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Fournier R, Green AR, Greenberg A, Lee-Ruff E, Liebman JF, Rágyanszki A. Predicted Reversal in N-Methylazepine/N-Methyl-7-azanorcaradiene Equilibrium Upon Formation of Their N-Oxides. Molecules 2020; 25:E4767. [PMID: 33081412 PMCID: PMC7594072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional calculations and up to five different basis sets have been applied to the exploration of the structural, enthalpy and free energy changes upon conversion of the azepine to the corresponding N-oxide. Although it is well known that azepines are typically much more stable than their 7-azanorcaradiene valence isomers, the stabilities are reversed for the corresponding N-oxides. Structural, thermochemical as well as nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) criteria are employed to probe the potential aromaticity, antiaromaticity and nonaromaticity of N-methylazepine, its 7-azanorcaradiene valence isomer. For the sake of comparison, analogous studies are performed on N-methylpyrrole and its N-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Keele Campus, Toronto, ON MJ3 1P3, Canada;
| | - Alexa R. Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - Arthur Greenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - Edward Lee-Ruff
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Keele Campus, Toronto, ON MJ3 1P3, Canada;
| | - Joel F. Liebman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Anita Rágyanszki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Keele Campus, Toronto, ON MJ3 1P3, Canada
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Ruokolainen M, Gul T, Permentier H, Sikanen T, Kostiainen R, Kotiaho T. Comparison of TiO2 photocatalysis, electrochemically assisted Fenton reaction and direct electrochemistry for simulation of phase I metabolism reactions of drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 83:36-44. [PMID: 26690045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis, electrochemically assisted Fenton reaction (EC-Fenton) and direct electrochemical oxidation (EC) for simulation of phase I metabolism of drugs was studied by comparing the reaction products of buspirone, promazine, testosterone and 7-ethoxycoumarin with phase I metabolites of the same compounds produced in vitro by human liver microsomes (HLM). Reaction products were analysed by UHPLC-MS. TiO2 photocatalysis simulated the in vitro phase I metabolism in HLM more comprehensively than did EC-Fenton or EC. Even though TiO2 photocatalysis, EC-Fenton and EC do not allow comprehensive prediction of phase I metabolism, all three methods produce several important metabolites without the need for demanding purification steps to remove the biological matrix. Importantly, TiO2 photocatalysis produces aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation products where direct EC fails. Furthermore, TiO2 photocatalysis is an extremely rapid, simple and inexpensive way to generate oxidation products in a clean matrix and the reaction can be simply initiated and quenched by switching the UV lamp on/off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miina Ruokolainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Turan Gul
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hjalmar Permentier
- Analytical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tiina Sikanen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), FI-00014, Finland; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. BOX 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014, Finland.
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García C, Oyola R, Piñero L, Cruz N, Alejandro F, Arce R, Nieves I. Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Study of Protriptyline in Several Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0257855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo García
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus, 100 Road 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300, and University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Rolando Oyola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus, 100 Road 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300, and University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Luis Piñero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus, 100 Road 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300, and University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Nadya Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus, 100 Road 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300, and University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Felix Alejandro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus, 100 Road 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300, and University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Rafael Arce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus, 100 Road 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300, and University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
| | - Ileana Nieves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao Campus, 100 Road 908, Humacao, Puerto Rico 00791-4300, and University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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