1
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Cho CK, Kang P, Jang CG, Lee SY, Lee YJ, Choi CI. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan in different CYP2C9 genotypes. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:939-953. [PMID: 38064121 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Irbesartan, a potent and selective angiotensin II type-1 (AT1) receptor blocker (ARB), is one of the representative medications for the treatment of hypertension. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 is primarily involved in the oxidation of irbesartan. CYP2C9 is highly polymorphic, and genetic polymorphism of this enzyme is the leading cause of significant alterations in the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan. This study aimed to establish the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan in different CYP2C9 genotypes. The irbesartan PBPK model was established using the PK-Sim® software. Our previously reported pharmacogenomic data for irbesartan was leveraged in the development of the PBPK model and collected clinical pharmacokinetic data for irbesartan was used for the validation of the model. Physicochemical and ADME properties of irbesartan were obtained from previously reported data, predicted by the modeling software, or optimized to fit the observed plasma concentration-time profiles. Model evaluation was performed by comparing the predicted plasma concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters to the observed results. Predicted plasma concentration-time profiles were visually similar to observed profiles. Predicted AUCinf in CYP2C9*1/*3 and CYP2C9*1/*13 genotypes were increased by 1.54- and 1.62-fold compared to CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype, respectively. All fold error values for AUC and Cmax in non-genotyped and CYP2C9 genotyped models were within the two-fold error criterion. We properly established the PBPK model of irbesartan in different CYP2C9 genotypes. It can be used to predict the pharmacokinetics of irbesartan for personalized pharmacotherapy in individuals of various races, ages, and CYP2C9 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Keun Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Nyström NN, McRae SW, Martinez FM, Kelly JJ, Scholl TJ, Ronald JA. A Genetically Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reporter Enables Sensitive Detection and Tracking of Spontaneous Metastases in Deep Tissues. Cancer Res 2023; 83:673-685. [PMID: 36512633 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death. However, it remains a poorly understood aspect of cancer biology, and most preclinical cancer studies do not examine metastasis, focusing solely on the primary tumor. One major factor contributing to this paradox is a gap in available tools for accurate spatiotemporal measurements of metastatic spread in vivo. Here, our objective was to develop an imaging reporter system that offers sensitive three-dimensional (3D) detection of cancer cells at high resolutions in live mice. An organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1b3 (oatp1b3) was used as an MRI reporter gene, and its sensitivity was systematically optimized for in vivo tracking of viable cancer cells in a spontaneous metastasis model. Metastases with oatp1b3-MRI could be observed at the single lymph node level and tracked over time as cancer cells spread to multiple lymph nodes and different organ systems in individual animals. While initial single lesions were successfully imaged in parallel via bioluminescence, later metastases were largely obscured by light scatter from the initial node. Importantly, MRI could detect micrometastases in lung tissue comprised on the order of 1,000 cancer cells. In summary, oatp1b3-MRI enables longitudinal tracking of cancer cells with combined high resolution and high sensitivity that provides 3D spatial information and the surrounding anatomical context. SIGNIFICANCE An MRI reporter gene system optimized for tracking metastasis in deep tissues at high resolutions and able to detect spontaneous micrometastases in lungs of mice provides a useful tool for metastasis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivin N Nyström
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Sean W McRae
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco M Martinez
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J Kelly
- Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Scholl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John A Ronald
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Beghin M, Schmitz M, Betoulle S, Palluel O, Baekelandt S, Mandiki SNM, Gillet E, Nott K, Porcher JM, Robert C, Ronkart S, Kestemont P. Integrated multi-biomarker responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to an environmentally relevant pharmaceutical mixture. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 221:112454. [PMID: 34214917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants of concern for aquatic ecosystems where they are occurring in complex mixtures. In the present study, the chronic toxicity of an environmentally relevant pharmaceutical mixture on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Five pharmaceuticals (paracetamol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, naproxen and irbesartan) were selected based on their detection frequency and concentration levels in the Meuse river (Belgium). Fish were exposed for 42 days to three different concentrations of the mixture, the median one detected in the Meuse river, 10-times and 100-times this concentration. Effects on the nervous, immune, antioxidant, and detoxification systems were evaluated throughout the exposure period and their response standardized using the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBRv2) index. IBRv2 scores increased over time in the fish exposed to the highest concentration. After 42 days, fish exposed to the highest concentration displayed significantly higher levels in lysozyme activity (p < 0.01). The mixture also caused significant changes in brain serotonin turnover (p < 0.05). In short, our results indicate that the subchronic waterborne exposure to a pharmaceutical mixture commonly occurring in freshwater ecosystems may affect the neuroendocrine and immune systems of juvenile rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahaut Beghin
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Mélodie Schmitz
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardennes, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Palluel
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), URM-I-02 SEBIO, BP no. 2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Sébastien Baekelandt
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Erin Gillet
- La Société wallonne des eaux, 41 Rue de la Concorde, B-4800 Verviers, Belgium
| | - Katherine Nott
- La Société wallonne des eaux, 41 Rue de la Concorde, B-4800 Verviers, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques (INERIS), URM-I-02 SEBIO, BP no. 2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Christelle Robert
- Centre d'Economie Rurale, Health Department, 8 Rue Point du Jour, B-6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Ronkart
- La Société wallonne des eaux, 41 Rue de la Concorde, B-4800 Verviers, Belgium
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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4
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Incorporating renal excretion via the OCT2 transporter in physiologically based kinetic modelling to predict in vivo kinetics of mepiquat in rat. Toxicol Lett 2021; 343:34-43. [PMID: 33639197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at incorporating active renal excretion via the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) into a generic rat physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model using an in vitro human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (SA7K) and mepiquat chloride (MQ) as the model compound. The Vmax (10.5 pmol/min/mg protein) and Km (20.6 μM) of OCT2 transport of MQ were determined by concentration-dependent uptake in SA7K cells using doxepin as inhibitor. PBK model predictions incorporating these values in the PBK model were 6.7-8.4-fold different from the reported in vivo data on the blood concentration of MQ in rat. Applying an overall scaling factor that also corrects for potential differences in OCT2 activity in the SA7K cells and in vivo kidney cortex and species differences resulted in adequate predictions for in vivo kinetics of MQ in rat (2.3-3.2-fold). The results indicate that using SA7K cells to define PBK parameters for active renal OCT2 mediated excretion with adequate scaling enables incorporation of renal excretion via the OCT2 transporter in PBK modelling to predict in vivo kinetics of mepiquat in rat. This study demonstrates a proof-of-principle on how to include active renal excretion into generic PBK models.
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5
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Noorlander A, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Novel testing strategy for prediction of rat biliary excretion of intravenously administered estradiol-17β glucuronide. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:91-102. [PMID: 33159584 PMCID: PMC7811516 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a generic rat physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model that includes a novel testing strategy where active biliary excretion is incorporated using estradiol-17β glucuronide (E217βG) as the model substance. A major challenge was the definition of the scaling factor for the in vitro to in vivo conversion of the PBK-model parameter Vmax. In vitro values for the Vmax and Km for transport of E217βG were found in the literature in four different studies based on experiments with primary rat hepatocytes. The required scaling factor was defined based on fitting the PBK model-based predicted values to reported experimental data on E217βG blood levels and cumulative biliary E217βG excretion. This resulted in a scaling factor of 129 mg protein/g liver. With this scaling factor the PBK model predicted the in vivo data for blood and cumulative biliary E217βG levels with on average of less than 1.8-fold deviation. The study provides a proof of principle on how biliary excretion can be included in a generic PBK model using primary hepatocytes to define the kinetic parameters that describe the biliary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Noorlander
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Smolders EJ, Ter Horst PJG, Wolters S, Burger DM. Cardiovascular Risk Management and Hepatitis C: Combining Drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 58:565-592. [PMID: 30259390 PMCID: PMC6451722 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are known victims (substrate) and perpetrators (cause) of drug–drug interactions (DDIs). These DAAs are used for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and are highly effective drugs. Drugs used for cardiovascular risk management are frequently used by HCV-infected patients, whom also are treated with DAAs. Therefore, the aim of this review was to describe DDIs between cardiovascular drugs (CVDs) and DAAs. An extensive literature search was performed containing search terms for the marketed DAAs and CVDs (β-blocking agents, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists, renin inhibitors, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, statins/ezetimibe, fibrates, platelet aggregation inhibitors, vitamin K antagonists, heparins, direct Xa inhibitors, nitrates, amiodarone, and digoxin). In particular, the drug labels from the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration were used. A main finding of this review is that CVDs are mostly victims of DDIs with DAAs. Therefore, when possible, monitoring of pharmacodynamics is recommended when coadministering these drugs with DAAs. Nevertheless, it is sometimes better to discontinue a drug on a temporary basis (statins, ezetimide). The DAAs are victims of DDIs in combination with bisoprolol, carvedilol, labetalol, verapamil, and gemfibrozil. Despite there are many DDIs predicted in this review, most of these DDIs can be managed by monitoring the efficacy and toxicity of the victim drug or by switching to another CVD/DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Smolders
- Department of Pharmacy, Isala Hospital, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB, Zwolle, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pharmacy, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J G Ter Horst
- Department of Pharmacy, Isala Hospital, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon Wolters
- Department of Pharmacy, Isala Hospital, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - David M Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud university medical center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Kaur N, Thakur PS, Shete G, Gangwal R, Sangamwar AT, Bansal AK. Understanding the Oral Absorption of Irbesartan Using Biorelevant Dissolution Testing and PBPK Modeling. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:102. [PMID: 32152915 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly soluble weak bases form a significant proportion of the drugs available in the market thereby making it imperative to understand their absorption behavior. This work aims to mechanistically understand the oral absorption behavior for a weakly basic drug, Irbesartan (IRB), by investigating its pH dependent solubility, supersaturation, and precipitation behavior. Simulations performed using the equilibrium solubility could not accurately predict oral absorption. A multi-compartmental biorelevant dissolution testing model was used to evaluate dissolution in the stomach and duodenal compartment and mimic oral drug administration. This model exhibited sustained intestinal supersaturation (2-4-fold) even upon varying flow rates (4 mL/min, 7 mL/min, and mono-exponential transfer) from gastric to intestinal compartment. Simulation of oral absorption using GastroPlus™ and dissolution data collectively predicted plasma exposure with higher accuracy (% prediction error values within ± 15%), thereby indicating that multi-compartment dissolution testing enabled an improved prediction for oral pharmacokinetics of Irbesartan. Additionally, precipitates obtained in the intestinal compartment were characterized to determine the factors underlying intestinal supersaturation of Irbesartan. The solid form of these precipitates was amorphous with considerable particle size reduction. This indicated that following gastric transit, precipitate formation in the amorphous form coupled with an approximately 10 times particle size reduction could be potential factors leading to the generation and sustenance of intestinal drug supersaturation.
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8
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Billington S, Shoner S, Lee S, Clark-Snustad K, Pennington M, Lewis D, Muzi M, Rene S, Lee J, Nguyen TB, Kumar V, Ishida K, Chen L, Chu X, Lai Y, Salphati L, Hop CECA, Xiao G, Liao M, Unadkat JD. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of [ 11 C]Rosuvastatin Hepatic Concentrations and Hepatobiliary Transport in Humans in the Absence and Presence of Cyclosporin A. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 106:1056-1066. [PMID: 31102467 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Using positron emission tomography imaging, we determined the hepatic concentrations and hepatobiliary transport of [11 C]rosuvastatin (RSV; i.v. injection) in the absence (n = 6) and presence (n = 4 of 6) of cyclosporin A (CsA; i.v. infusion) following a therapeutic dose of unlabeled RSV (5 mg, p.o.) in healthy human volunteers. The sinusoidal uptake, sinusoidal efflux, and biliary efflux clearance (CL; mL/minute) of [11 C]RSV, estimated through compartment modeling were 1,205.6 ± 384.8, 16.2 ± 11.2, and 5.1 ± 1.8, respectively (n = 6). CsA (blood concentration: 2.77 ± 0.24 μM), an organic-anion-transporting polypeptide, Na+ -taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, and breast cancer resistance protein inhibitor increased [11 C]RSV systemic blood exposure (45%; P < 0.05), reduced its biliary efflux CL (52%; P < 0.05) and hepatic uptake (25%; P > 0.05) but did not affect its distribution into the kidneys. CsA increased plasma concentrations of coproporphyrin I and III and total bilirubin by 297 ± 69%, 384 ± 102%, and 81 ± 39%, respectively (P < 0.05). These data can be used in the future to verify predictions of hepatic concentrations and hepatobiliary transport of RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Billington
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., Abingdon-on-Thames, UK
| | - Steven Shoner
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott Lee
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kindra Clark-Snustad
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthew Pennington
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Lewis
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark Muzi
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shirley Rene
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jean Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tot Bui Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kazuya Ishida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laigao Chen
- Early Clinical Development, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guangqing Xiao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingxiang Liao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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9
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Olagunju A, Rajoli RKR, Atoyebi SA, Khoo S, Owen A, Siccardi M. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling of infant exposure to efavirenz through breastfeeding. AAS Open Res 2018. [DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.12860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Very little is known about the level of infant exposure to many drugs commonly used during breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for predicting infant exposure to maternal efavirenz through breastmilk. Methods: A breastfeeding PBPK model combining whole-body maternal and infant sub-models was constructed from drug-specific and system parameters affecting drug disposition using mathematical descriptions. The model was validated against published data on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz in nursing mother-infant pairs. Further simulations were conducted to assess exposure in the context of the 400 mg reduced dose of efavirenz as well as best- and worse-case scenarios. Results: The model adequately described efavirenz pharmacokinetics, with over 80% of observed data points (203 matched breast milk and plasma pairs) within the predictive interval. All parameters were within 2-fold difference of clinical data. Median (range) predicted versus observed breast milk AUC0-24, Cmax and Cmin at the standard 600 mg dose were 75.0 (18.5-324) versus 68.5 (26.3-257) µg.hr/mL, 4.56 (1.17-16.0) versus 5.39 (1.43-18.4) µg/mL, and 2.11 (0.38-12.3) versus 1.68 (0.316-9.57) µg/mL, respectively. Predicted plasma AUC0-24, Cmax and Cmin at 400 mg reduced dose were similar to clinical data from non-breastfeeding adults. Model-predicted infant plasma concentrations were similar to clinical data, 0.15 (0.026–0.78) μg/mL at the 400 mg maternal dose in pooled analysis, approximately 25% lower than simulated exposure at 600 mg. The maximum exposure index was observed in the youngest infants, 5.9% (2.2-20) at 400 mg and 8.7% (3.2-29) at 600 mg. Thirteen and 36% of 10 days-1 month old infants were predicted to have exposure index above the 10% recommended threshold at 400 mg and 600 mg maternal dose, respectively. Conclusions: This application of PBPK modelling opens up opportunities for expanding our understanding of infant exposure to maternal drugs through breastfeeding.
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10
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Izumi S, Nozaki Y, Kusuhara H, Hotta K, Mochizuki T, Komori T, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Relative Activity Factor (RAF)-Based Scaling of Uptake Clearance Mediated by Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and OATP1B3 in Human Hepatocytes. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2277-2288. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Yoshitane Nozaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-003, Japan
| | - Koichiro Hotta
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mochizuki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research
Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3 Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-003, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, 1-6 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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11
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Mitra P, Weinheimer S, Michalewicz M, Taub ME. Prediction and Quantification of Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Uptake of Pitavastatin Utilizing a Combination of the Relative Activity Factor Approach and Mechanistic Modeling. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:953-963. [PMID: 29666154 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the fraction transported (ft) by a particular transporter will facilitate more robust estimations of transporter interactions. Using pitavastatin as a model uptake transporter substrate, we investigated the utility of the relative activity factor (RAF) approach and mechanistic modeling to estimate ft in hepatocytes. The transporters evaluated were organic anion-transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. Transporter-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells and human hepatocytes were used for determining RAF values, which were then incorporated into the mechanistic model to simulate hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin over time. There was excellent agreement between simulated and observed hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin, indicating the suitability of this approach for translation of uptake from individual transporter-expressing cells to more holistic in vitro models. Subsequently, ft values were determined. The largest contributor to hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin was OATP1B1, which correlates with what is known about the in vivo disposition of pitavastatin. The ft values were then used for evaluating in vitro-in vivo correlations of hepatic uptake inhibition with OATP inhibitors rifampicin and cyclosporine. Predictions were compared with previously reported plasma exposure changes of pitavastatin with these inhibitors. Although hepatic uptake inhibition of pitavastatin was 2-3-fold underpredicted, incorporation of scaling factors (SFs) into RAF values significantly improved the predictive ability. We propose that calibration of hepatocytes with standard transporter substrates and inhibitors would allow for determination of system-specific SFs, which could subsequently be used for refining predictions of clinical DDI potential for new chemical entities that undergo active hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Mitra
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Samantha Weinheimer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Meeghan Michalewicz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
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12
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Ishida K, Ullah M, Tóth B, Juhasz V, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of In Vivo Hepatobiliary Clearances and Hepatic Concentrations of Rosuvastatin Using Sandwich-Cultured Rat Hepatocytes, Transporter-Expressing Cell Lines, and Quantitative Proteomics. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 46:66-74. [PMID: 29084782 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined whether in vivo transporter-mediated hepatobiliary clearance (CL) and hepatic concentrations of rosuvastatin (RSV) in the rat could be predicted by transport activity in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes (SCRHs) and/or transporter-expressing cell lines scaled by differences in transporter protein expression between SCRHs, cell lines, and rat liver. The predicted hepatobiliary CLs and hepatic concentrations of RSV were compared with our previously published positron emission tomography imaging data. Sinusoidal uptake CL ([Formula: see text]) and efflux (canalicular and sinusoidal) CLs of [3H]-RSV in SCRHs were evaluated in the presence and absence of Ca2+ and in the absence and presence of 1 mM unlabeled RSV (to estimate passive diffusion CL). [Formula: see text] of RSV into cells expressing organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) 1a1, 1a4, and 1b2 was also determined. Protein expression of Oatps in SCRHs and Oatp-expressing cells was quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. SCRHs well predicted the in vivo RSV sinusoidal and canalicular efflux CLs but significantly underestimated in vivo [Formula: see text]. Oatp expression in SCRHs was significantly lower than that in the rat liver. [Formula: see text], based on RSV [Formula: see text] into Oatp-expressing cells (active transport) plus passive diffusion CL in SCRHs, scaled by the difference in protein expression in Oatp cells versus SCRH versus rat liver, was within 2-fold of that observed in SCRHs or in vivo. In vivo hepatic RSV concentrations were well predicted by Oatp-expressing cells after correcting [Formula: see text] for Oatp protein expression. This is the first demonstration of the successful prediction of in vivo hepatobiliary CLs and hepatic concentrations of RSV using transporter-expressing cells and SCRHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.I., J.D.U.); Cellular Transport Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland (M.U.); and SOLVO Biotechnology, Budaörs, Hungary (B.T., V.J.)
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.I., J.D.U.); Cellular Transport Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland (M.U.); and SOLVO Biotechnology, Budaörs, Hungary (B.T., V.J.)
| | - Beáta Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.I., J.D.U.); Cellular Transport Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland (M.U.); and SOLVO Biotechnology, Budaörs, Hungary (B.T., V.J.)
| | - Viktoria Juhasz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.I., J.D.U.); Cellular Transport Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland (M.U.); and SOLVO Biotechnology, Budaörs, Hungary (B.T., V.J.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (K.I., J.D.U.); Cellular Transport Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland (M.U.); and SOLVO Biotechnology, Budaörs, Hungary (B.T., V.J.)
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13
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Clarke JD, Novak P, Lake AD, Hardwick RN, Cherrington NJ. Impaired N-linked glycosylation of uptake and efflux transporters in human non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2017; 37:1074-1081. [PMID: 28097795 PMCID: PMC5479731 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS N-linked glycosylation of proteins is critical for proper protein folding and trafficking to the plasma membrane. Drug transporters are one class of proteins that have reduced function when glycosylation is impaired. N-linked glycosylation of plasma proteins has also been investigated as a biomarker for several liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to assess the transcriptomic expression of genes involved in protein processing and glycosylation, and to determine the glycosylation status of key drug transporters during human NAFLD progression. METHODS Human liver samples diagnosed as healthy, steatosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were analysed for gene expression of glycosylation-related genes and for protein glycosylation using immunoblot. RESULTS Genes involved in protein processing in the ER and biosynthesis of N-glycans were significantly enriched for down-regulation in NAFLD progression. Included in the down regulated N-glycan biosynthesis category were genes involved in the oligosaccharyltransferase complex, N-glycan quality control, N-glycan precursor biosynthesis, N-glycan trimming to the core, and N-glycan extension from the core. N-glycan degradation genes were unaltered in the progression to NASH. Immunoblot analysis of the uptake transporters organic anion transporting polypeptide-1B1 (OATP1B1), OATP1B3, OATP2B1, and Sodium/Taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide (NTCP) and the efflux transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) demonstrated a significant loss of glycosylation following the progression to NASH. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the loss of glycosylation of key uptake and efflux transporters in humans NASH may influence transporter function and contribute to altered drug disposition observed in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Petr Novak
- Biology Centre ASCR, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - April D Lake
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rhiannon N Hardwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Pade D, Jamei M, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Turner DB. Application of the MechPeff model to predict passive effective intestinal permeability in the different regions of the rodent small intestine and colon. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:94-114. [PMID: 28214380 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A major component of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models is the prediction of the rate and extent of absorption of orally dosed drugs for which knowledge of effective passive intestinal permeability (Peff ) is essential. Single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) studies are used to establish effective permeability in vivo but are difficult to perform in rodents, while mechanistic models to predict drug Peff in rat and mouse have not been published. This work evaluates the predictive performance of the 'MechPeff' model to predict Peff in the rodent intestine based upon knowledge of regional gut physiology and drug-specific physicochemical parameters. The 'MechPeff' model, built-in to the Simcyp Rat and Mouse Simulators, predicts transcellular, paracellular and mucus layer permeabilities and combines these to give the overall Peff . The jejunal and/or ileal Peff was predicted for 12 (4) acidic, 13 (12) basic, 10 (8) neutral and 2 (0) ampholytic drugs in the rat (mouse), spanning a wide range of MW and logPo:w , and compared with experimental Peff obtained using SPIP. A key input is the intrinsic transcellular permeability (Ptrans,0 ) which can be derived from modelling of appropriate in vitro permeability experiments or predicted from physicochemical properties. The Peff predictions were reasonably good when experimentally derived Ptrans,0 was used; from 42 Peff,rat values, 24 (57%) were within 3-fold, and of 19 Peff,mouse values, 12 (63%) were within 3-fold, of observed Peff . Considering the lack of alternative models to predict Peff in preclinical species, and the minimal drug-specific inputs required, this model provides a valuable tool within drug discovery and development programmes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pade
- Blades Enterprise Centre, Simcyp Ltd (A Certara Company), John Street, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK
| | - M Jamei
- Blades Enterprise Centre, Simcyp Ltd (A Certara Company), John Street, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK
| | - A Rostami-Hodjegan
- Blades Enterprise Centre, Simcyp Ltd (A Certara Company), John Street, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK.,Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, Stopford Building, University of Manchester Medical School, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - D B Turner
- Blades Enterprise Centre, Simcyp Ltd (A Certara Company), John Street, Sheffield, S2 4SU, UK
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15
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Liu H, Sahi J. Role of Hepatic Drug Transporters in Drug Development. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56 Suppl 7:S11-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Liu
- Mechanistic Safety and Disposition, Platform Technology and Science; GlaxoSmithKline R&D; Shanghai China
| | - Jasminder Sahi
- Projects, Standards & Innovation; Asia Pacific DSAR, Sanofi; Shanghai China
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