that relatively homogeneous pore sizes and shapes were sustained over a long range along the thickness of the scaffold. Additionally, these pores had low tortuosity and the wall thickness distributions were found to be highly homogeneous. These are desirable characteristics for 3D solid electrolytes for composite electrodes, in terms of both the ease of active material infiltration and also minimization of Li diffusion distances in electrodes. The advantages of the FTC scaffolds are demonstrated by the improved conductivity of LLZO scaffolds infiltrated with poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PEO/LITFSI) compared to those of PEO/LiTFSI films alone or composites containing LLZO particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shen
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | | | - Stephen Heywood
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59715 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Sofie
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering , Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana 59715 , United States
| | - Kai Chen
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
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23
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Abstract
Garnet-type lithium lanthanum zirconate (Li7La3Zr2O12, LLZO) shows great promise as a solid electrolyte for future solid-state lithium batteries as it possesses a uniquely beneficial combination of high ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability against metallic lithium, and generally low reactivity in ambient conditions. Conventionally synthesized by using solid-state reactions, LLZO powders have also been prepared by using variations of sol-gel or combustion synthesis with sacrificial organic templates or polymers containing metal nitrate precursors. Herein, a novel nonaqueous polymer (NAP) method using metalorganic precursors and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) is demonstrated to easily form LLZO nanopowders. Compared to similar techniques using aqueous solutions with metal nitrates, the NAP method confers greater control over synthesis conditions. Undoped cubic phase LLZO is obtained after calcination at 700-800 °C between 0 and 4 h, and the NAP process is easily extended to Ta-doped LLZO. To elucidate the general formation mechanism of nanosized LLZO in the NAP combustion synthesis, scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to perform energy dispersive X-ray and electron energy loss spectral imaging. The results show that in situ formation of a carbonaceous foam during combustion physically segregates pockets of reagents and is responsible for maintaining the small particle size of the as-synthesized material during combustion and crystallization. The room temperature ionic conductivity of nanosized Ta-doped LLZO synthesized by using the NAP method was studied under various sintering conditions, with ionic conductivities between 0.24 and 0.67 mS cm-1, activation energies between 0.34 and 0.42 eV, and relative densities in excess of 90% obtained by sintering at 1100 °C for between 6 and 15 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark Weller
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-6106 , United States
| | - Justin A Whetten
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-6106 , United States
| | - Candace K Chan
- Materials Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-6106 , United States
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24
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Naguib M, Sharafi A, Self EC, Meyer HM, Sakamoto J, Nanda J. Interfacial Reactions and Performance of Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12-Stabilized Li-Sulfur Hybrid Cell. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:42042-42048. [PMID: 31617998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the characterization of a Li-S hybrid cell containing a garnet solid electrolyte (Li7La3Zr2O12, LLZO) and conventional liquid electrolyte. While the liquid electrolyte provided ionically conductive pathways throughout the porous cathode, the LLZO acted as a physical barrier to protect the Li metal anode and prevent polysulfide shuttling during battery operation. This hybrid cell exhibited an initial capacity of 1000 mAh/g(S) and high Coulombic efficiency (>99%). The interface between the liquid electrolyte and LLZO was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These results indicate that a spontaneous interfacial reaction layer formed between the LLZO and liquid electrolyte. XPS depth profiling experiments indicate that this layer consisted of Li-enriched phases near the surface (e.g., Li2CO3) and intermediate Li-La-Zr oxides in subsurface regions. The reaction layer extended well beyond the LLZO surface, and bulk pristine LLZO was not observed even at the deepest sputtering depths used in this study (∼90 nm). Overall, these results highlight that developing stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces is critical for solid-state batteries and their hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Naguib
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics , Tulane University , New Orleans , Louisiana 70118 , United States
| | - Asma Sharafi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Macromolecular Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | | | | | - Jeff Sakamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Macromolecular Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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25
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Krauskopf T, Hartmann H, Zeier WG, Janek J. Toward a Fundamental Understanding of the Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries-An Electrochemo-Mechanical Study on the Garnet-Type Solid Electrolyte Li 6.25Al 0.25La 3Zr 2O 12. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:14463-14477. [PMID: 30892861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For the development of next-generation lithium batteries, major research effort is made to enable a reversible lithium metal anode by the use of solid electrolytes. However, the fundamentals of the solid-solid interface and especially the processes that take place under current load are still not well characterized. By measuring pressure-dependent electrode kinetics, we explore the electrochemo-mechanical behavior of the lithium metal anode on the garnet electrolyte Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12. Because of the stability against reduction in contact with the lithium metal, this serves as an optimal model system for kinetic studies without electrolyte degradation. We show that the interfacial resistance becomes negligibly small and converges to practically 0 Ω·cm2 at high external pressures of several 100 MPa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the smallest reported interfacial resistance in the literature without the need for any interlayer. We interpret this observation by the concept of constriction resistance and show that the contact geometry in combination with the ionic transport in the solid electrolyte dominates the interfacial contributions for a clean interface in equilibrium. Furthermore, we show that-under anodic operating conditions-the vacancy diffusion limitation in the lithium metal restricts the rate capability of the lithium metal anode because of contact loss caused by vacancy accumulation and the resulting pore formation near the interface. Results of a kinetic model show that the interface remains morphologically stable only when the anodic load does not exceed a critical value of approximately 100 μA·cm-2, which is not high enough for practical cell setups employing a planar geometry. We highlight that future research on lithium metal anodes on solid electrolytes needs to focus on the transport within and the morphological instability of the metal electrode. Overall, the results help to develop a deeper understanding of the lithium metal anode on solid electrolytes, and the major conclusions are not limited to the Li|Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Krauskopf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hannah Hartmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang G Zeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , D-35392 Giessen , Germany
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26
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Struzik M, Garbayo I, Pfenninger R, Rupp JLM. A Simple and Fast Electrochemical CO 2 Sensor Based on Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 for Environmental Monitoring. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1804098. [PMID: 30238512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the goal of a sustainable energy future, either the energy efficiency of renewable energy sources is increased, day-to-day energy consumption by smart electronic feedback loops is managed in a more efficient way, or contribution to atmospheric CO2 is reduced. By defining a next generation of fast-response electrochemical CO2 sensors and materials, one can contribute to local monitoring of CO2 flows from industrial plants and processes, for energy management and building control or to track climate alterations. Electrochemical Li+ -garnet-based sensors with Li7 La3 Zr2 O12 solid electrolytes can reach notable 1 min response time at lowered operation temperatures to track 400-4000 ppm levels of CO2 when compared with state-of-the-art NASICON-based sensors. By using principles of redefining the electrode electrochemistry, it is demonstrated that Li6.75 La3 Zr1.75 Ta0.25 O12 can be used to alter its classic use as energy-storage function to gain additional functions such as CO2 tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Struzik
- Electrochemical Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Electrochemical Materials, ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inigo Garbayo
- Electrochemical Materials, ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Pfenninger
- Electrochemical Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Electrochemical Materials, ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L M Rupp
- Electrochemical Materials, Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Electrochemical Materials, ETH Zurich, Department of Materials, Hoenggerbergring 64, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
- Electrochemical Materials, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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27
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Huang X, Lu Y, Jin J, Gu S, Xiu T, Song Z, Badding ME, Wen Z. Method Using Water-Based Solvent to Prepare Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12 Solid Electrolytes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:17147-17155. [PMID: 29701463 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Li-garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is a promising candidate of solid electrolytes for high-safety solid-state Li+ ion batteries. However, because of its high reactivity to water, the preparation of LLZO powders and ceramics is not easy for large-scale amounts. Herein, a method applying water-based solvent is proposed to demonstrate a possible solution. Ta-doped LLZO, that is, Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO), and its LLZTO/MgO composite ceramics are made by attrition milling, followed by a spray-drying process using water-based slurries. The impacts of parameters of the method on the structure and properties of green and sintered pellets are studied. A relative density of ∼95%, a Li-ion conductivity of ∼3.5 × 10-4 S/cm, and uniform grain size LLZTO/MgO garnet composite ceramics are obtained with an attrition-milled LLZTO/MgO slurry that contains 40 wt % solids and 2 wt % polyvinyl alcohol binder. Li-sulfur batteries based on these ceramics are fabricated and work under 25 °C for 20 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 100%. This research demonstrates a promising mass production method for the preparation of Li-garnet ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion , Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 200050 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion , Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 200050 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion , Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 200050 , P. R. China
| | - Sui Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion , Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 200050 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Tongping Xiu
- Corning Research Center China , 200 Jinsu Road , Shanghai 201206 , P. R. China
| | - Zhen Song
- Corning Incorporated , Corning , New York 14831 , United States
| | | | - Zhaoyin Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion , Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Science , Shanghai 200050 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19 A Yuquan Rd , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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28
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Rawlence M, Filippin AN, Wäckerlin A, Lin TY, Cuervo-Reyes E, Remhof A, Battaglia C, Rupp JLM, Buecheler S. Effect of Gallium Substitution on Lithium-Ion Conductivity and Phase Evolution in Sputtered Li 7-3 xGa xLa 3Zr 2O 12 Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:13720-13728. [PMID: 29608054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Replacing the liquid electrolyte in conventional lithium-ion batteries with thin-film solid-state lithium-ion conductors is a promising approach for increasing energy density, lifetime, and safety. In particular, Li7La3Zr2O12 is appealing due to its high lithium-ion conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. Further insights into thin-film processing of this material are required for its successful integration into solid-state batteries. In this work, we investigate the phase evolution of Li7-3 xGa xLa3Zr2O12 in thin films with various amounts of Li and Ga for stabilizing the cubic phase. Through this work, we gain valuable insights into the crystallization processes unique to thin films and are able to form dense Li7-3 xGa xLa3Zr2O12 layers stabilized in the cubic phase with high in-plane lithium-ion conductivities of up to 1.6 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 30 °C. We also note the formation of cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 at the relatively low temperature of 500 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rawlence
- Electrochemical Materials , ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - J L M Rupp
- Electrochemical Materials , ETH Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Electrochemical Materials , Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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29
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Wu JF, Pang WK, Peterson VK, Wei L, Guo X. Garnet-Type Fast Li-Ion Conductors with High Ionic Conductivities for All-Solid-State Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:12461-12468. [PMID: 28332828 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state Li-ion batteries with metallic Li anodes and solid electrolytes could offer superior energy density and safety over conventional Li-ion batteries. However, compared with organic liquid electrolytes, the low conductivity of solid electrolytes and large electrolyte/electrode interfacial resistance impede their practical application. Garnet-type Li-ion conducting oxides are among the most promising electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. In this work, the large-radius Rb is doped at the La site of cubic Li6.10Ga0.30La3Zr2O12 to enhance the Li-ion conductivity for the first time. The Li6.20Ga0.30La2.95Rb0.05Zr2O12 electrolyte exhibits a Li-ion conductivity of 1.62 mS cm-1 at room temperature, which is the highest conductivity reported until now. All-solid-state Li-ion batteries are constructed from the electrolyte, metallic Li anode, and LiFePO4 active cathode. The addition of Li(CF3SO2)2N electrolytic salt in the cathode effectively reduces the interfacial resistance, allowing for a high initial discharge capacity of 152 mAh g-1 and good cycling stability with 110 mAh g-1 retained after 20 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 0.05 C at 60 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Wu
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Kong Pang
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Vanessa K Peterson
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong , Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Lu Wei
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Solid State Ionics, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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