1
|
Meimoun L, Pecchi É, Vilmen C, Bendahan D, Giannesini B. Effect of citrulline malate supplementation on muscle function and bioenergetics during short-term repeated bouts of fatiguing exercise. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1981-1990. [PMID: 36251983 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2123527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline malate (CM) has been shown to improve muscle performance in healthy participants during a single exercise session. Yet, within the framework of exercises repeated at close time interval, the consequences of CM ingestion on mechanical performance are controversial and the bioenergetics side remains undocumented. The aim of this double-blind placebo-controlled study was to evaluate in vivo the effect of short-term (7 doses in 48 h) oral administration of CM upon gastrocnemius muscle function and bioenergetics using non-invasive multimodal NMR techniques in healthy rats. The experimental protocol consisted of two 6-min bouts of fatiguing exercise spaced by an 8-min recovery period. CM treatment did not affect the basal bioenergetics status and increased the half-fatigue time during the first exercise bout. With exercise repetition, it prevented PCr cost alteration and decreased both the glycolytic ATP production and the contractile ATP cost in working muscle, but these changes were not associated to any improvement in mechanical performance. In addition, CM did not influence the replenishment of high-energy phosphorylated compounds during the post-exercise recovery periods. Therefore, short-term CM administration enhances muscle bioenergetics throughout fatiguing bouts of exercise repeated at close time interval but this enhancement does not benefit to mechanical performance.
Collapse
|
2
|
da Silva DK, Jacinto JL, de Andrade WB, Roveratti MC, Estoche JM, Balvedi MCW, de Oliveira DB, da Silva RA, Aguiar AF. Citrulline Malate Does Not Improve Muscle Recovery after Resistance Exercise in Untrained Young Adult Men. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1132. [PMID: 29057836 PMCID: PMC5691748 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of citrulline malate (CM) on muscle recovery from resistance exercise remains unknown. We aimed to determine if citrulline malate supplementation improves muscle recovery after a single session of high-intensity resistance exercise (RE) in untrained young adult men. Nine young adult men (24.0 ± 3.3 years) participated in a double-blind crossover study in which they received 6 g of CM and placebo (PL) on two occasions, separated by a seven-day washout period. Each occasion consisted of a single session of high-intensity RE (0 h) and three subsequent fatigue tests sessions (at 24, 48, and 72 h) to assess the time course of muscle recovery. During the tests sessions, we assessed the following variables: number of maximum repetitions, electromyographic signal (i.e., root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF)), muscle soreness and perceived exertion, as well as blood levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate, insulin, and testosterone:cortisol ratio. CK levels increased at 24 h post-exercise and remained elevate at 48 and 72 h, with no difference between CM and PL conditions. Muscle soreness increased at 24 h post-exercise, which progressively returned to baseline at 72 h in both conditions. Lactate levels increased immediately post-exercise and remained elevated at 24, 48, and 72 h in both conditions. No significant treatment × time interaction was found for all dependents variables (maximum repetitions, perceived exertion, CK, lactate, RMS, MF, and testosterone:cortisol ratio) during the recovery period. In conclusion, our data indicate that CM supplementation (single 6 g dose pre-workout) does not improve the muscle recovery process following a high-intensity RE session in untrained young adult men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K da Silva
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson L Jacinto
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| | - Walquiria B de Andrade
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| | - Mirela C Roveratti
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| | - José M Estoche
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| | - Mario C W Balvedi
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| | - Douglas B de Oliveira
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| | - Rubens A da Silva
- Laboratory of Functional Evaluation and Human Motor Performance, LAFUP, Center for Research in Health Sciences, North Univeristy of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
- Département des Sciences de la Santé, Programme de Physiothérapie de L'université McGill Offert en Extension à L'UNIVERSITÉ du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), 555 boul. De L'université, ville du Saguenay, Québec, QC G7H 5B8, Canada.
| | - Andreo F Aguiar
- Center for Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), 675 Paris Ave., Londrina 86041-120, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kiyici F, Eroğlu H, Kishali NF, Burmaoglu G. The Effect of Citrulline/Malate on Blood Lactate Levels in Intensive Exercise. Biochem Genet 2017; 55:387-394. [PMID: 28664349 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-017-9807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Citrulline/Malate supplementation with intensive training on blood lactate level in active handball players. The athletes were subjected to intense training for 4 weeks, 4 days a week, mainly pre-season strength and technique training. In this training period, stimol group (n = 11) athletes were given stimol 3 times a day as 1 g for breakfast, 1 g for lunch, and 1 g for dinner while the placebo group (n = 11) athletes were given only placebo in the same dosage and the same color at the same time. Blood lactate levels in athletes were measured 4 times, prior to and after a 1-month program as follows: rest (R), end effort (EE), recuperation 5 min (R5 m), and recuperation 20 min (R20 m). Blood lactate levels were compared both as intra-group and between the groups. In intra-group comparison, no change was observed in blood lactate levels in placebo group while a significant difference was found in the levels of stimol group as p < 0.05 with a 49.8% decrease in blood lactate level. In the measurements between groups, in the post-test measurements made after the training period, significant differences as p < 0.05 were found with a 60.7% decrease in blood lactate level EE. Considerable decline was seen especially immediately after exercise in blood lactate levels of the athletes being given stimol supplement. In this case, we can say that Citrulline/Malate supplementation may contribute positively to the performance of athletes and may help postpone fatigue at excessive or prolonged activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Kiyici
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Hüseyin Eroğlu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Kahramanmaraş Sütcü Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - N Fazil Kishali
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Guleda Burmaoglu
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cunniffe B, Papageorgiou M, O'Brien B, Davies NA, Grimble GK, Cardinale M. Acute Citrulline-Malate Supplementation and High-Intensity Cycling Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2638-47. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
5
|
Wax B, Kavazis AN, Weldon K, Sperlak J. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline Malate Ingestion During Repeated Bouts of Lower-Body Exercise in Advanced Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:786-92. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
6
|
Wax B, Kavazis AN, Luckett W. Effects of Supplemental Citrulline-Malate Ingestion on Blood Lactate, Cardiovascular Dynamics, and Resistance Exercise Performance in Trained Males. J Diet Suppl 2015; 13:269-82. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2015.1008615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
7
|
Cutrufello PT, Gadomski SJ, Zavorsky GS. The effect ofl-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:1459-66. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.990495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
8
|
Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to citrulline‐malate and faster recovery from muscle fatigue after exercise pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
9
|
Citrulline malate supplementation increases muscle efficiency in rat skeletal muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Pérez-Guisado J, Jakeman PM. Citrulline Malate Enhances Athletic Anaerobic Performance and Relieves Muscle Soreness. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1215-22. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181cb28e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
11
|
Smith AE, Fukuda DH, Kendall KL, Stout JR. The effects of a pre-workout supplement containing caffeine, creatine, and amino acids during three weeks of high-intensity exercise on aerobic and anaerobic performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:10. [PMID: 20156347 PMCID: PMC2854104 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel design study was used to examine the effects of a pre-workout supplement combined with three weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on aerobic and anaerobic running performance, training volume, and body composition. Methods Twenty-four moderately-trained recreational athletes (mean ± SD age = 21.1 ± 1.9 yrs; stature = 172.2 ± 8.7 cm; body mass = 66.2 ± 11.8 kg, VO2max = 3.21 ± 0.85 l·min-1, percent body fat = 19.0 ± 7.1%) were assigned to either the active supplement (GT, n = 13) or placebo (PL, n = 11) group. The active supplement (Game Time®, Corr-Jensen Laboratories Inc., Aurora, CO) was 18 g of powder, 40 kcals, and consisted of a proprietary blend including whey protein, cordyceps sinensis, creatine, citrulline, ginseng, and caffeine. The PL was also 18 g of powder, 40 kcals, and consisted of only maltodextrin, natural and artificial flavors and colors. Thirty minutes prior to all testing and training sessions, participants consumed their respective supplements mixed with 8-10 oz of water. Both groups participated in a three-week HIIT program three days per week, and testing was conducted before and after the training. Cardiovascular fitness (VO2max) was assessed using open circuit spirometry (Parvo-Medics TrueOne® 2400 Metabolic Measurement System, Sandy, UT) during graded exercise tests on a treadmill (Woodway, Pro Series, Waukesha, WI). Also, four high-speed runs to exhaustion were conducted at 110, 105, 100, and 90% of the treadmill velocity recorded during VO2max, and the distances achieved were plotted over the times-to-exhaustion. Linear regression was used to determine the slopes (critical velocity, CV) and y-intercepts (anaerobic running capacity, ARC) of these relationships to assess aerobic and anaerobic performances, respectively. Training volumes were tracked by summing the distances achieved during each training session for each subject. Percent body fat (%BF) and lean body mass (LBM) were assessed with air-displacement plethysmography (BOD POD®, Life Measurement, Inc., Concord, CA). Results Both GT and PL groups demonstrated a significant (p = 0.028) increase in VO2max from pre- to post-training resulting in a 10.3% and 2.9% improvement, respectively. CV increased (p = 0.036) for the GT group by 2.9%, while the PL group did not change (p = 0.256; 1.7% increase). ARC increased for the PL group by 22.9% and for the GT group by 10.6%. Training volume was 11.6% higher for the GT versus PL group (p = 0.041). %BF decreased from 19.3% to 16.1% for the GT group and decreased from 18.0% to 16.8% in the PL group (p = 0.178). LBM increased from 54.2 kg to 55.4 kg (p = 0.035) for the GT group and decreased from 52.9 kg to 52.4 kg in the PL group (p = 0.694). Conclusion These results demonstrated improvements in VO2max, CV, and LBM when GT is combined with HIIT. Three weeks of HIIT alone also augmented anaerobic running performance, VO2max and body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbie E Smith
- Metabolic and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giannesini B, Izquierdo M, Le Fur Y, Cozzone PJ, Verleye M, Le Guern ME, Gillardin JM, Bendahan D. Beneficial effects of citrulline malate on skeletal muscle function in endotoxemic rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 602:143-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
13
|
Pieper I, Wechler K, Katzberg M, Brusch L, Sørensen PG, Mensonides F, Bertau M. Biosimulation of drug metabolism--a yeast based model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 36:157-70. [PMID: 19041718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Computationally predicting the metabolic fates of drugs is a very complex task which is owed not only to the huge and diverse biochemical network in the living cell, but also to the majority of in vivo transformations that occur through the action of hepatocytes and gastro-intestinal micro-flora. Thus, xenobiotics are metabolised by more than a single cell type. However, the prediction of metabolic fates is definitely a problem worth solving since it would allow facilitate the development of drugs in a way less relying on animal testing. As a first step in this direction, PharmBiosim is being developed, a biosimulation tool which is based on substantial data reduction and on attributing metabolic fates of drug molecules to functional groups and substituents. This approach works with yeast as a model organism and is restricted to drugs that are mainly transformed by enzymes of the central metabolism, especially sugar metabolism. The reason for the latter is that the qualitative functioning of the involved biochemistry is very similar in diverse cell types involved in drug metabolism. Further it allows for using glycolytic oscillations as a tool to quantify interactions of a drug with this metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Pieper
- Freiberg University of Mining and Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Analyse par RMN du P-31 des effets du malate de citrulline sur le métabolisme énergétique musculaire chez l'homme. Sci Sports 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0765-1597(00)00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Lloyd A. Modifying the drug discovery/drug development paradigm. Drug Discov Today 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(97)01096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Briand J, Julistiono H, Beaune P, Flinois JP, de Waziers I, Leroux JP. Presence of proteins recognized by mammalian cytochrome P-450 antibodies in Euglena gracilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1203:199-204. [PMID: 8268200 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have attempted to probe three microsomal cytochrome P-450 isozymes in Euglena gracilis using immunochemical methods. They cross-react with anti-rat cytochrome P4502C11, cytochrome P4502E, and cytochrome P4502B. Activities of alkoxyphenoxazone dealkylation have been tested in living cells. In untreated cultures, the amount of proteins recognized by anti-cytochrome P4502C11 or anti-cytochrome P4502E is high. Phenobarbital treatment increased the levels of microsomal proteins recognized by antibody to cytochrome P4502B, as well as dealkylases of pentoxyresorufin, but decreased the level of proteins recognized by anti-cytochrome P450C11 or cytochrome P4502E. These results suggest that these unicellular algae may contain different isozymes of microsomal cytochromes P-450, comparable to those in mammalian liver. They are cytochrome P-450 equivalents of mammalian isoenzymes 2C, 2E and 2B. However, we could not demonstrate ethanol induction of cytochrome P-450 equivalent to isoenzyme 2E. Its role in xeno- or endobiotic metabolism remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Briand
- Laboratoire des membranes Biologiques, Université Paris 7, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|