1
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van Ravenzwaay B, Kocabas NA, Faulhammer F, Flick B, Giri V, Sperber S, Penman MG, Higgins LG, Kamp H, Rooseboom M. The short-term toxicity and metabolome of dicyclopentadiene. Toxicol Lett 2024; 393:57-68. [PMID: 38219808 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) was investigated in a 14-day oral rat toxicity study based on the OECD 407 guideline in combination with plasma metabolomics. Wistar rats received the compound daily via gavage at dose levels of 0, 50 and 150 mg/kg bw. The high dose induced transient clinical signs of toxicity and in males only reduced body weight gain. High dose liver changes were characterized by altered clinical chemistry parameters in both sexes and pathological changes in females. In high dose males an accumulation of alpha-2 u-globulin in the kidney was noted. Comparing the DCPD metabolome with previously established specific metabolome patterns in the MetaMap® Tox data base suggested that the high dose would result in liver enzyme induction leading to increased breakdown of thyroid hormones for males and females. An indication for liver toxicity in males was also noted. Metabolomics also suggested an effect on the functionality of the adrenals in high dose males, which together with published data, is suggestive of a stress related effect in this organ. The results of the present 14-day combined toxicity and metabolome investigations were qualitatively in line with literature data from subchronic oral studies in rats with DCPD. Importantly no other types of organ toxicity, or hormone dysregulation beyond the ones associated with liver enzyme induction and stress were indicated, again in line with results of published 90-day studies. It is therefore suggested that short term "smart" studies, combining classical toxicity with 'omics technologies, could be a 2 R (refine and reduce) new approach method allowing for the reduction of in vivo toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael G Penman
- Lower Olefins and Aromatics Consortium Services Team, Penman Consulting bvba, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Larry G Higgins
- Lower Olefins and Aromatics Consortium Services Team, Penman Consulting bvba, Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Botham P, Cronin MTD, Currie R, Doe J, Funk-Weyer D, Gant TW, Leist M, Marty S, van Ravenzwaay B, Westmoreland C. Analysis of health concerns not addressed by REACH for low tonnage chemicals and opportunities for new approach methodology. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3075-3083. [PMID: 37755502 PMCID: PMC10567824 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) the criterion for deciding the studies that must be performed is the annual tonnage of the chemical manufactured or imported into the EU. The annual tonnage may be considered as a surrogate for levels of human exposure but this does not take into account the physico-chemical properties and use patterns that determine exposure. Chemicals are classified using data from REACH under areas of health concern covering effects on the skin and eye; sensitisation; acute, repeated and prolonged systemic exposure; effects on genetic material; carcinogenicity; and reproduction and development. We analysed the mandated study lists under REACH for each annual tonnage band in terms of the information they provide on each of the areas of health concern. Using the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) REACH Registration data base of over 20,000 registered substances, we found that only 19% of registered substances have datasets on all areas of health concern. Information limited to acute exposure, sensitisation and genotoxicity was found for 62%. The analysis highlighted the shortfall of information mandated for substances in the lower tonnage bands. Deploying New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) at this lower tonnage band to assess health concerns which are currently not covered by REACH, such as repeat and extended exposure and carcinogenicity, would provide additional information and would be a way for registrants and regulators to gain experience in the use of NAMs. There are currently projects in Europe aiming to develop NAM-based assessment frameworks and they could find their first use in assessing low tonnage chemicals once confidence has been gained by their evaluation with data rich chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Botham
- Syngenta Product Safety, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY Berkshire UK
| | - Mark T. D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Richard Currie
- Syngenta Product Safety, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY Berkshire UK
| | - John Doe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Dorothee Funk-Weyer
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Timothy W. Gant
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science Campus, Chilton, OX11 0RQ UK
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology and CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674 USA
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl Westmoreland
- SEAC, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire UK
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3
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Ramirez-Hincapie S, Birk B, Ternes P, Giri V, Haake V, Herold M, Zickgraf FM, Verlohner A, Huener HA, Kamp H, Driemert P, Landsiedel R, Richling E, Funk-Weyer D, van Ravenzwaay B. A high-throughput metabolomics in vitro platform for the characterization of hepatotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2899-2917. [PMID: 37138123 PMCID: PMC10693528 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based metabolomics provides multiparametric physiologically relevant readouts that can be highly advantageous for improved, biologically based decision making in early stages of compound development. Here, we present the development of a 96-well plate LC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolomics screening platform for the classification of liver toxicity modes of action (MoAs) in HepG2 cells. Different parameters of the workflow (cell seeding density, passage number, cytotoxicity testing, sample preparation, metabolite extraction, analytical method, and data processing) were optimized and standardized to increase the efficiency of the testing platform. The applicability of the system was tested with seven substances known to be representative of three different liver toxicity MoAs (peroxisome proliferation, liver enzyme induction, and liver enzyme inhibition). Five concentrations per substance, aimed at covering the complete dose-response curve, were analyzed and 221 uniquely identified metabolites were measured, annotated, and allocated in 12 different metabolite classes such as amino acids, carbohydrates, energy metabolism, nucleobases, vitamins and cofactors, and diverse lipid classes. Multivariate and univariate analyses showed a dose response of the metabolic effects, a clear differentiation between liver toxicity MoAs and resulted in the identification of metabolite patterns specific for each MoA. Key metabolites indicative of both general and mechanistic specific hepatotoxicity were identified. The method presented here offers a multiparametric, mechanistic-based, and cost-effective hepatotoxicity screening that provides MoA classification and sheds light into the pathways involved in the toxicological mechanism. This assay can be implemented as a reliable compound screening platform for improved safety assessment in early compound development pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Birk
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Varun Giri
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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4
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Ramirez-Hincapie S, Birk B, Ternes P, Giri V, Zickgraf FM, Haake V, Herold M, Kamp H, Driemert P, Landsiedel R, Richling E, Funk-Weyer D, van Ravenzwaay B. Application of high throughput in vitro metabolomics for hepatotoxicity mode of action characterization and mechanistic-anchored point of departure derivation: a case study with nitrofurantoin. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2903-2917. [PMID: 37665362 PMCID: PMC10504224 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Omics techniques have been increasingly recognized as promising tools for Next Generation Risk Assessment. Targeted metabolomics offer the advantage of providing readily interpretable mechanistic information about perturbed biological pathways. In this study, a high-throughput LC-MS/MS-based broad targeted metabolomics system was applied to study nitrofurantoin metabolic dynamics over time and concentration and to provide a mechanistic-anchored approach for point of departure (PoD) derivation. Upon nitrofurantoin exposure at five concentrations (7.5 µM, 15 µM, 20 µM, 30 µM and 120 µM) and four time points (3, 6, 24 and 48 h), the intracellular metabolome of HepG2 cells was evaluated. In total, 256 uniquely identified metabolites were measured, annotated, and allocated in 13 different metabolite classes. Principal component analysis (PCA) and univariate statistical analysis showed clear metabolome-based time and concentration effects. Mechanistic information evidenced the differential activation of cellular pathways indicative of early adaptive and hepatotoxic response. At low concentrations, effects were seen mainly in the energy and lipid metabolism, in the mid concentration range, the activation of the antioxidant cellular response was evidenced by increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and metabolites from the de novo GSH synthesis pathway. At the highest concentrations, the depletion of GSH, together with alternations reflective of mitochondrial impairments, were indicative of a hepatotoxic response. Finally, a metabolomics-based PoD was derived by multivariate PCA using the whole set of measured metabolites. This approach allows using the entire dataset and derive PoD that can be mechanistically anchored to established key events. Our results show the suitability of high throughput targeted metabolomics to investigate mechanisms of hepatoxicity and derive point of departures that can be linked to existing adverse outcome pathways and contribute to the development of new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Birk
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Varun Giri
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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5
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Noorlander A, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM, van Ravenzwaay B. Predicting acute paraquat toxicity using physiologically based kinetic modelling incorporating in vitro active renal excretion via the OCT2 transporter. Toxicol Lett 2023; 388:30-39. [PMID: 37806368 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Including active renal excretion in physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models can improve their use in quantitative in vitro- in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) as a new approach methodology (NAM) for predicting the acute toxicity of organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) substrates like paraquat (PQ). To realise this NAM, kinetic parameters Vmax and Km for in vitro OCT2 transport of PQ were obtained from the literature. Appropriate scaling factors were applied to translate the in vitro Vmax to an in vivo Vmax. in vitro cytotoxicity data were defined in the rat RLE-6TN and L2 cell lines and the human A549 cell line. The developed PQ PBK model was used to apply reverse dosimetry for QIVIVE translating the in vitro cytotoxicity concentration-response curves to predicted in vivo toxicity dose-response curves after which the lower and upper bound benchmark dose (BMD) for 50% lethality (BMDL50 and BMDU50) were derived by applying BMD analysis. Comparing the predictions to the in vivo reported LD50 values resulted in a conservative prediction for rat and a comparable prediction for human showing proof of principle on the inclusion of active renal excretion and prediction of PQ acute toxicity for the developed NAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Noorlander
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Schmeisser S, Miccoli A, von Bergen M, Berggren E, Braeuning A, Busch W, Desaintes C, Gourmelon A, Grafström R, Harrill J, Hartung T, Herzler M, Kass GEN, Kleinstreuer N, Leist M, Luijten M, Marx-Stoelting P, Poetz O, van Ravenzwaay B, Roggeband R, Rogiers V, Roth A, Sanders P, Thomas RS, Marie Vinggaard A, Vinken M, van de Water B, Luch A, Tralau T. New approach methodologies in human regulatory toxicology - Not if, but how and when! Environ Int 2023; 178:108082. [PMID: 37422975 PMCID: PMC10858683 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The predominantly animal-centric approach of chemical safety assessment has increasingly come under pressure. Society is questioning overall performance, sustainability, continued relevance for human health risk assessment and ethics of this system, demanding a change of paradigm. At the same time, the scientific toolbox used for risk assessment is continuously enriched by the development of "New Approach Methodologies" (NAMs). While this term does not define the age or the state of readiness of the innovation, it covers a wide range of methods, including quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) predictions, high-throughput screening (HTS) bioassays, omics applications, cell cultures, organoids, microphysiological systems (MPS), machine learning models and artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to promising faster and more efficient toxicity testing, NAMs have the potential to fundamentally transform today's regulatory work by allowing more human-relevant decision-making in terms of both hazard and exposure assessment. Yet, several obstacles hamper a broader application of NAMs in current regulatory risk assessment. Constraints in addressing repeated-dose toxicity, with particular reference to the chronic toxicity, and hesitance from relevant stakeholders, are major challenges for the implementation of NAMs in a broader context. Moreover, issues regarding predictivity, reproducibility and quantification need to be addressed and regulatory and legislative frameworks need to be adapted to NAMs. The conceptual perspective presented here has its focus on hazard assessment and is grounded on the main findings and conclusions from a symposium and workshop held in Berlin in November 2021. It intends to provide further insights into how NAMs can be gradually integrated into chemical risk assessment aimed at protection of human health, until eventually the current paradigm is replaced by an animal-free "Next Generation Risk Assessment" (NGRA).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Miccoli
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany; National Research Council, Ancona, Italy
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Wibke Busch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Desaintes
- European Commission (EC), Directorate General for Research and Innovation (RTD), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Gourmelon
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, Paris, France
| | | | - Joshua Harrill
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Durham, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA, CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, USA
| | - Marcel Leist
- CAAT‑Europe and Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Oliver Poetz
- NMI Natural and Medical Science Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany; SIGNATOPE GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Rob Roggeband
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Procter and Gamble Services Company NV/SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrian Roth
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Sanders
- Fougeres Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Fougères, France France
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE), United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Durham, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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7
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Melching-Kollmuss S, Bothe K, Charlton A, Gangadharan B, Ghaffari R, Jacobi S, Marty S, Marxfeld HA, McInnes EF, Sauer UG, Sheets LP, Strupp C, Tinwell H, Wiemann C, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - Part IV: the ECETOC and CLE Proposal for a Thyroid Function-Related Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing and Assessment Scheme (Thyroid-NDT-TAS). Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:339-371. [PMID: 37554099 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2231033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Following the European Commission Endocrine Disruptor Criteria, substances shall be considered as having endocrine disrupting properties if they (a) elicit adverse effects, (b) have endocrine activity, and (c) the two are linked by an endocrine mode-of-action (MoA) unless the MoA is not relevant for humans. A comprehensive, structured approach to assess whether substances meet the Endocrine Disruptor Criteria for the thyroid modality (EDC-T) is currently unavailable. Here, the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals Thyroxine Task Force and CropLife Europe propose a Thyroid Function-Related Neurodevelopmental Toxicity Testing and Assessment Scheme (Thyroid-NDT-TAS). In Tier 0, before entering the Thyroid-NDT-TAS, all available in vivo, in vitro and in silico data are submitted to weight-of-evidence (WoE) evaluations to determine whether the substance of interest poses a concern for thyroid disruption. If so, Tier 1 of the Thyroid-NDT-TAS includes an initial MoA and human relevance assessment (structured by the key events of possibly relevant adverse outcome pathways) and the generation of supportive in vitro/in silico data, if relevant. Only if Tier 1 is inconclusive, Tier 2 involves higher-tier testing to generate further thyroid- and/or neurodevelopment-related data. Tier 3 includes the final MoA and human relevance assessment and an overarching WoE evaluation to draw a conclusion on whether, or not, the substance meets the EDC-T. The Thyroid-NDT-TAS is based on the state-of-the-science, and it has been developed to minimise animal testing. To make human safety assessments more accurate, it is recommended to apply the Thyroid-NDT-TAS during future regulatory assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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8
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Zhang N, Zheng W, Bakker W, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. In vitro models to measure effects on intestinal deconjugation and transport of mixtures of bile acids. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 375:110445. [PMID: 36889625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid metabolism and transport are critical to maintain bile acid homeostasis and host health. In this study, it was investigated if effects on intestinal bile acid deconjugation and transport can be quantified in vitro model systems using mixtures of bile acids instead of studying individual bile acids. To this end deconjugation of mixtures of selected bile acids in anaerobic rat or human fecal incubations and the effect of the antibiotic tobramycin on these reactions was studied. In addition, the effect of tobramycin on the transport of the bile acids in isolation or in a mixture across Caco-2 cell layers was characterized. The results demonstrate that both the reduction of bile acid deconjugation and transport by tobramycin can be adequately detected in vitro systems using a mixture of bile acids, thus eliminating the need to characterize the effects for each bile acid in separate experiments. Subtle differences between the experiments with single or combined bile acids point at mutual competitive interactions and indicate that the use of bile acid mixtures is preferred over use of single bile acid given that also in vivo bile acids occurs in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Weijia Zheng
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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9
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Murali A, Giri V, Zickgraf FM, Ternes P, Cameron HJ, Sperber S, Haake V, Driemert P, Kamp H, Funk-Weyer D, Sturla SJ, Rietjens IMCM, van Ravenzwaay B. Connecting Gut Microbial Diversity with Plasma Metabolome and Fecal Bile Acid Changes Induced by the Antibiotics Tobramycin and Colistin Sulfate. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:598-616. [PMID: 36972423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of microbial species in the gut has a strong influence on health and development of the host. Further, there are indications that the variation in expression of gut bacterial metabolic enzymes is less diverse than the taxonomic profile, underlying the importance of microbiome functionality, particularly from a toxicological perspective. To address these relationships, the gut bacterial composition of Wistar rats was altered by a 28 day oral treatment with the antibiotics tobramycin or colistin sulfate. On the basis of 16S marker gene sequencing data, tobramycin was found to cause a strong reduction in the diversity and relative abundance of the microbiome, whereas colistin sulfate had only a marginal impact. Associated plasma and fecal metabolomes were characterized by targeted mass spectrometry-based profiling. The fecal metabolome of tobramycin-treated animals had a high number of significant alterations in metabolite levels compared to controls, particularly in amino acids, lipids, bile acids (BAs), carbohydrates, and energy metabolites. The accumulation of primary BAs and significant reduction of secondary BAs in the feces indicated that the microbial alterations induced by tobramycin inhibit bacterial deconjugation reactions. The plasma metabolome showed less, but still many alterations in the same metabolite groups, including reductions in indole derivatives and hippuric acid, and furthermore, despite marginal effects of colistin sulfate treatment, there were nonetheless systemic alterations also in BAs. Aside from these treatment-based differences, we also uncovered interindividual differences particularly centering on the loss of Verrucomicrobiaceae in the microbiome, but with no apparent associated metabolite alterations. Finally, by comparing the data set from this study with metabolome alterations in the MetaMapTox database, key metabolite alterations were identified as plasma biomarkers indicative of altered gut microbiomes resulting from a wide activity spectrum of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varun Giri
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Ternes
- Metanomics (BASF Metabolome Solutions) GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Hunter James Cameron
- BASF Corporation Computational Biology (RTP), Research Triangle Park, 3500 Paramount Parkway, Morrisvile, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | - Saskia Sperber
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Volker Haake
- Metanomics (BASF Metabolome Solutions) GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Peter Driemert
- Metanomics (BASF Metabolome Solutions) GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Hennicke Kamp
- Metanomics (BASF Metabolome Solutions) GmbH, Tegeler Weg 33, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | | | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zurich CH 8092, Switzerland
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10
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Murali A, Zickgraf FM, Ternes P, Giri V, Cameron HJ, Sperber S, Haake V, Driemert P, Kamp H, Weyer DF, Sturla SJ, Rietjens IMGM, van Ravenzwaay B. Gut Microbiota as Well as Metabolomes of Wistar Rats Recover within Two Weeks after Doripenem Antibiotic Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020533. [PMID: 36838498 PMCID: PMC9959319 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the changes in gut microbiome composition and its associated metabolic functions is important to assess the potential implications thereof on host health. Thus, to elucidate the connection between the gut microbiome and the fecal and plasma metabolomes, two poorly bioavailable carbapenem antibiotics (doripenem and meropenem), were administered in a 28-day oral study to male and female Wistar rats. Additionally, the recovery of the gut microbiome and metabolomes in doripenem-exposed rats were studied one and two weeks after antibiotic treatment (i.e., doripenem-recovery groups). The 16S bacterial community analysis revealed an altered microbial population in all antibiotic treatments and a recovery of bacterial diversity in the doripenem-recovery groups. A similar pattern was observed in the fecal metabolomes of treated animals. In the recovery group, particularly after one week, an over-compensation was observed in fecal metabolites, as they were significantly changed in the opposite direction compared to previously changed metabolites upon 28 days of antibiotic exposure. Key plasma metabolites known to be diagnostic of antibiotic-induced microbial shifts, including indole derivatives, hippuric acid, and bile acids were also affected by the two carbapenems. Moreover, a unique increase in the levels of indole-3-acetic acid in plasma following meropenem treatment was observed. As was observed for the fecal metabolome, an overcompensation of plasma metabolites was observed in the recovery group. The data from this study provides insights into the connectivity of the microbiome and fecal and plasma metabolomes and demonstrates restoration post-antibiotic treatment not only for the microbiome but also for the metabolomes. The importance of overcompensation reactions for health needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Murali
- BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (B.v.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Volker Haake
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hennicke Kamp
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Shana J. Sturla
- ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (B.v.R.)
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11
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Zhang N, Wang J, Bakker W, Zheng W, Baccaro M, Murali A, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. In vitro models to detect in vivo bile acid changes induced by antibiotics. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3291-3303. [PMID: 36074177 PMCID: PMC9584874 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bile acid homeostasis plays an important role in many biological activities through the bile-liver-gut axis. In this study, two in vitro models were applied to further elucidate the mode of action underlying reported in vivo bile acid changes induced by antibiotics (colistin sulfate, tobramycin, meropenem trihydrate, and doripenem hydrate). 16S rRNA analysis of rat fecal samples anaerobically incubated with these antibiotics showed that especially tobramycin induced changes in the gut microbiota. Furthermore, tobramycin was shown to inhibit the microbial deconjugation of taurocholic acid (TCA) and the transport of TCA over an in vitro Caco-2 cell layer used as a model to mimic intestinal bile acid reuptake. The effects induced by the antibiotics in the in vitro model systems provide novel and complementary insight explaining the effects of the antibiotics on microbiota and fecal bile acid levels upon 28-day in vivo treatment of rats. In particular, our results provide insight in the mode(s) of action underlying the increased levels of TCA in the feces upon tobramycin exposure. Altogether, the results of the present study provide a proof-of-principle on how in vitro models can be used to elucidate in vivo effects on bile acid homeostasis, and to obtain insight in the mode(s) of action underlying the effect of an antibiotic, in this case tobramycin, on bile acid homeostasis via effects on intestinal bile acid metabolism and reuptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Weijia Zheng
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Baccaro
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Marty MS, Sauer UG, Charlton A, Ghaffari R, Guignard D, Hallmark N, Hannas BR, Jacobi S, Marxfeld HA, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sheets LP, Urbisch D, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny-part III: how is substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance in pregnant/lactating rats or their progeny related to neurodevelopmental effects? Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:546-617. [PMID: 36519295 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2130166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review investigated which patterns of thyroid- and brain-related effects are seen in rats upon gestational/lactational exposure to 14 substances causing thyroid hormone imbalance by four different modes-of-action (inhibition of thyroid peroxidase, sodium-iodide symporter and deiodinase activities, enhancement of thyroid hormone clearance) or to dietary iodine deficiency. Brain-related parameters included motor activity, cognitive function, acoustic startle response, hearing function, periventricular heterotopia, electrophysiology and brain gene expression. Specific modes-of-action were not related to specific patterns of brain-related effects. Based upon the rat data reviewed, maternal serum thyroid hormone levels do not show a causal relationship with statistically significant neurodevelopmental effects. Offspring serum thyroxine together with offspring serum triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone appear relevant to predict the likelihood for neurodevelopmental effects. Based upon the collated database, thresholds of ≥60%/≥50% offspring serum thyroxine reduction and ≥20% and statistically significant offspring serum triiodothyronine reduction indicate an increased likelihood for statistically significant neurodevelopmental effects; accuracies: 83% and 67% when excluding electrophysiology (and gene expression). Measurements of brain thyroid hormone levels are likely relevant, too. The extent of substance-mediated thyroid hormone imbalance appears more important than substance mode-of-action to predict neurodevelopmental impairment in rats. Pertinent research needs were identified, e.g. to determine whether the phenomenological offspring thyroid hormone thresholds are relevant for regulatory toxicity testing. The insight from this review shall be used to suggest a tiered testing strategy to determine whether gestational/lactational substance exposure may elicit thyroid hormone imbalance and potentially also neurodevelopmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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13
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Murali A, Giri V, Cameron HJ, Sperber S, Zickgraf FM, Haake V, Driemert P, Walk T, Kamp H, Rietjens IMCM, van Ravenzwaay B. Investigating the gut microbiome and metabolome following treatment with artificial sweeteners acesulfame potassium and saccharin in young adult Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Landsiedel R, Hahn D, Ossig R, Ritz S, Sauer L, Buesen R, Rehm S, Wohlleben W, Groeters S, Strauss V, Sperber S, Wami H, Dobrindt U, Prior K, Harmsen D, van Ravenzwaay B, Schnekenburger J. Gut microbiome and plasma metabolome changes in rats after oral gavage of nanoparticles: sensitive indicators of possible adverse health effects. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 35321750 PMCID: PMC8941749 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral uptake of nanoparticles is an important route of human exposure and requires solid models for hazard assessment. While the systemic availability is generally low, ingestion may not only affect gastrointestinal tissues but also intestinal microbes. The gut microbiota contributes essentially to human health, whereas gut microbial dysbiosis is known to promote several intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, which are found in the blood stream, serve as key molecular mediators of host metabolism and immunity. RESULTS Gut microbiota and the plasma metabolome were analyzed in male Wistar rats receiving either SiO2 (1000 mg/kg body weight/day) or Ag nanoparticles (100 mg/kg body weight/day) during a 28-day oral gavage study. Comprehensive clinical, histopathological and hematological examinations showed no signs of nanoparticle-induced toxicity. In contrast, the gut microbiota was affected by both nanoparticles, with significant alterations at all analyzed taxonomical levels. Treatments with each of the nanoparticles led to an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae, a family with gut species known to be correlated with intestinal inflammation. Only in Ag nanoparticle-exposed animals, Akkermansia, a genus known for its protective impact on the intestinal barrier was depleted to hardly detectable levels. In SiO2 nanoparticles-treated animals, several genera were significantly reduced, including probiotics such as Enterococcus. From the analysis of 231 plasma metabolites, we found 18 metabolites to be significantly altered in Ag-or SiO2 nanoparticles-treated rats. For most of these metabolites, an association with gut microbiota has been reported previously. Strikingly, both nanoparticle-treatments led to a significant reduction of gut microbiota-derived indole-3-acetic acid in plasma. This ligand of the arylhydrocarbon receptor is critical for regulating immunity, stem cell maintenance, cellular differentiation and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The combined profiling of intestinal microbiome and plasma metabolome may serve as an early and sensitive indicator of gut microbiome changes induced by orally administered nanoparticles; this will help to recognize potential adverse effects of these changes to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Hahn
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rainer Ossig
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ritz
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lydia Sauer
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Roland Buesen
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Sascha Rehm
- HB Technologies AG, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Medical Data Integration Center, University Tuebingen, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sibylle Groeters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Saskia Sperber
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Haleluya Wami
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Karola Prior
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dag Harmsen
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
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15
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Punt A, Louisse J, Pinckaers N, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B. Predictive Performance of Next Generation Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) Model Predictions in Rats Based on In Vitro and In Silico Input Data. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:18-28. [PMID: 34927682 PMCID: PMC8883350 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to assess the predictive performance of a minimal generic rat physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model based on in vitro and in silico input data to predict peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) upon single oral dosing. To this purpose, a dataset was generated of 3960 Cmax predictions for 44 compounds, applying different combinations of in vitro and in silico approaches for chemical parameterization, and comparison of the predictions to reported in vivo data. Best performance was obtained when (1) the hepatic clearance was parameterized based on in vitro measured intrinsic clearance values, (2) the method of Rodgers and Rowland for calculating partition coefficients, and (3) in silico calculated fraction unbound plasma and Papp values (the latter especially for very lipophilic compounds). Based on these input data, the median Cmax of 32 compounds could be predicted within 10-fold of the observed Cmax, with 22 out of these 32 compounds being predicted within 5-fold, and 8 compounds within 2-fold. Overestimations of more than 10-fold were observed for 12 compounds, whereas no underestimations of more than 10-fold occurred. Median Cmax predictions were frequently found to be within 10-fold of the observed Cmax when the scaled unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance (Clint,u) was either higher than 20 l/h or lower than 1 l/h. Similar findings were obtained with a test set of 5 in-house BASF compounds. Overall, this study provides relevant insights in the predictive performance of a minimal PBK model based on in vitro and in silico input data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole Pinckaers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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16
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Noorlander A, Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Use of physiologically based kinetic modeling-facilitated reverse dosimetry to predict in vivo acute toxicity of tetrodotoxin in rodents. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:127-138. [PMID: 35218365 PMCID: PMC9041554 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ability of a new in vitro/in silico quantitative in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) methodology was assessed to predict the in vivo neurotoxicity of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in rodents. In vitro concentration–response data of TTX obtained in a multielectrode array assay with primary rat neonatal cortical cells and in an effect study with mouse neuro-2a cells were quantitatively extrapolated into in vivo dose–response data, using newly developed physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for TTX in rats and mice. Incorporating a kidney compartment accounting for active renal excretion in the PBK models proved to be essential for its performance. To evaluate the predictions, QIVIVE-derived dose–response data were compared with in vivo data on neurotoxicity in rats and mice upon oral and parenteral dosing. The results revealed that for both rats and mice the predicted dose–response data matched the data from available in vivo studies well. It is concluded that PBK modeling-based reserve dosimetry of in vitro TTX effect data can adequately predict the in vivo neurotoxicity of TTX in rodents, providing a novel proof-of-principle for this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Noorlander
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, the Netherlands
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17
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Weyrich A, Frericks M, Eichenlaub M, Schneider S, Hofmann T, Van Cruchten S, van Ravenzwaay B. Ontogeny of renal, hepatic, and placental expression of ATP-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters in the rat and the rabbit. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 107:1-9. [PMID: 34757165 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Species differences in developmental toxicity can be due to varying expression of xenobiotic transporters. Hence, knowledge on the ontogeny of these transporters, especially in human, rat and rabbit, is pivotal. Two superfamilies of transporters, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and the solute carrier (SLC) transporters, are well known for their role in the absorption, distribution and/or elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous substances. The aim of this study was to compare the expression levels of these xenobiotic transporters in liver, kidney and placenta of man, Wistar rat and New Zealand White rabbit during pre- and postnatal development. For this purpose, qPCR experiments were performed for rat and rabbit tissues and the gene expression profiles were compared with literature data from man, rat and rabbit. Data analysis showed large differences in transporter expression in development and between species. These results can be used to better understand developmental toxicity findings in non-clinical species and their relevance for man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Weyrich
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Markus Frericks
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Eichenlaub
- Bioscience Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schneider
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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18
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Passoni MT, Palu G, Grechi N, da Silva Amaral BA, Gomes C, Rülker C, van Ravenzwaay B, Martino-Andrade AJ. Uterotrophic and in vitro screening for (anti)estrogenic activity of dipyrone. Toxicol Lett 2021; 352:1-8. [PMID: 34536523 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dipyrone is a commonly used analgesic in many countries and there is limited data on its possible endocrine disrupting effects. We performed a screening for in vivo and in vitro anti(estrogenic) activity of dipyrone. For the in vivo uterotrophic assay, immature female rats (22-days-old) were treated daily by oral gavage for three days with different doses of dipyrone alone (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day) and associated with three ethynylestradiol (EE) doses (1, 3 and 10 μg/kg/day), which were based on a dose-response curve experiment. The uterine weight was used as a biomarker for estrogenicity. In a parallel in vitro approach, we used a yeast-based transcriptional activation reporter gene assay (Yeast Estrogen Screening - YES) for assessment of estrogenic agonistic and antagonistic effects of dipyrone and its main metabolites 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (AA). In the uterotrophic assay, animals that received EE at 1, 3 and 10 μg/kg/day showed an increase in relative uterine weight compared with vehicle-only rats (canola oil). Dipyrone did not increase uterine weight at any dose tested (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) in relation to vehicle control, indicating absence of estrogenic activity. Furthermore, co-administration of dipyrone (50 and 200 mg/kg/day) and EE (1, 3 or 10 μg/kg/day) was unable to block EE estrogenic action in comparison to the groups treated with EE alone, indicating absence of antiestrogenic activity. In the YES assay dipyrone and its metabolites did not demonstrate estrogen agonistic or antagonistic properties in the yeast cells. These results suggest that dipyrone and its metabolites do not produce (anti)estrogenic effects in vivo or in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Tapias Passoni
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Palu
- Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nicole Grechi
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Andreotti da Silva Amaral
- Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Caroline Gomes
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Claudia Rülker
- BASF SE Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Anderson Joel Martino-Andrade
- Reproductive Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Animal Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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19
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Birk B, Haake V, Sperber S, Herold M, Wallisch SK, Huener HA, Verlohner A, Amma MM, Walk T, Hernandez TR, Hewitt NJ, Kamp H, van Ravenzwaay B. Use of in vitro metabolomics in NRK cells to help predicting nephrotoxicity and differentiating the MoA of nephrotoxicants. Toxicol Lett 2021; 353:43-59. [PMID: 34626816 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy using an in vitro metabolomics assay with tubular rat NRK-52E cells to investigate the Modes of Action (MoAs) of nephrotoxic compounds. Chemicals were selected according to their MoAs based on literature information: acetaminophen, 4-aminophenol and S-(trichlorovinyl-)L-cysteine (TCVC), (covalent protein binding); gentamycin, vancomycin, polymycin B and CdCl2 (lysosomal overload) and tenofovir and cidofovir (mitochondrial DNA-interaction). After treatment and harvesting of the cells, intracellular endogenous metabolites were quantified relative to vehicle control. Metabolite patterns were evaluated in a purely data-driven pattern generation process excluding published information. This strategy confirmed the assignment of the chemicals to the respective MoA except for TCVC and CdCl2. Finally, TCVC was defined as unidentified and CdCl2 was reclassified to the MoA "covalent protein binding". Hierarchical cluster analysis of 58 distinct metabolites from the patterns enabled a clear visual separation of chemicals in each MoA. The assay reproducibility was very good and metabolic responses were consistent. These results support the use of metabolome analysis in NRK-52E cells as a suitable tool for understanding and investigating the MoA of nephrotoxicants. This assay could enable the early identification of nephrotoxic compounds and finally reduce animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Birk
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Saskia Sperber
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Meike M Amma
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hennicke Kamp
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Marty S, Beekhuijzen M, Charlton A, Hallmark N, Hannas BR, Jacobi S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sauer UG, Sheets LP, Strauss V, Urbisch D, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - part II: how can key events of relevant adverse outcome pathways be addressed in toxicological assessments? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:328-358. [PMID: 34074207 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1910625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of thyroid-related adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in mammals has been reviewed. This served to establish if standard rodent toxicity test methods and in vitro assays allow identifying thyroid-related modes-of-action potentially leading to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and the human relevance of effects - in line with the European Commission's Endocrine Disruptor Criteria. The underlying hypothesis is that an understanding of the key events of relevant AOPs provides insight into differences in incidence, magnitude, or species sensitivity of adverse outcomes. The rodent studies include measurements of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid gland pathology and neurodevelopmental assessments, but do not directly inform on specific modes-of-action. Opportunities to address additional non-routine parameters reflecting critical events of AOPs in toxicological assessments are presented. These parameters appear relevant to support the identification of specific thyroid-related modes-of-action, provided that prevailing technical limitations are overcome. Current understanding of quantitative key event relationships is often weak, but would be needed to determine if the triggering of a molecular initiating event will ultimately result in an adverse outcome. Also, significant species differences in all processes related to thyroid hormone signalling are evident, but the biological implications thereof (including human relevance) are often unknown. In conclusion, careful consideration of the measurement (e.g. timing, method) and interpretation of additional non-routine parameters is warranted. These findings will be used in a subsequent paper to propose a testing strategy to identify if a substance may elicit maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and potentially also neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Development of a Generic Physiologically Based Kinetic Model to Predict In Vivo Uterotrophic Responses Induced by Estrogenic Chemicals in Rats Based on In Vitro Bioassays. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:19-31. [PMID: 31626307 PMCID: PMC9186316 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the potential of a generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model to convert in vitro data for estrogenicity to predict the in vivo uterotrophic response in rats for diethylstibestrol (DES), ethinylestradiol (EE2), genistein (GEN), coumestrol (COU), and methoxychlor (MXC). PBK models were developed using a generic approach and in vitro concentration-response data from the MCF-7 proliferation assay and the yeast estrogen screening assay were translated into in vivo dose-response data. Benchmark dose analysis was performed on the predicted data and available in vivo uterotrophic data to evaluate the model predictions. The results reveal that the developed generic PBK model adequate defines the in vivo kinetics of the estrogens. The predicted dose-response data of DES, EE2, GEN, COU, and MXC matched the reported in vivo uterus weight response in a qualitative way, whereas the quantitative comparison was somewhat hampered by the variability in both in vitro and in vivo data. From a safety perspective, the predictions based on the MCF-7 proliferation assay would best guarantee a safe point of departure for further risk assessment although it may be conservative. The current study indicates the feasibility of using a combination of in vitro toxicity data and a generic PBK model to predict the relative in vivo uterotrophic response for estrogenic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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22
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Kamp H, Wahrheit J, Stinchcombe S, Walk T, Stauber F, Ravenzwaay BV. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors: in silico flux analysis and in vivo metabolomics investigations show no severe metabolic consequences for rats and humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 150:112085. [PMID: 33636213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase complex II inhibitors (SDHIs) are widely used fungicides since the 1960s. Recently, based on published in vitro cell viability data, potential health effects via disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle have been postulated in mammalian species. As primary metabolic impact of SDH inhibition, an increase in succinate, and compensatory ATP production via glycolysis resulting in excess lactate levels was hypothesized. To investigate these hypotheses, genome-scale metabolic models of Rattus norvegicus and Homo sapiens were used for an in silico analysis of mammalian metabolism. Moreover, plasma samples from 28-day studies with the SDHIs boscalid and fluxapyroxad were subjected to metabolome analyses, to assess in vivo metabolite changes induced by SDHIs. The outcome of in silico analyses indicated that mammalian metabolic networks are robust and able to compensate different types of metabolic perturbation, e.g., partial or complete SDH inhibition. Additionally, the in silico comparison of rat and human responses suggested no noticeable differences between both species, evidencing that the rat is an appropriate testing organism for toxicity of SDHIs. Since no succinate or lactate accumulation were found in rats, such an accumulation is also not expected in humans as a result of SDHI exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kamp
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - T Walk
- BASF Metabolome Solutions GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Noorlander A, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IMCM. Novel testing strategy for prediction of rat biliary excretion of intravenously administered estradiol-17β glucuronide. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:91-102. [PMID: 33159584 PMCID: PMC7811516 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02908-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a generic rat physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model that includes a novel testing strategy where active biliary excretion is incorporated using estradiol-17β glucuronide (E217βG) as the model substance. A major challenge was the definition of the scaling factor for the in vitro to in vivo conversion of the PBK-model parameter Vmax. In vitro values for the Vmax and Km for transport of E217βG were found in the literature in four different studies based on experiments with primary rat hepatocytes. The required scaling factor was defined based on fitting the PBK model-based predicted values to reported experimental data on E217βG blood levels and cumulative biliary E217βG excretion. This resulted in a scaling factor of 129 mg protein/g liver. With this scaling factor the PBK model predicted the in vivo data for blood and cumulative biliary E217βG levels with on average of less than 1.8-fold deviation. The study provides a proof of principle on how biliary excretion can be included in a generic PBK model using primary hepatocytes to define the kinetic parameters that describe the biliary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Noorlander
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sauer UG, Asiimwe A, Botham PA, Charlton A, Hallmark N, Jacobi S, Marty S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Palha JA, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B, Swaen G. Toward a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - part I: which parameters from human studies are most relevant for toxicological assessments? Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:740-763. [PMID: 33305658 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1839380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 European Food Safety Authority/European Chemicals Agency Guidance on the Identification of Endocrine Disruptors lacks clarity on how the presence or absence of substance-induced maternal thyroid hormone imbalance, or the potential for subsequent deleterious consequences in child neurodevelopment, should be established by toxicological assessments. To address these uncertainties, this narrative review evaluates human evidence on how altered maternal thyroid function may be associated with child neurodevelopmental outcomes; and seeks to identify parameters in human studies that appear most relevant for toxicological assessments. Serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are most frequently measured when assessing thyroid function in pregnant women, whereas a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental parameters is used to evaluate child neurodevelopment. The human data confirms an association between altered maternal serum fT4 and/or TSH and increased risk for child neurodevelopmental impairment. Quantitative boundaries of effects indicative of increased risks need to be established. Moreover, it is unknown if altered serum levels of total T4, free or total triiodothyronine, or parameters unrelated to serum thyroid hormones might be more relevant indicators of such effects. None of the human studies established a link between substance-mediated liver enzyme induction and increased serum thyroid hormone clearance, let alone further to child neurodevelopmental impairment. This review identifies research needs to contribute to the development of toxicity testing strategies, to reliably predict whether substances have the potential to impair child neurodevelopment via maternal thyroid hormone imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimaraes, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | - Gerard Swaen
- Department of Complex Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Carboni E, Marxfeld H, Tuoken H, Klukas C, Eggers T, Gröters S, van Ravenzwaay B. A Workflow for the Performance of the Differential Ovarian Follicle Count Using Deep Neuronal Networks. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:843-850. [PMID: 33287654 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320969130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to automate the counting of ovarian follicles required in multigeneration reproductive studies performed in the rat according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines 443 and 416, the application of deep neural networks was tested. The manual evaluation of the differential ovarian follicle count is a tedious and time-consuming task that requires highly trained personnel. In this regard, deep learning outputs provide overlay pictures for a more detailed documentation, together with an increased reproducibility of the counts. To facilitate the planned good laboratory practice (GLP) validation a workflow was set up using MLFlow to make all steps from generating of scans, training of the neural network, uploading of study images to the neural network, generation and storage of the results in a compliant manner controllable and reproducible. PyTorch was used as main framework to build the Faster region-based convolutional neural network for the training. We compared the performances of different depths of ResNet models with specific regard to the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of the models. In this paper, we describe all steps from data labeling, training of networks, and the performance metrics chosen to evaluate different network architectures. We also make recommendation on steps, which should be taken into consideration when GLP validation is aimed for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Carboni
- 5184BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Carboni is now with the JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Heike Marxfeld
- 5184BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Carboni is now with the JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanati Tuoken
- 5184BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Carboni is now with the JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christian Klukas
- 5184BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Carboni is now with the JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Till Eggers
- 5184BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Carboni is now with the JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- 5184BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Carboni is now with the JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- 5184BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Carboni is now with the JOHNSON AND JOHNSON, Beerse, Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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de Bruijn V, Behr C, Sperber S, Walk T, Ternes P, Slopianka M, Haake V, Beekmann K, van Ravenzwaay B. Antibiotic-Induced Changes in Microbiome-Related Metabolites and Bile Acids in Rat Plasma. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060242. [PMID: 32545183 PMCID: PMC7344402 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various environmental factors can alter the gut microbiome’s composition and functionality, and modulate host health. In this study, the effects of oral and parenteral administration of two poorly bioavailable antibiotics (i.e., vancomycin and streptomycin) on male Wistar Crl/Wi(Han) rats for 28 days were compared to distinguish between microbiome-derived or -associated and systemic changes in the plasma metabolome. The resulting changes in the plasma metabolome were compared to the effects of a third reference compound, roxithromycin, which is readily bioavailable. A community analysis revealed that the oral administration of vancomycin and roxithromycin in particular leads to an altered microbial population. Antibiotic-induced changes depending on the administration routes were observed in plasma metabolite levels. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and hippuric acid (HA) were identified as key metabolites of microbiome modulation, with HA being the most sensitive. Even though large variations in the plasma bile acid pool between and within rats were observed, the change in microbiome community was observed to alter the composition of the bile acid pool, especially by an accumulation of taurine-conjugated primary bile acids. In-depth investigation of the relationship between microbiome variability and their functionality, with emphasis on the bile acid pool, will be necessary to better assess the potential adverseness of environmentally induced microbiome changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique de Bruijn
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (V.d.B.); (C.B.); (S.S.)
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Christina Behr
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (V.d.B.); (C.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Saskia Sperber
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (V.d.B.); (C.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Tilmann Walk
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (T.W.); (P.T.); (M.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Philipp Ternes
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (T.W.); (P.T.); (M.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Markus Slopianka
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (T.W.); (P.T.); (M.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Volker Haake
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (T.W.); (P.T.); (M.S.); (V.H.)
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (V.d.B.); (C.B.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Ball N, Madden J, Paini A, Mathea M, Palmer AD, Sperber S, Hartung T, van Ravenzwaay B. Key read across framework components and biology based improvements. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2020; 853:503172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Marxfeld HA, Küttler K, Dammann M, Gröters S, van Ravenzwaay B. Variance of body and organ weights in 28-day studies in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marxfeld HA, Küttler K, Dammann M, Gröters S, van Ravenzwaay B. Body and organ weight data in 28-day toxicological studies in two mouse strains. Data Brief 2019; 27:104632. [PMID: 31656847 PMCID: PMC6806444 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicological studies were performed in an AAALAC (American Association for Laboratory Animal Care)-approved laboratory at BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany, in accordance with the German Animal Welfare Act and the effective European Council Directive 2010/63/EU. Data were recorded in the BASF SE pathology data capture system. Historical control data (2008–2013) were compiled for a) Twelve 28-day studies performed according to OECD 407 with mice from Janvier C57BL/j Rj (J) and Charles River CD-1 (CRL), in total 73 control females and 73 control males, 5–8 weeks old at the beginning of the studies. Data collected: terminal body weight, organ weights of adrenal glands, brain, epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, ovaries, prostate, seminal vesicles (with coagulating glands), spleen, testes, thymus, uterus. b) Eight immunotoxicity studies (duration of 28 days) performed according to EPA Health Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 870.7800 with mice from Janvier C57BL/j Rj (J). 48 control females and 16 control males 5–7 weeks old at the beginning of the studies. Data collected: terminal body weight, mean absolute and relative weights of spleen and thymus. This data helps interpreting effects caused by treatment in toxicology studies in the mouse. Coefficients of variation were calculated and discussed in the accompanying research paper: “Variance of body and organ weights in 28-day studies in mice” (Marxfeld et al. 2019).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Küttler
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Keller J, Mellert W, Sperber S, Strauss V, Kamp H, Herold M, Walk T, van Ravenzwaay B. Added value of plasma metabolite profiling in prenatal rat routine studies. Reprod Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Tesh SA, Tesh JM, Fegert I, Buesen R, Schneider S, Mentzel T, van Ravenzwaay B, Stinchcombe S. Innovative selection approach for a new antifungal agent mefentrifluconazole (Revysol®) and the impact upon its toxicity profile. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:152-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Viant MR, Ebbels TMD, Beger RD, Ekman DR, Epps DJT, Kamp H, Leonards PEG, Loizou GD, MacRae JI, van Ravenzwaay B, Rocca-Serra P, Salek RM, Walk T, Weber RJM. Use cases, best practice and reporting standards for metabolomics in regulatory toxicology. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3041. [PMID: 31292445 PMCID: PMC6620295 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a widely used technology in academic research, yet its application to regulatory science has been limited. The most commonly cited barrier to its translation is lack of performance and reporting standards. The MEtabolomics standaRds Initiative in Toxicology (MERIT) project brings together international experts from multiple sectors to address this need. Here, we identify the most relevant applications for metabolomics in regulatory toxicology and develop best practice guidelines, performance and reporting standards for acquiring and analysing untargeted metabolomics and targeted metabolite data. We recommend that these guidelines are evaluated and implemented for several regulatory use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | | | | | - David J T Epps
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Rocca-Serra
- Oxford e-Research Centre, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QG, UK
| | - Reza M Salek
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Tilmann Walk
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- School of Biosciences and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Adam AHB, Zhang M, de Haan LHJ, van Ravenzwaay B, Louisse J, Rietjens IMCM. The in vivo developmental toxicity of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in rat evaluated by an alternative testing strategy. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2021-2033. [PMID: 31119342 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated an alternative testing strategy to quantitatively predict the in vivo developmental toxicity of the synthetic hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES). To this end, a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model was defined that was subsequently used to translate concentration-response data for the in vitro developmental toxicity of DES, obtained in the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay, into predicted in vivo dose-response data for developmental toxicity. The previous studies showed that the PBK model-facilitated reverse dosimetry approach is a useful approach to quantitatively predict the developmental toxicity of several developmental toxins. The results obtained in the present study show that the PBK model adequately predicted DES blood concentrations in rats. Further studies revealed that DES tested positive in the ES-D3 differentiation assay and that DES-induced inhibition of the ES-D3 cell differentiation could be counteracted by the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) antagonist fulvestrant, indicating that the in vitro ES-D3 cell differentiation assay was able to mimic the role of ERα reported in the mode of action underlying the developmental toxicity of DES in vivo. In spite of this, combining these in vitro data with the PBK model did not adequately predict the in vivo developmental toxicity of DES in a quantitative way. It is concluded that although the EST qualifies DES as a developmental toxin and detects the role of ERα in this process, the ES-D3 cell differentiation assay of the EST apparently does not adequately capture the processes underlying DES-induced developmental toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Hussein Bakheit Adam
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H J de Haan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, PO Box 8000, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fabian E, Gomes C, Birk B, Williford T, Hernandez TR, Haase C, Zbranek R, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. In vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) by PBTK modeling for animal-free risk assessment approaches of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:401-416. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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van Ravenzwaay B, Sauer UG, de Matos O, Poole A. Editorial: Applying 'omics technologies in chemicals risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 91 Suppl 1:S1-S2. [PMID: 29246668 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Otte JC, Schultz B, Fruth D, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B, Hidding B, Salinas ER. Intrinsic Xenobiotic Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:86-93. [PMID: 28903500 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio, zf) are gaining attention as an alternative invivo test system for drug discovery, early developmental toxicity screenings and chemical testing in ecotoxicological and toxicological testing strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated transcriptional evidence for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) during early zf development. However, elaborate experiments on XME activities during development are incomplete. In this work, the intrinsic activities of representative phase I and II XME were monitored by transformation of putative zf model substrates analyzed using photometry and high pressure liquid chromatography techniques. Six different defined stages of zf development (between 2.5 h postfertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf) were investigated by preparing a subcellular fraction from whole organism homogenates. We demonstrated that zf embryos as early as 2.5 hpf possess intrinsic metabolic activities for esterase, Aldh, Gst, and Cyp1a above the methodological detection limit. The activities of the enzymes Cyp3a and Nat were measurable during later stages in development. Activities represent dynamic patterns during development. The role of XME activities revealed in this work is relevant for the assessing toxicity in this test system and therefore contributes to a valuable characterization of zf embryos as an alternative testing organism in toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Schultz
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Daniela Fruth
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Björn Hidding
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Edward R Salinas
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Van Cott A, Frericks M, Hastings C, Honarvar N, Flick B, Fabian E, van Ravenzwaay B. Uterine adenocarcinoma in the rat induced by afidopyropen. An analysis of the lesion's induction, progression and its relevance to humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:29-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Hofmann T, Ma-Hock L, Teubner W, Athas JC, Neubauer N, Wohlleben W, Veith U, End N, Gröters S, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Reduction of Acute Inhalation Toxicity Testing in Rats: The Contact Angle of Organic Pigments Predicts Their Suffocation Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hofmann
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wera Teubner
- Product Safety, BASF Schweiz AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Ulrich Veith
- BASF Colors and Effects, Switzerland AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole End
- BASF Colors and Effects, Switzerland AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Dimopoulou M, Verhoef A, Gomes CA, van Dongen CW, Rietjens IM, Piersma AH, van Ravenzwaay B. A comparison of the embryonic stem cell test and whole embryo culture assay combined with the BeWo placental passage model for predicting the embryotoxicity of azoles. Toxicol Lett 2018; 286:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Passoni MT, Kristensen MN, Morais RN, Woitkowiak C, Boareto AC, da Silva Amaral BA, Grechi N, Dalsenter PR, Munkboel CH, Styrishave B, Kristensen DM, Gomes C, van Ravenzwaay B, Martino-Andrade AJ. Assessment of the analgesic dipyrone as a possible (anti)androgenic endocrine disruptor. Toxicol Lett 2018; 285:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Langsch A, David RM, Schneider S, Sperber S, Haake V, Kamp H, Leibold E, Ravenzwaay BV, Otter R. Hexamoll ® DINCH: Lack of in vivo evidence for obesogenic properties. Toxicol Lett 2018; 288:99-110. [PMID: 29474903 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hexamoll® DINCH is an important alternative to phthalate plasticizers. Although regulatory reviews have not identified any potential hazards even in sensitive populations, an in vitro study by Campioli et al. (2015) suggested Hexamoll® DINCH might alter fat storage in adipocytes resulting in obesity. To evaluate this hypothesis, data from studies with Hexamoll® DINCH were reviewed for evidence of deposition in fat, changes in body weight, or changes in serum chemistry reflecting altered metabolic status. Body weights of F1 and F2 pups in a two-generation study did not differ from controls even at 1000 mg Hexamoll® DINCH/kg body weight. Mean relative liver weights from the 1000 and 300 mg/kg bw groups were increased, but without histopathologic changes. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels in serum were not affected. In addition, subchronic and chronic studies in rats did not give evidence of an obesogenic effect. Radioactivity from 20 or 1000 mg/kg bw 14C-labelled Hexamoll® DINCH dosed orally remained 2-3 times longer in adipose tissue than in well-perfused tissues; however, levels were 20-500% below other tissues at 1 and 8 h post dosing. Radioactivity concentrations in organs and tissues excluding the GI tract declined rapidly and continuously, and decreased in parallel to the concentration in plasma during the following 20 h. Both, initial and terminal half-lives of radioactivity concentration do not indicate a potential for accumulation. Furthermore, a metabolomic comparison of Hexamoll® DINCH with DEHP and other phthalates shows complete separation of the metabolomic profile of these two chemical classes, meaning that their effects on the body and the body's reaction to the substance are different. Hence, comprehensive in vivo data do not show any evidence of Hexamoll® DINCH altering fat metabolism or having obesogenic properties.
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Zhang M, van Ravenzwaay B, Fabian E, Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J. Towards a generic physiologically based kinetic model to predict in vivo uterotrophic responses in rats by reverse dosimetry of in vitro estrogenicity data. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1075-1088. [PMID: 29234833 PMCID: PMC5866837 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-based reverse dosimetry is a promising tool for the prediction of in vivo developmental toxicity using in vitro concentration–response data. In the present study, the potential of this approach to predict the dose-dependent increase of uterus weight in rats upon exposure to estrogenic chemicals was assessed. In vitro concentration–response data of 17β-estradiol (E2) and bisphenol A (BPA) obtained in the MCF-7/BOS proliferation assay, the U2OS ER-CALUX assay and the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay, were translated into in vivo dose–response data in rat, using a PBK model with a minimum number of in vitro and in silico determined parameter values. To evaluate the predictions made, benchmark dose (BMD) analysis was performed on the predicted dose–response data and the obtained BMDL10 values were compared with BMDL10 values derived from data on the effects of E2 and BPA in the uterotrophic assay reported in the literature. The results show that predicted dose–response data of E2 and BPA matched with the data from in vivo studies when predictions were made based on YES assay data. The YES assay-based predictions of the BMDL10 values differed 3.9-fold (E2) and 4.7- to 13.4-fold (BPA) from the BMDL10 values obtained from the in vivo data. The present study provides the proof-of-principle that PBK modelling-based reverse dosimetry of YES assay data using a minimum PBK model can predict dose-dependent in vivo uterus growth caused by estrogenic chemicals. In future studies, the approach should be extended to include other estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhang
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bennard van Ravenzwaay
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Eric Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Z 470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Dimopoulou M, Verhoef A, Pennings JL, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IM, Piersma AH. A transcriptomic approach for evaluating the relative potency and mechanism of action of azoles in the rat Whole Embryo Culture. Toxicology 2017; 392:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Gomes C, Birk B, Fabian E, Doersam J, Dongen CWV, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Characterization of an in vitro placental transfer assay for high-throughput screening. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fabian E, Haase C, Gomes C, Birk B, Ramirez T, Zbranek R, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. The application of toxicokinetics in an animal-free risk assessment. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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46
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Ma-Hock L, Groeters S, Strauss V, Keller J, Wiench K, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Long-term inhalation study with CeO 2 - and BaSO 4 nanomaterials – Study design, in-life findings, and lung burden. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Marxfeld H, Strauss V, Groeters S, Schneider S, van Ravenzwaay B. Validity of T3, T4 and TSH hormone measurement and stepwise evaluation in juvenile rats based on OECD TG's 422/421. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Schneider S, Fussell KC, Melching-Kollmuss S, Buesen R, Gröters S, Strauss V, Jiang X, van Ravenzwaay B. Investigations on the dose-response relationship of combined exposure to low doses of three anti-androgens in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3961-3989. [PMID: 28879601 PMCID: PMC5719133 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation examines whether combined exposure to three anti-androgens (flutamide, prochloraz, vinclozolin) result in interference with endocrine homeostasis when applied at very low dose levels, and whether the results of combined exposure are more pronounced than to the individual compounds. A pre-post-natal in vivo study design was chosen with more parameters than regulatory testing protocols require (additional endpoints addressing hormone levels, morphology and histopathological examinations). Dose levels were chosen to represent the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), and the acceptable daily intake for each individual substance. Anti-androgenic changes were observable at the effect level (LOAEL) but not at lower exposures. Nipple/areola counts appeared to be a sensitive measure of effect, in addition to male sex organ weights at sexual maturation, and finally gross findings. The results indicate the absence of evidence for effects at low or very low dose levels. No (adverse) effects were seen at the NOAEL dose. A non-monotonic dose-response relationship was not evident. Combined exposure at LOAEL level resulted in enhanced responses for anogenital index, number of areolas/nipples, delayed preputial separation and reduced ventral prostate weight in comparison to the individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schneider
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Buesen
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Xiaoqi Jiang
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Strauss V, Rey Moreno MC, Vogt J, Dammann M, Schneider S, Gröters S, van Ravenzwaay B. Acetylcholinesterase measurement in various brain regions and muscles of juvenile, adolescent, and adult rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:666-676. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1349849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Jeanette Vogt
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schneider
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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50
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Dimopoulou M, Verhoef A, Pennings JL, van Ravenzwaay B, Rietjens IM, Piersma AH. Embryotoxic and pharmacologic potency ranking of six azoles in the rat whole embryo culture by morphological and transcriptomic analysis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 322:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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