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Arndt T, Keresztes M, Olivier B, Boone L, Chanut F, Ennulat D, Evans E, Freyberger A, Johannes S, Kuper CF, Maliver P, O'Brien P, Ramaiah L, Roman I, Strauss V, Vinken P, Walker D, Winter M, Pohlmeyer-Esch G, Tomlinson L. Considerations for the Identification and Conveyance of Clinical Pathology Findings in Preclinical Toxicity Studies: Results From the 9th ESTP International Expert Workshop. Toxicol Pathol 2024:1926233241245108. [PMID: 38661116 DOI: 10.1177/01926233241245108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology (ESTP) organized a panel of 24 international experts from many fields of toxicologic clinical pathology (e.g., industry, academia, and regulatory) that came together in 2021 to align the use of terminology to convey the importance of clinical pathology findings in preclinical toxicity studies. An additional goal consisted of how to identify important findings in standard and nonstandard clinical pathology associated endpoints. This manuscript summarizes the information and opinions discussed and shared at the ninth ESTP International Expert Workshop, April 5 to 6, 2022. In addition to terminology usage, the workshop considered topics related to the identification and conveyance of the importance of test item-related findings. These topics included sources of variability, comparators, statistics, reporting, correlations to other study data, nonstandard biomarkers, indirect/secondary findings, and an overall weight-of-evidence approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Arndt
- Altasciences Preclinical, Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Altasciences Preclinical, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - L Boone
- Labcorp, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - D Ennulat
- GlaxoSmithKline (Retired), King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen Evans
- Pfizer (Retired), Waterford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Maliver
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Lila Ramaiah
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian Roman
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dana Walker
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Winter
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Moon S, Senokos E, Trouillet V, Loeffler FF, Strauss V. Sustainable design of high-performance multifunctional carbon electrodes by one-step laser carbonization for supercapacitors and dopamine sensors. Nanoscale 2024. [PMID: 38606506 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00588k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Laser carbonization is a rapid method to produce functional carbon materials for electronic devices, but many typical carbon precursors are not sustainable and/or require extensive processing for electrochemical applications. Here, a sustainable concept to fabricate laser patterned carbon (LP-C) electrodes from biomass-derived sodium lignosulfonate, an abundant waste product from the paper industry is presented. By introducing an adhesive polymer interlayer between the sodium lignosulfonate and a graphite foil current collector, stable, abrasion-resistant LP-C electrodes can be fabricated in a single laser irradiation step. The electrode properties can be systematically tuned by controlling the laser processing parameters. The optimized LP-C electrodes demonstrate a promising performance in supercapacitors and electrochemical dopamine biosensors. They exhibit high areal capacitances of 38.9 mF cm-2 in 1 M H2SO4 and high energy and power densities of 4.3 μW h cm-2 and 16 mW cm-2 in 17 M NaClO4, showing the best performance among biomass-derived LP-C materials reported so far. After 20 000 charge/discharge cycles, they retain a high capacitance of 81%. Dopamine was linearly detected in the range of 0.1 to 20 μM with an extrapolated limit of detection of 0.5 μM (S/N = 3) and high sensitivity (13.38 μA μM-1 cm-2), demonstrating better performance than previously reported biomass-derived LP-C dopamine sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Moon
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Evgeny Senokos
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Felix F Loeffler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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3
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Wang H, Seemakurthi RR, Chen GF, Strauss V, Savateev O, Hai G, Ding L, López N, Wang H, Antonietti M. Laser-induced nitrogen fixation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5668. [PMID: 37704640 PMCID: PMC10499830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For decarbonization of ammonia production in industry, alternative methods by exploiting renewable energy sources have recently been explored. Nonetheless, they still lack yield and efficiency to be industrially relevant. Here, we demonstrate an advanced approach of nitrogen fixation to synthesize ammonia at ambient conditions via laser-induced multiphoton dissociation of lithium oxide. Lithium oxide is dissociated under non-equilibrium multiphoton absorption and high temperatures under focused infrared light, and the generated zero-valent metal spontaneously fixes nitrogen and forms a lithium nitride, which upon subsequent hydrolysis generates ammonia. The highest ammonia yield rate of 30.9 micromoles per second per square centimeter is achieved at 25 °C and 1.0 bar nitrogen. This is two orders of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art ammonia synthesis at ambient conditions. The focused infrared light here is produced by a commercial simple CO2 laser, serving as a demonstration of potentially solar pumped lasers for nitrogen fixation and other high excitation chemistry. We anticipate such laser-involved technology will bring unprecedented opportunities to realize not only local ammonia production but also other new chemistries .
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Affiliation(s)
- Huize Wang
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ranga Rohit Seemakurthi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Gao-Feng Chen
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guangtong Hai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangxin Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Haihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Potsdam, Germany
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Devi M, Wang H, Moon S, Sharma S, Strauss V. Laser-Carbonization - A Powerful Tool for Micro-Fabrication of Patterned Electronic Carbons. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2211054. [PMID: 36841955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating electronic devices from natural, renewable resources is a common goal in engineering and materials science. In this regard, carbon is of special significance due to its biocompatibility combined with electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability. In microelectronics, however, carbon's device application is often inhibited by tedious and expensive preparation processes and a lack of control over processing and material parameters. Laser-assisted carbonization is emerging as a tool for the precise and selective synthesis of functional carbon-based materials for flexible device applications. In contrast to conventional carbonization via in-furnace pyrolysis, laser-carbonization is induced photo-thermally and occurs on the time-scale of milliseconds. By careful selection of the precursors and process parameters, the properties of this so-called laser-patterned carbon (LP-C) such as porosity, surface polarity, functional groups, degree of graphitization, charge-carrier structure, etc. can be tuned. In this critical review, a common perspective is generated on laser-carbonization in the context of general carbonization strategies, fundamentals of laser-induced materials processing, and flexible electronic applications, like electrodes for sensors, electrocatalysts, energy storage, or antennas. An attempt is made to have equal emphasis on material processing and application aspects such that this emerging technology can be optimally positioned in the broader context of carbon-based microfabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Devi
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Huize Wang
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sanghwa Moon
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Swati Sharma
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department Kolloidchemie, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Schneider H, Strauss V, Vogl S, Antonietti M, Filonenko S. Eutectic Media Open a Synthetic Route to Oligocitrazinic Acid Fluorophores of Purple Hue. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300180. [PMID: 37358187 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Under isochoric and solvent-free conditions, the reaction between ammonium formate and citric acid results in a deeply purple reaction product with fluorescent properties. This brings this reaction in the realm of bio-based fluorophores and bottom-up carbon nanodots from citric acid. The reaction conditions are optimized in terms of UV-vis spectroscopic properties and, subsequently, the main reaction product is separated. While the structural analysis does not give any indication for carbon nanodots in a general sense, it points towards the formation of molecular fluorophores that consist of oligomerized citrazinic acid derivatives. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy reveals the presence of stable free radicals in the product. We hypothesize that such open-shell structures may play a general role in molecular fluorophores from citric acid and are not yet sufficiently explored. Therefore, we believe that analysis of these newly discovered fluorophores may contribute to a better understanding of the properties of fluorophores and CND from citric acid in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Schneider
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Vogl
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Svitlana Filonenko
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Swain S, Kamps A, Runhaar J, Dell'Isola A, Turkiewicz A, Robinson D, Strauss V, Mallen C, Kuo CF, Coupland C, Doherty M, Sarmanova A, Prieto-Alhambra D, Englund M, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Zhang W. Comorbidities in osteoarthritis (ComOA): a combined cross-sectional, case-control and cohort study using large electronic health records in four European countries. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e052816. [PMID: 35387809 PMCID: PMC8987784 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading chronic conditions in the older population. People with OA are more likely to have one or more other chronic conditions than those without. However, the temporal associations, clusters of the comorbidities, role of analgesics and the causality and variation between populations are yet to be investigated. This paper describes the protocol of a multinational study in four European countries (UK, Netherlands, Sweden and Spain) exploring comorbidities in people with OA. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This multinational study will investigate (1) the temporal associations of 61 identified comorbidities with OA, (2) the clusters and trajectories of comorbidities in people with OA, (3) the role of analgesics on incidence of comorbidities in people with OA, (4) the potential biomarkers and causality between OA and the comorbidities, and (5) variations between countries.A combined case-control and cohort study will be conducted to find the temporal association of OA with the comorbidities using the national or regional health databases. Latent class analysis will be performed to identify the clusters at baseline and joint latent class analysis will be used to examine trajectories during the follow-up. A cohort study will be undertaken to evaluate the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids and paracetamol on the incidence of comorbidities. Mendelian randomisation will be performed to investigate the potential biomarkers for causality between OA and the comorbidities using the UK Biobank and the Rotterdam Study databases. Finally, a meta-analyses will be used to examine the variations and pool the results from different countries. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Research ethics was obtained according to each database requirement. Results will be disseminated through the FOREUM website, scientific meetings, publications and in partnership with patient organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashisa Swain
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Kamps
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Runhaar
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dell'Isola
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Turkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Danielle Robinson
- Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Nuffield, Oxford, UK
| | - V Strauss
- Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Nuffield, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chang-Fu Kuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Carol Coupland
- Division of Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael Doherty
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aliya Sarmanova
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniel Prieto-Alhambra
- Center for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford Nuffield, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Englund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sita M A Bierma-Zeinstra
- Department of General Practice, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Weiya Zhang
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Landsiedel R, Hahn D, Ossig R, Ritz S, Sauer L, Buesen R, Rehm S, Wohlleben W, Groeters S, Strauss V, Sperber S, Wami H, Dobrindt U, Prior K, Harmsen D, van Ravenzwaay B, Schnekenburger J. Gut microbiome and plasma metabolome changes in rats after oral gavage of nanoparticles: sensitive indicators of possible adverse health effects. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:21. [PMID: 35321750 PMCID: PMC8941749 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral uptake of nanoparticles is an important route of human exposure and requires solid models for hazard assessment. While the systemic availability is generally low, ingestion may not only affect gastrointestinal tissues but also intestinal microbes. The gut microbiota contributes essentially to human health, whereas gut microbial dysbiosis is known to promote several intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites, which are found in the blood stream, serve as key molecular mediators of host metabolism and immunity. RESULTS Gut microbiota and the plasma metabolome were analyzed in male Wistar rats receiving either SiO2 (1000 mg/kg body weight/day) or Ag nanoparticles (100 mg/kg body weight/day) during a 28-day oral gavage study. Comprehensive clinical, histopathological and hematological examinations showed no signs of nanoparticle-induced toxicity. In contrast, the gut microbiota was affected by both nanoparticles, with significant alterations at all analyzed taxonomical levels. Treatments with each of the nanoparticles led to an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae, a family with gut species known to be correlated with intestinal inflammation. Only in Ag nanoparticle-exposed animals, Akkermansia, a genus known for its protective impact on the intestinal barrier was depleted to hardly detectable levels. In SiO2 nanoparticles-treated animals, several genera were significantly reduced, including probiotics such as Enterococcus. From the analysis of 231 plasma metabolites, we found 18 metabolites to be significantly altered in Ag-or SiO2 nanoparticles-treated rats. For most of these metabolites, an association with gut microbiota has been reported previously. Strikingly, both nanoparticle-treatments led to a significant reduction of gut microbiota-derived indole-3-acetic acid in plasma. This ligand of the arylhydrocarbon receptor is critical for regulating immunity, stem cell maintenance, cellular differentiation and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. CONCLUSIONS The combined profiling of intestinal microbiome and plasma metabolome may serve as an early and sensitive indicator of gut microbiome changes induced by orally administered nanoparticles; this will help to recognize potential adverse effects of these changes to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Hahn
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rainer Ossig
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ritz
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Lydia Sauer
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Roland Buesen
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Sascha Rehm
- HB Technologies AG, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Medical Data Integration Center, University Tuebingen, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Sibylle Groeters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Saskia Sperber
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Haleluya Wami
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Karola Prior
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dag Harmsen
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Juergen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Mendelstrasse 17, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
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8
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Hoffmann A, Jiménez‐Calvo P, Bansmann J, Strauss V, Kuehne AJC. On‐Chip Direct Laser Writing of PAN‐Based Carbon Supercapacitor Electrodes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202270019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Hoffmann A, Jiménez-Calvo P, Bansmann J, Strauss V, Kuehne AJC. On-chip Direct Laser Writing of PAN-based Carbon Supercapacitor Electrodes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2100731. [PMID: 35064608 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report carbonization of polyacrylonitrile by direct laser writing to produce microsupercapacitors directly on-chip. We demonstrate the process by producing interdigitated carbon finger electrodes directly on a printed circuit board, which we then employ to characterize our supercapacitor electrodes. By varying the laser power, we are able to tune the process from carbonization to material ablation. This allows to not only convert pristine polyacrylonitrile films into carbon electrodes, but also to pattern and cut away non-carbonized material to produce completely freestanding carbon electrodes. While the carbon electrodes adhere well to the printed circuit board, non-carbonized polyacrylonitrile is peeled off the substrate. We achieve specific capacities as high as 260 μF/cm2 in a supercapacitor with 16 fingers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoffmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Pablo Jiménez-Calvo
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Joachim Bansmann
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, Ulm, 89069, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
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Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) were photochemically altered to produce dihydrogen under light irradiation. Within the complex structure of CNDs, photo-oxidation takes place at citrazinic acid molecular fluorophore sites. Important is the fact that the resulting CND materials have a dual function. On one hand, they absorb light, and on the other hand, they photo- and electrocatalytically produce dihydrogen from water and seawater, without any external photosensitizer or cocatalyst. Record HER activities of 15.15 and 19.70 mmol(H2) g(catalyst)-1 h-1 were obtained after 1 h of 75 mW/cm2 Xe lamp illumination, from water and seawater, respectively. This impressive performance outweighs the remaining structural uncertainties. A full-fledged physicochemical investigation based on an arsenal of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic characterizations together with microscopy enabled a comprehensive look into the reaction mechanism. For an efficient dihydrogen formation, a precatalytic activation by means of reduction with a sacrificial electron donor is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yana Reva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Wang C, Muni M, Strauss V, Borenstein A, Chang X, Huang A, Qu S, Sung K, Gilham T, Kaner RB. Graphene's Role in Emerging Trends of Capacitive Energy Storage. Small 2021; 17:e2006875. [PMID: 34048633 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Technological breakthroughs in energy storage are being driven by the development of next-generation supercapacitors with favorable features besides high-power density and cycling stability. In this innovation, graphene and its derived materials play an active role. Here, the research status of graphene supercapacitors is analyzed. Recent progress is outlined in graphene assembly, exfoliation, and processing techniques. In addition, electrochemical and electrical attributes that are increasingly valued in next-generation supercapacitors are highlighted along with a summary of the latest research addressing chemical modification of graphene and its derivatives for future supercapacitors. The challenges and solutions discussed in the review hopefully will shed light on the commercialization of graphene and a broader genre of 2D materials in energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mit Muni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arie Borenstein
- Department of Chemistry, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Xueying Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ailun Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sheng Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kimberly Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tera Gilham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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12
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Hannas B, Asiimwe A, A. Botham P, Charlton A, Guignard D, Hallmark N, Jacobi S, Marty S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sauer U, Schneider S, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B. Rodent thyroid toxicity and potential child neurodevelopmental impairment. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Huisinga M, Bertrand L, Chamanza R, Damiani I, Engelhardt J, Francke S, Freyberger A, Harada T, Harleman J, Kaufmann W, Keane K, Köhrle J, Lenz B, Marty MS, Melching-Kollmuss S, Palazzi X, Pohlmeyer-Esch G, Popp A, Rosol TJ, Strauss V, Van den Brink-Knol H, Wood CE, Yoshida M. Adversity Considerations for Thyroid Follicular Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia in Nonclinical Toxicity Studies: Results From the 6th ESTP International Expert Workshop. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 48:920-938. [PMID: 33334259 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320972009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The European Society of Toxicologic Pathology organized an expert workshop in May 2018 to address adversity considerations related to thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia (FCHH), which is a common finding in nonclinical toxicity studies that can have important implications for risk assessment of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and environmental chemicals. The broad goal of the workshop was to facilitate better alignment in toxicologic pathology and regulatory sciences on how to determine adversity of FCHH. Key objectives were to describe common mechanisms leading to thyroid FCHH and potential functional consequences; provide working criteria to assess adversity of FCHH in context of associated findings; and describe additional methods and experimental data that may influence adversity determinations. The workshop panel was comprised of representatives from the European Union, Japan, and the United States. Participants shared case examples illustrating issues related to adversity assessments of thyroid changes. Provided here are summary discussions, key case presentations, and panel recommendations. This information should increase consistency in the interpretation of adverse changes in the thyroid based on pathology findings in nonclinical toxicity studies, help integrate new types of biomarker data into the review process, and facilitate a more systematic approach to communicating adversity determinations in toxicology reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lise Bertrand
- 57146Charles River Laboratories, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France
| | - Ronnie Chamanza
- 50148Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sabine Francke
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 4137US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Köhrle
- 72217Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Lenz
- Roche Pharma Research and Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Sue Marty
- 540144The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles E Wood
- 6893Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, CT, USA
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14
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Harrill JA, Viant MR, Yauk CL, Sachana M, Gant TW, Auerbach SS, Beger RD, Bouhifd M, O'Brien J, Burgoon L, Caiment F, Carpi D, Chen T, Chorley BN, Colbourne J, Corvi R, Debrauwer L, O'Donovan C, Ebbels TMD, Ekman DR, Faulhammer F, Gribaldo L, Hilton GM, Jones SP, Kende A, Lawson TN, Leite SB, Leonards PEG, Luijten M, Martin A, Moussa L, Rudaz S, Schmitz O, Sobanski T, Strauss V, Vaccari M, Vijay V, Weber RJM, Williams AJ, Williams A, Thomas RS, Whelan M. Progress towards an OECD reporting framework for transcriptomics and metabolomics in regulatory toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105020. [PMID: 34333066 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Omics methodologies are widely used in toxicological research to understand modes and mechanisms of toxicity. Increasingly, these methodologies are being applied to questions of regulatory interest such as molecular point-of-departure derivation and chemical grouping/read-across. Despite its value, widespread regulatory acceptance of omics data has not yet occurred. Barriers to the routine application of omics data in regulatory decision making have been: 1) lack of transparency for data processing methods used to convert raw data into an interpretable list of observations; and 2) lack of standardization in reporting to ensure that omics data, associated metadata and the methodologies used to generate results are available for review by stakeholders, including regulators. Thus, in 2017, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics (EAGMST) launched a project to develop guidance for the reporting of omics data aimed at fostering further regulatory use. Here, we report on the ongoing development of the first formal reporting framework describing the processing and analysis of both transcriptomic and metabolomic data for regulatory toxicology. We introduce the modular structure, content, harmonization and strategy for trialling this reporting framework prior to its publication by the OECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Harrill
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States.
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Health and Safety Division, Paris, France
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard D Beger
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | | | - Jason O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Lyle Burgoon
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Donatella Carpi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Tao Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Brian N Chorley
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - John Colbourne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; MetaToul-AXIOM Platform, MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M D Ebbels
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Drew R Ekman
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 30605, United States
| | | | - Laura Gribaldo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Gina M Hilton
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Aniko Kende
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas N Lawson
- Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia B Leite
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Moussa
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schmitz
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, Metabolome Data Science, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Health and Prevention, Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vikrant Vijay
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J Williams
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
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15
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Marty S, Beekhuijzen M, Charlton A, Hallmark N, Hannas BR, Jacobi S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sauer UG, Sheets LP, Strauss V, Urbisch D, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - part II: how can key events of relevant adverse outcome pathways be addressed in toxicological assessments? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:328-358. [PMID: 34074207 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1910625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of thyroid-related adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in mammals has been reviewed. This served to establish if standard rodent toxicity test methods and in vitro assays allow identifying thyroid-related modes-of-action potentially leading to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and the human relevance of effects - in line with the European Commission's Endocrine Disruptor Criteria. The underlying hypothesis is that an understanding of the key events of relevant AOPs provides insight into differences in incidence, magnitude, or species sensitivity of adverse outcomes. The rodent studies include measurements of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid gland pathology and neurodevelopmental assessments, but do not directly inform on specific modes-of-action. Opportunities to address additional non-routine parameters reflecting critical events of AOPs in toxicological assessments are presented. These parameters appear relevant to support the identification of specific thyroid-related modes-of-action, provided that prevailing technical limitations are overcome. Current understanding of quantitative key event relationships is often weak, but would be needed to determine if the triggering of a molecular initiating event will ultimately result in an adverse outcome. Also, significant species differences in all processes related to thyroid hormone signalling are evident, but the biological implications thereof (including human relevance) are often unknown. In conclusion, careful consideration of the measurement (e.g. timing, method) and interpretation of additional non-routine parameters is warranted. These findings will be used in a subsequent paper to propose a testing strategy to identify if a substance may elicit maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and potentially also neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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16
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Zhang J, Zou Y, Eickelmann S, Njel C, Heil T, Ronneberger S, Strauss V, Seeberger PH, Savateev A, Loeffler FF. Laser-driven growth of structurally defined transition metal oxide nanocrystals on carbon nitride photoelectrodes in milliseconds. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3224. [PMID: 34050154 PMCID: PMC8163840 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication of hybrid photoelectrodes on a subsecond timescale with low energy consumption and possessing high photocurrent densities remains a centerpiece for successful implementation of photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of fuels and value-added chemicals. Here, we introduce a laser-driven technology to print sensitizers with desired morphologies and layer thickness onto different substrates, such as glass, carbon, or carbon nitride (CN). The specially designed process uses a thin polymer reactor impregnated with transition metal salts, confining the growth of transition metal oxide (TMO) nanostructures on the interface in milliseconds, while their morphology can be tuned by the laser. Multiple nano-p-n junctions at the interface increase the electron/hole lifetime by efficient charge trapping. A hybrid copper oxide/CN photoanode with optimal architecture reaches 10 times higher photocurrents than the pristine CN photoanode. This technology provides a modular approach to build a library of TMO-based composite films, enabling the creation of materials for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yajun Zou
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Christian Njel
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Heil
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Felix F Loeffler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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17
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Haines P, Reger D, Träg J, Strauss V, Lungerich D, Zahn D, Jux N, Guldi DM. On the photophysics of nanographenes - investigation of functionalized hexa- peri-hexabenzocoronenes as model systems. Nanoscale 2021; 13:801-809. [PMID: 33410836 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06802k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) as representative models for nanographenes. To this end, we synthesized a family of functionalized HBCs and investigated the impact of the substituents on the π-extended systems of the HBCs. DFT and TD-DFT calculations suggested a charge transfer character, which intensified as the electron density withdrawing effects of the substituents (-M-effect) increased. Unambiguous corroboration of the charge transfer character in the case of NO2-substituents was realized via steady-state absorption and fluorescence experiments, which focused on the dependencies on the solvent polarity and temperature featuring. Going beyond HBCs with NO2-substituents, time-correlated single photon counting, and femtosecond and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy unveiled long-lived singlet and triplet excited states. As a complement, we performed electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical measurements. These measurements were carried out to shed light onto the nature of the functionalized HBCs as electron acceptors and/or donors, on the one hand, and their corresponding spectroscopic signatures, on the other hand. All of the aforementioned information enabled intermolecular charge separation assays with, for example, suitable electron acceptors by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Träg
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer Chemistry Center (CCC) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Center for Nanomedicine Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea and Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME) Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer Chemistry Center (CCC) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Sauer UG, Asiimwe A, Botham PA, Charlton A, Hallmark N, Jacobi S, Marty S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Palha JA, Strauss V, van Ravenzwaay B, Swaen G. Toward a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - part I: which parameters from human studies are most relevant for toxicological assessments? Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:740-763. [PMID: 33305658 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1839380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 2018 European Food Safety Authority/European Chemicals Agency Guidance on the Identification of Endocrine Disruptors lacks clarity on how the presence or absence of substance-induced maternal thyroid hormone imbalance, or the potential for subsequent deleterious consequences in child neurodevelopment, should be established by toxicological assessments. To address these uncertainties, this narrative review evaluates human evidence on how altered maternal thyroid function may be associated with child neurodevelopmental outcomes; and seeks to identify parameters in human studies that appear most relevant for toxicological assessments. Serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) are most frequently measured when assessing thyroid function in pregnant women, whereas a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental parameters is used to evaluate child neurodevelopment. The human data confirms an association between altered maternal serum fT4 and/or TSH and increased risk for child neurodevelopmental impairment. Quantitative boundaries of effects indicative of increased risks need to be established. Moreover, it is unknown if altered serum levels of total T4, free or total triiodothyronine, or parameters unrelated to serum thyroid hormones might be more relevant indicators of such effects. None of the human studies established a link between substance-mediated liver enzyme induction and increased serum thyroid hormone clearance, let alone further to child neurodevelopmental impairment. This review identifies research needs to contribute to the development of toxicity testing strategies, to reliably predict whether substances have the potential to impair child neurodevelopment via maternal thyroid hormone imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimaraes, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | - Gerard Swaen
- Department of Complex Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Reischauer
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimalle 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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20
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Savateev A, Tarakina NV, Strauss V, Hussain T, ten Brummelhuis K, Sánchez Vadillo JM, Markushyna Y, Mazzanti S, Tyutyunnik AP, Walczak R, Oschatz M, Guldi DM, Karton A, Antonietti M. Potassium Poly(Heptazine Imide): Transition Metal-Free Solid-State Triplet Sensitizer in Cascade Energy Transfer and [3+2]-cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15061-15068. [PMID: 32412175 PMCID: PMC7496904 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride materials have been used in numerous light-to-energy conversion applications ranging from photocatalysis to optoelectronics. For a new application and modelling, we first refined the crystal structure of potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI)-a benchmark carbon nitride material in photocatalysis-by means of X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Using the crystal structure of K-PHI, periodic DFT calculations were performed to calculate the density-of-states (DOS) and localize intra band states (IBS). IBS were found to be responsible for the enhanced K-PHI absorption in the near IR region, to serve as electron traps, and to be useful in energy transfer reactions. Once excited with visible light, carbon nitrides, in addition to the direct recombination, can also undergo singlet-triplet intersystem crossing. We utilized the K-PHI centered triplet excited states to trigger a cascade of energy transfer reactions and, in turn, to sensitize, for example, singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) as a starting point to synthesis up to 25 different N-rich heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway6009PerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Katharina ten Brummelhuis
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Alexander P. Tyutyunnik
- Institute of Solid State ChemistryUral Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences91 Pervomayskaya str.620990EkaterinburgRussia
| | - Ralf Walczak
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western Australia35 Stirling Highway6009PerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Department of Colloid ChemistryMax Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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21
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Abstract
Luminescent compounds obtained from the thermal reaction of citric acid and urea have been studied and utilized in different applications in the past few years. The identified reaction products range from carbon nitrides over graphitic carbon to distinct molecular fluorophores. On the other hand, the solid, non-fluorescent reaction product produced at higher temperatures has been found to be a valuable precursor for the CO2-laser-assisted carbonization reaction in carbon laser-patterning. This work addresses the question of structural identification of both, the fluorescent and non-fluorescent reaction products obtained in the thermal reaction of citric acid and urea. The reaction products produced during autoclave-microwave reactions in the melt were thoroughly investigated as a function of the reaction temperature and the reaction products were subsequently separated by a series of solvent extractions and column chromatography. The evolution of a green molecular fluorophore, namely HPPT, was confirmed and a full characterization study on its structure and photophysical properties was conducted. The additional blue fluorescence is attributed to oligomeric ureas, which was confirmed by complementary optical and structural characterization. These two components form strong hydrogen-bond networks which eventually react to form solid, semi-crystalline particles with a size of ∼7 nm and an elemental composition of 46% C, 22% N, and 29% O. The structural features and properties of all three main components were investigated in a comprehensive characterization study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Huize Wang
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Simon Delacroix
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Marc Ledendecker
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Pablo Wessig
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
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Savateev A, Tarakina NV, Strauss V, Hussain T, Brummelhuis K, Sánchez Vadillo JM, Markushyna Y, Mazzanti S, Tyutyunnik AP, Walczak R, Oschatz M, Guldi DM, Karton A, Antonietti M. Kalium‐Polyheptazinimid: Ein übergangsmetallfreier Festkörper‐Triplett‐Sensibilisator in Kaskadenenergietransfer und [3+2]‐Cycloadditionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Nadezda V. Tarakina
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Volker Strauss
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway 6009 Perth Western Australia Australien
| | - Katharina Brummelhuis
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | | | - Yevheniia Markushyna
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Stefano Mazzanti
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Alexander P. Tyutyunnik
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 91 Pervomayskaya str. 620990 Ekaterinburg Russland
| | - Ralf Walczak
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Martin Oschatz
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway 6009 Perth Western Australia Australien
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Abteilung der Kolloidchemie Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Deutschland
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Swain S, Coupland C, Strauss V, Mallen C, Kuo CF, Sarmanova A, Doherty M, Zhang W. OP0074 MULTIMORBIDITY CLUSTERS, DETERMINANTS AND TRAJECTORIES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE UK: FINDINGS FROM THE CLINICAL PRACTICE RESEARCH DATALINK. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions) escalates the risk of adverse health outcomes. However, its burden in people with osteoarthritis (OA) remains largely unknown.Objectives:To identify the clusters of patients with multimorbidity and associated factors in OA and non-OA populations and to estimate the risk of developing multimorbidity clusters after the index date (after diagnosis).Methods:The study used the Clinical Practice Research Datalink – a primary care database from the UK. Firstly, age, sex and practice matched OA and non-OA people aged 20+ were identified to explore patterns and associations of clusters of multimorbidity within each group. Non-OA controls were assigned with same index date as that of matched OA cases. Secondly, multimorbidity trajectories for 20 years after the index date were examined in people without any comorbidities at baseline in both OA and non-OA groups. Latent class analysis was used to identify clusters and latent class growth modelling was used for cluster trajectories. The associations between clusters and age, sex, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, smoking habits at baseline were quantified through multinomial logistic regression.Results:In total, 47 long-term conditions were studied in 443,822 people (OA- 221922; non-OA- 221900), with a mean age of 62 years (standard deviation ± 13 years), and 58% being women. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 76.6% and 68.9% in the OA and non-OA groups, respectively. In the OA group five clusters were identified including relatively healthy (18%), ‘cardiovascular (CVD) and musculoskeletal (MSK)’ (12.3%), metabolic syndrome (28.2%), ‘pain and psychological (9.1%), and ‘musculoskeletal’ (32.4%). The non-OA group had similar patterns except that the ‘pain+ psychological’ cluster was replaced by ‘thyroid and psychological’. (Figure 1) Among people with OA, ‘CVD+MSK’ and metabolic syndrome clusters were strongly associated with obesity with a relative risk ratio (RRR) of 2.04 (95% CI 1.95-2.13) and 2.10 (95% CI 2.03-2.17), respectively. Women had four times higher risk of being in the ‘pain+ psychological’ cluster than men when compared to the gender ratio in the healthy cluster, (RRR 4.28; 95% CI 4.09-4.48). In the non-OA group, obesity was significantly associated with all the clusters.Figure 1: Posterior probability distribution of chronic conditions across the clusters in Osteoarthritis (OA, n=221922) and Non-Osteoarthritis (Non-OA, n=221900) group. COPD- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CVD- Cardiovascular; MSK- MusculoskeletalOA (n=24139) and non-OA (n=24144) groups had five and four multimorbidity trajectory clusters, respectively. Among the OA population, 2.7% had rapid onset of multimorbidity, 9.5% had gradual onset and 11.6% had slow onset, whereas among the non-OA population, there was no rapid onset cluster, 4.6% had gradual onset and 14.3% had slow onset of multimorbidity. (Figure 2)Figure 2: Clusters of multimorbidity trajectories after index date in OA (n=24139) and Non-OA (n=24144)Conclusion:Distinct identified groups in OA and non-OA suggests further research for possible biological linkage within each cluster. The rapid onset of multimorbidity in OA should be considered for chronic disease management.Supported by:Acknowledgments:We would like to thank the University of Nottingham, UK, Beijing Joint Care Foundation, China and Foundation for Research in Rheumatology (FOREUM) for supporting the study.Disclosure of Interests:Subhashisa Swain: None declared, Carol Coupland: None declared, Victoria Strauss: None declared, Christian Mallen Grant/research support from: My department has received financial grants from BMS for a cardiology trial., Chang-Fu Kuo: None declared, Aliya Sarmanova: None declared, Michael Doherty Grant/research support from: AstraZeneca funded the Nottingham Sons of Gout study, Consultant of: Advisory borads on gout for Grunenthal and Mallinckrodt, Weiya Zhang Consultant of: Grunenthal for advice on gout management, Speakers bureau: Bioiberica as an invited speaker for EULAR 2016 satellite symposium
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Borenstein A, Strauss V, Kowal MD, Anderson M, Kaner RB. Laser-Assisted Lattice Recovery of Graphene by Carbon Nanodot Incorporation. Small 2019; 15:e1904918. [PMID: 31755656 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Producing highly oriented graphene is a major challenge that constrains graphene from fulfilling its full potential in technological applications. The exciting properties of graphene are impeded in practical bulk materials due to lattice imperfections that hinder charge mobility. A simple method to improve the structural integrity of graphene by utilizing laser irradiation on a composite of carbon nanodots (CNDs) and 3D graphene is presented. The CNDs attach themselves to defect sites in the graphene sheets and, upon laser-assisted reduction, patch defects in the carbon lattice. Spectroscopic experiments reveal graphitic structural recovery of up to 43% and electrical conductivity four times larger than the original graphene. The composites are tested as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors and demonstrate extremely fast RC time constant as low as 0.57 ms. Due to their low defect concentrations, the reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanodot (rGO-CND) composites frequency response is sufficiently fast to operate as AC line filters, potentially replacing today's electrolytic capacitors. Using this methodology, demonstrated is a novel line filter with one of the fastest capacitive responses ever reported, and an aerial capacitance of 68.8 mF cm-2 . This result emphasizes the decisive role of structural integrity for optimizing graphene in electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Borenstein
- Department of Chemistry, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Matthew D Kowal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mackenzie Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Keller J, Mellert W, Sperber S, Strauss V, Kamp H, Herold M, Walk T, van Ravenzwaay B. Added value of plasma metabolite profiling in prenatal rat routine studies. Reprod Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Strauss V, Muni M, Borenstein A, Badamdorj B, Heil T, Kowal MD, Kaner R. Patching laser-reduced graphene oxide with carbon nanodots. Nanoscale 2019; 11:12712-12719. [PMID: 31241092 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01719d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional graphenes are versatile materials for a range of electronic applications and considered among the most promising candidates for electrodes in future electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) as they are expected to outperform commercially used activated carbon. Parameters such as electrical conductivity and active surface area are critical to the final device performance. By adding carbon nanodots to graphene oxide in the starting material for our standard laser-assisted reduction process, the structural integrity (i.e. lower defect density) of the final 3D-graphene is improved. As a result, the active surface area in the hybrid starting materials was increased by 130% and the electrical conductivity enhanced by nearly an order of magnitude compared to pure laser-reduced graphene oxide. These improved material parameters lead to enhanced device performance of the EDLC electrodes. The frequency response, i.e. the minimum phase angle and the relaxation time, were significantly improved from -82.2° and 128 ms to -84.3° and 7.6 ms, respectively. For the same devices the specific gravimetric device capacitance was increased from 110 to a maximum value of 214 F g-1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Max Planck Institut für Kolloid - und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mit Muni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Arie Borenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Chemistry Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Bolortuya Badamdorj
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid - und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Tobias Heil
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid - und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Matthew D Kowal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Richard Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li AA, Makris SL, Marty MS, Strauss V, Gilbert ME, Blacker A, Zorrilla LM, Coder PS, Hannas B, Lordi S, Schneider S. Practical considerations for developmental thyroid toxicity assessments: What's working, what's not, and how can we do better? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:111-136. [PMID: 31018155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs; T3 and T4) play a role in development of cardiovascular, reproductive, immune and nervous systems. Thus, interpretation of TH changes from rodent studies (during pregnancy, in fetuses, neonates, and adults) is critical in hazard characterization and risk assessment. A roundtable session at the 2017 Society of Toxicology (SOT) meeting brought together academic, industry and government scientists to share knowledge and different perspectives on technical and data interpretation issues. Data from a limited group of laboratories were compiled for technical discussions on TH measurements, including good practices for reliable serum TH data. Inter-laboratory historical control data, derived from immunoassays or mass spectrometry methods, revealed: 1) assay sensitivities vary within and across methodologies; 2) TH variability is similar across animal ages; 3) laboratories generally achieve sufficiently sensitive TH quantitation levels, although issues remain for lower levels of serum TH and TSH in fetuses and postnatal day 4 pups; thus, assay sensitivity is critical at these life stages. Best practices require detailed validation of rat serum TH measurements across ages to establish assay sensitivity and precision, and identify potential matrix effects. Finally, issues related to data interpretation for biological understanding and risk assessment were discussed, but their resolution remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby A Li
- Exponent Inc., 1010 14th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94114, USA.
| | - Susan L Makris
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW 8623R, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - M Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health Environmental Effects Research Lab, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD B105 05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Ann Blacker
- Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, RTP, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - Pragati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 1407 George Road, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA.
| | - Bethany Hannas
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Sheri Lordi
- Charles River Laboratories International, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA.
| | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Abstract
In recent years, carbon nanodots (CNDs) have emerged as an environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and inexpensive class of material, whose features sparked interest for a wide range of applications. Most notable is their photoactivity, as exemplified by their strong luminescence. Consequently, CNDs are currently being investigated as active components in photocatalysis, sensing, and optoelectronics. Charge-transfer interactions are common to all these areas. It is therefore essential to be able to fine-tune both the electronic structure of CNDs and the electronic communication in CND-based functional materials. The complex, but not completely deciphered, structure of CNDs necessitates, however, a multifaceted strategy to investigate their fundamental electronic structure and to establish structure-property relationships. Such investigations require a combination of spectroscopic methods, such as ultrafast transient absorption and fluorescence up-conversion techniques, electrochemistry, and modeling of CNDs, both in the absence and presence of other photoactive materials. Only a sound understanding of the dynamics of charge transfer, charge shift, charge transport, etc., with and without light makes much-needed improvements in, for example, photocatalytic processes, in which CNDs are used as either photosensitizers or catalytic centers, possible. This Account addresses the structural, photophysical, and electrochemical properties of CNDs, in general, and the charge-transfer chemistry of CNDs, in particular. Pressure-synthesized CNDs (pCNDs), for which citric acid and urea are used as inexpensive and biobased precursor materials, lie at the center of attention. A simple microwave-assisted thermolytic reaction, performed in sealed vessels, yields pCNDs with a fairly homogeneous size distribution of ∼1-2 nm. The narrow and excitation-independent photoluminescence of pCNDs contrasts with that seen in CNDs synthesized by other techniques, making pCNDs optimal for in-depth physicochemical analyses. The atomistic and electronic structures of CNDs were also analyzed by quantum chemical modeling approaches that led to a range of possible structures, ranging from heavily functionalized, graphene-like structures to disordered amorphous particles containing small sp2 domains. Both the electron-accepting and -donating performances of CNDs make the charge-transfer chemistry of CNDs rather versatile. Both covalent and noncovalent synthetic approaches have been explored, resulting in architectures of various sizes. CNDs, for example, have been combined with molecular materials ranging from electron-donating porphyrins and extended tetrathiafulvalenes to electron-accepting perylendiimides, or nanocarbon materials such as polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes. In every case, charge-separated states formed as part of the reaction cascades initiated by photoexcitation. Charge-transfer assemblies including CNDs have also played a role in technological applications: for example, a proof-of-concept dye-sensitized solar cell was designed and tested, in which CNDs were adsorbed on the surface of mesoporous anatase TiO2. The wide range of reported electron-donor-acceptor systems documents the versatility of CNDs as molecular building blocks, whose electronic properties are tunable for the needs of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cadranel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johannes T. Margraf
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Kucheryavenko O, Lurman G, Lehmann A, Braz J, Niemann L, Chahoud I, Mantovani A, Håkansson H, Schneider S, Strauss V, Coder PS, Freyberger A, O'Connor JC, Rauch M, Renko K, Solano MLM, Andersson N, Blanck O, Ritz V, Solecki R. Report from the BfR expert hearing on practicability of hormonal measurements: recommendations for experimental design of toxicological studies with integrated hormonal end points. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1157-1167. [PMID: 30929029 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This publication summarizes discussions that were held during an international expert hearing organized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin, Germany, in October 2017. The expert hearing was dedicated to providing practical guidance for the measurement of circulating hormones in regulatory toxicology studies. Adequate measurements of circulating hormones have become more important given the regulatory requirement to assess the potential for endocrine disrupting properties for all substances covered by the plant protection products and biocidal products regulations in the European Union (EU). The main focus was the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) and the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG). Insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamins A and D were also discussed. During the hearing, the experts agreed on specific recommendations for design, conduct and evaluation of acceptability of studies measuring thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone and reproductive hormones as well as provided some recommendations for insulin and IGF-1. Experts concluded that hormonal measurements as part of the test guidelines (TGs) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) were necessary on the condition that quality criteria to guarantee reliability and reproducibility of measurements are adhered to. Inclusion of the female reproductive hormones in OECD TGs was not recommended unless the design of the study was modified to appropriately measure hormone concentrations. The current report aims at promoting standardization of the experimental designs of hormonal assays to allow their integration in OECD TGs and highlights research needs for better identification of endocrine disruptors using hormone measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn Lurman
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Lehmann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliana Braz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lars Niemann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Chahoud
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John C O'Connor
- DuPont Haskell Global Center for Health & Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Martina Rauch
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kostja Renko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marize L M Solano
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- CTGB, Ede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Vera Ritz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Solecki
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Strauss V, Anderson M, Wang C, Borenstein A, Kaner RB. Carbon Nanodots as Feedstock for a Uniform Hematite-Graphene Nanocomposite. Small 2018; 14:e1803656. [PMID: 30417529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High degrees of dispersion are a prerequisite for functional composite materials for applications in electronics such as sensors, charge and data storage, and catalysis. The use of small precursor materials can be a decisive factor in achieving a high degree of dispersion. In this study, carbon nanodots are used to fabricate a homogeneous, finely dispersed Fe2 O3 -graphene composite aerogel in a one-step conversion process from a precursor mixture. The laser-assisted conversion of small size carbon nanodots enables a uniform distribution of 6.5 nm Fe2 O3 nanoparticles during the formation of a highly conductive carbon matrix. Structural and electrochemical characterization shows that the features of both material entities are maintained and successfully integrated. The presence of Fe2 O3 nanoparticles has a positive effect on the active surface area of the carbon aerogel and thus on the capacitance of the material. This is demonstrated by testing the performance of the composite in supercapacitors. Faradaic reactions are exploited in an aqueous electrolyte through the high accessible surface of the incorporated small Fe2 O3 nanoparticles boosting the specific capacitance of the 3D turbostratic graphene network significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mackenzie Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chenxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Arie Borenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Dekkers S, Ma-Hock L, Lynch I, Russ M, Miller MR, Schins RPF, Keller J, Römer I, Küttler K, Strauss V, De Jong WH, Landsiedel R, Cassee FR. Differences in the toxicity of cerium dioxide nanomaterials after inhalation can be explained by lung deposition, animal species and nanoforms. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:273-286. [PMID: 30286672 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1516834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Considerable differences in pulmonary responses have been observed in animals exposed to cerium dioxide nanoparticles via inhalation. These differences in pulmonary toxicity might be explained by differences in lung deposition, species susceptibility or physicochemical characteristics of the tested cerium dioxide nanoforms (i.e. same chemical substance, different size, shape, surface area or surface chemistry). In order to distinguish the relative importance of these different influencing factors, we performed a detailed analysis of the data from several inhalation studies with different exposure durations, species and nanoforms, namely published data on NM211 and NM212 (JRC repository), NanoAmor (commercially available) and our published and unpublished data on PROM (industry provided). Data were analyzed by comparing the observed pulmonary responses at similar external and internal dose levels. Our analyses confirm that rats are more sensitive to developing pulmonary inflammation compared to mice. The observed differences in responses do not result purely from differences in the delivered and retained doses (expressed in particle mass as well as surface area). In addition, the different nanoforms assessed showed differences in toxic potency likely due to differences in their physicochemical parameters. Primary particle and aggregate/agglomerate size distributions have a substantial impact on the deposited dose and consequently on the pulmonary response. However, in our evaluation size could not fully explain the difference observed in the analyzed studies indicating that the pulmonary response also depends on other physicochemical characteristics of the particles. It remains to be determined to what extent these findings can be generalized to other poorly soluble nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Dekkers
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Iseult Lynch
- c School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , UK
| | - Mike Russ
- d Promethean Particles Ltd , Nottingham , UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- e Centre for Cardiovascular Science University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Roel P F Schins
- f IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jana Keller
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Isabella Römer
- c School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , UK
| | - Karin Küttler
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Wim H De Jong
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,g Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Skwarski M, Mcgowan D, Bradley K, Fenwick J, Gleeson F, Horne A, Maughan T, Mckenna W, Mohammed S, Muschel R, Ng S, Panakis N, Strauss V, Stuart R, Vallis K, Macpherson R, Higgins G. P1.13-31 Safety and Tumour Hypoxia Modifying Effect of Buparlisib with Radiotherapy in NSCLC: A Phase I Dose Escalation Study. J Thorac Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.08.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Strauss V. Thyroid hormone measurement in developmental toxicity studies – technical and interpretation issues. Reprod Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Behr C, Sperber S, Jiang X, Strauss V, Kamp H, Walk T, Herold M, Beekmann K, Rietjens I, van Ravenzwaay B. Microbiome-related metabolite changes in gut tissue, cecum content and feces of rats treated with antibiotics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 355:198-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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36
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Behr C, Ramírez-Hincapié S, Cameron HJ, Strauss V, Walk T, Herold M, Beekmann K, Rietjens IMCM, van Ravenzwaay B. Impact of lincosamides antibiotics on the composition of the rat gut microbiota and the metabolite profile of plasma and feces. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:139-151. [PMID: 30102961 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the gut microorganisms and their wide range of interactions with the host are well-acknowledged. In this study, lincomycin and clindamycin were used to modulate microbial communities of Wistar rats to gain a comprehensive understanding of the implications of microbiome alterations. A metabolomics approach and taxonomic profiling were applied to characterize the effects of these antibiotics on the functionality of the microbiome and to identify microbiome-related metabolites. After treatment, the diversity of the microbial community was drastically reduced. Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were drastically reduced, Tenericutes and Deferribacteres completely disappeared, while abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were highly increased. Changes in plasma and feces metabolites were observed for metabolites belonging mainly to the class of complex lipids, fatty acids and related metabolites as well as amino acids and related compounds. Bile acid metabolism was markedly affected: taurocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid presented abrupt changes showing a specific metabolite pattern indicating disruption of the microbial community. In both plasma and feces taurocholic acid was highly upregulated upon treatment whereas glycochenodeoxycholic acid was downregulated. Cholic acid was upregulated in feces but downregulated in plasma. These results show that changes in the gut microbial community lead to alterations of the metabolic profile in blood and feces of the host and can be used to identify potentially microbiome-related metabolites. This implies that metabolomics could be a suitable tool to estimate the extent of changes induced in the intestinal microbiome with respect to consequences for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Behr
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - H J Cameron
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - V Strauss
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - T Walk
- metanomics GmbH, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Herold
- metanomics GmbH, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Beekmann
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Strauss V, Marsh K, Kowal MD, El-Kady M, Kaner RB. A Simple Route to Porous Graphene from Carbon Nanodots for Supercapacitor Applications. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1704449. [PMID: 29318674 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A facile method to convert biomolecule-based carbon nanodots (CNDs) into high-surface-area 3D-graphene networks with excellent electrochemical properties is presented. Initially, CNDs are synthesized by microwave-assisted thermolysis of citric acid and urea according to previously published protocols. Next, the CNDs are annealed up to 400 °C in a tube furnace in an oxygen-free environment. Finally, films of the thermolyzed CNDs are converted into open porous 3D turbostratic graphene (3D-ts-graphene) networks by irradiation with an infrared laser. Based upon characterizations using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, a feasible reaction mechanism for both the thermolysis of the CNDs and the subsequent laser conversion into 3D-ts-graphene is presented. The 3D-ts-graphene networks show excellent morphological properties, such as a hierarchical porous structure and a high surface area, as well as promising electrochemical properties. For example, nearly ideal capacitive behavior with a volumetric capacitance of 27.5 mF L-1 is achieved at a current density of 560 A L-1 , which corresponds to an energy density of 24.1 mWh L-1 at a power density of 711 W L-1 . Remarkable is the extremely fast charge-discharge cycling rate with a time constant of 3.44 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kris Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Matthew D Kowal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maher El-Kady
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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Cadranel A, Strauss V, Margraf JT, Winterfeld KA, Vogl C, Đorđević L, Arcudi F, Hoelzel H, Jux N, Prato M, Guldi DM. Screening Supramolecular Interactions between Carbon Nanodots and Porphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:904-907. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes T. Margraf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kim A. Winterfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Vogl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcudi
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Helen Hoelzel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology
Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de
Miramoń 182, 20009 Donostia-SanSebastiań, Spain
- Basque
Fdn Sci
Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Scharl T, Cadranel A, Haines P, Strauss V, Bernhardt S, Vela S, Atienza C, Gröhn F, Martín N, Guldi DM. Fine-tuning the assemblies of carbon nanodots and porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:11642-11644. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present charge-transfer assemblies of electron accepting, pressure-synthesized carbon nanodots (pCNDs) and an electron donating porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Philipp Haines
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Sarah Bernhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Sonia Vela
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Carmen Atienza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid
- E-28040 Madrid
- Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- C/Faraday
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
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Ma-Hock L, Groeters S, Strauss V, Keller J, Wiench K, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. Long-term inhalation study with CeO 2 - and BaSO 4 nanomaterials – Study design, in-life findings, and lung burden. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Marxfeld H, Strauss V, Groeters S, Schneider S, van Ravenzwaay B. Validity of T3, T4 and TSH hormone measurement and stepwise evaluation in juvenile rats based on OECD TG's 422/421. Toxicol Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schneider S, Fussell KC, Melching-Kollmuss S, Buesen R, Gröters S, Strauss V, Jiang X, van Ravenzwaay B. Investigations on the dose-response relationship of combined exposure to low doses of three anti-androgens in Wistar rats. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3961-3989. [PMID: 28879601 PMCID: PMC5719133 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation examines whether combined exposure to three anti-androgens (flutamide, prochloraz, vinclozolin) result in interference with endocrine homeostasis when applied at very low dose levels, and whether the results of combined exposure are more pronounced than to the individual compounds. A pre-post-natal in vivo study design was chosen with more parameters than regulatory testing protocols require (additional endpoints addressing hormone levels, morphology and histopathological examinations). Dose levels were chosen to represent the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), and the acceptable daily intake for each individual substance. Anti-androgenic changes were observable at the effect level (LOAEL) but not at lower exposures. Nipple/areola counts appeared to be a sensitive measure of effect, in addition to male sex organ weights at sexual maturation, and finally gross findings. The results indicate the absence of evidence for effects at low or very low dose levels. No (adverse) effects were seen at the NOAEL dose. A non-monotonic dose-response relationship was not evident. Combined exposure at LOAEL level resulted in enhanced responses for anogenital index, number of areolas/nipples, delayed preputial separation and reduced ventral prostate weight in comparison to the individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schneider
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Buesen
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Xiaoqi Jiang
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Arcudi F, Strauss V, Đorđević L, Cadranel A, Guldi DM, Prato M. Porphyrin Antennas on Carbon Nanodots: Excited State Energy and Electron Transduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci; Ikerbasque Bilbao 48013 Spain
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44
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Arcudi F, Strauss V, Đorđević L, Cadranel A, Guldi DM, Prato M. Porphyrin Antennas on Carbon Nanodots: Excited State Energy and Electron Transduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12097-12101. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences; INSTM UdR Trieste; University of Trieste; Via Licio Giorgieri 1 Trieste 34127 Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo de Miramón 182 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci; Ikerbasque Bilbao 48013 Spain
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Gliemann BD, Strauss V, Hitzenberger JF, Dral PO, Hampel F, Gisselbrecht JP, Drewello T, Thiel W, Guldi DM, Kivala M. Dithiafulvenyl-Extended N
-Heterotriangulenes and Their Interaction with C60
: Cooperative Fluorescence. Chemistry 2017; 23:12353-12362. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina D. Gliemann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemie and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jakob F. Hitzenberger
- Department of Chemie and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Pavlo O. Dral
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Gisselbrecht
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide; Institut de Chimie-LC3-UMR 7177, C.N.R.S; Université de Strasbourg, 4; rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemie and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemie and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
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Strauss V, Rey Moreno MC, Vogt J, Dammann M, Schneider S, Gröters S, van Ravenzwaay B. Acetylcholinesterase measurement in various brain regions and muscles of juvenile, adolescent, and adult rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:666-676. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1349849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Jeanette Vogt
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Steffen Schneider
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Greenhalgh T, Wilson J, Puri T, Franklin J, Wang L, Goldin R, Chu K, Strauss V, Partridge M, Maughan T. EP-1278: FMISO-PET & perfusion CT at baseline and; week 2 CRT as predictive markers for response in rectal ca. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(17)31713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Behr C, Kamp H, Fabian E, Krennrich G, Mellert W, Peter E, Strauss V, Walk T, Rietjens IMCM, van Ravenzwaay B. Gut microbiome-related metabolic changes in plasma of antibiotic-treated rats. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3439-3454. [PMID: 28337503 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota contributes to the metabolism of its host. Adequate identification of the microbiota's impact on the host plasma metabolites is lacking. As antibiotics have a profound effect on the microbial composition and hence on the mammalian-microbiota co-metabolism, we studied the effects of antibiotics on the "functionality of the microbiome"-defined as the production of metabolites absorbed by the host. This metabolomics study presents insights into the mammalian-microbiome co-metabolism of endogenous metabolites. To identify plasma metabolites related to microbiome changes due to antibiotic treatment, we have applied broad-spectrum antibiotics belonging to the class of aminoglycosides (neomycin, gentamicin), fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, levofloxacin) and tetracyclines (doxycycline, tetracycline). These were administered orally for 28 days to male rats including blood sampling for metabolic profiling after 7, 14 and 28 days. Fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines can be absorbed from the gut; whereas, aminoglycosides are poorly absorbed. Hippuric acid, indole-3-acetic acid and glycerol were identified as key metabolites affected by antibiotic treatment, beside changes mainly concerning amino acids and carbohydrates. Inter alia, effects on indole-3-propionic acid were found to be unique for aminoglycosides, and on 3-indoxylsulfate for tetracyclines. For each class of antibiotics, specific metabolome patterns could be established in the MetaMap®Tox data base, which contains metabolome data for more than 550 reference compounds. The results suggest that plasma-based metabolic profiling (metabolomics) could be a suitable tool to investigate the effect of antibiotics on the functionality of the microbiome and to obtain insight into the mammalian-microbiome co-metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Behr
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - H Kamp
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - E Fabian
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - W Mellert
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - E Peter
- Metanomics GmbH, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Strauss
- BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - T Walk
- Metanomics GmbH, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - I M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Wang W, Wang B, Embrechts H, Damm C, Cadranel A, Strauss V, Distaso M, Hinterberger V, Guldi DM, Peukert W. Shedding light on the effective fluorophore structure of high fluorescence quantum yield carbon nanodots. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique luminescence properties of carbon nanodots (CDs) originate from pyridone-like fluorophores bound to carbon core.
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