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Greenfield SR, Eng H, Yang Q, Guo C, Byrnes L, Dantonio A, West G, Di L, Kalgutkar AS. Species differences in plasma protein binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:12-24. [PMID: 36803165 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2183158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasma protein binding (PPB) studies on the SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir revealed considerable species differences primarily in dog and rabbit, which prompted further investigations into the biochemical basis for these differences.The unbound fraction (fu) of nirmatrelvir in dog and rabbit plasma was concentration (2-200 µM)-dependent (dog fu,p 0.024-0.69, rabbit fu,p 0.010-0.82). Concentration (0.1-100 µM)-dependent binding in serum albumin (SA) (fu,SA 0.040-0.82) and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) (fu,AAG 0.050-0.64) was observed in dogs. Nirmatrelvir showed minimal binding to rabbit SA (1-100 µM: fu,SA 0.70-0.79), while binding to rabbit AAG was concentration-dependent (0.1-100 µM: fu,AAG 0.024-0.66). In contrast, nirmatrelvir (2 µM) revealed minimal binding (fu,AAG 0.79-0.88) to AAG from rat and monkeys. Nirmatrelvir showed minimal-to-moderate binding to SA (1-100 µM; fu,SA 0.70-1.0) and AAG (0.1-100 µM; fu,AAG 0.48-0.58) from humans across tested concentrations.Nirmatrelvir molecular docking studies using published crystal structures and homology models of human and preclinical species SA and AAG were used to rationalise the species differences to plasma proteins. This suggested that species differences in PPB are primarily driven by molecular differences in albumin and AAG resulting in differences in binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Eng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Qingyi Yang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chunyang Guo
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Laura Byrnes
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Alyssa Dantonio
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Graham West
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Khojasteh SC, Bumpus NN, Driscoll JP, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM, Zhang D. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2018 literature highlights. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:121-161. [PMID: 31170851 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1615937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades, ADME sciences have become an integral component of the drug discovery and development process. At the same time, the field has continued to evolve, thus, requiring ADME scientists to be knowledgeable of and engage with diverse aspects of drug assessment: from pharmacology to toxicology, and from in silico modeling to in vitro models and finally in vivo models. Progress in this field requires deliberate exposure to different aspects of ADME; however, this task can seem daunting in the current age of mass information. We hope this review provides a focused and brief summary of a wide array of critical advances over the past year and explains the relevance of this research ( Table 1 ). We divided the articles into categories of (1) drug optimization, (2) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (3) bioactivation. This annual review is the fourth of its kind (Baillie et al. 2016 ; Khojasteh et al. 2017 , 2018 ). We have followed the same format we used in previous years in terms of the selection of articles and the authoring of each section. This effort in itself also continues to evolve. I am pleased that Rietjens, Miller, and Mitra have again contributed to this annual review. We would like to welcome Namandjé N. Bumpus, James P. Driscoll, and Donglu Zhang as authors for this year's issue. We strive to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review. Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Medicine - Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia Inc. , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc , West Point , PA , USA
| | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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Usai EM, Manca I, Pettinau F, Mastino A, Pittau B. Chemical Characterization and in vitro
Metabolism of a Novel Class of Delta Opioid Receptor Agonists, Analogs of SNC-80. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maria Usai
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
| | - Ilaria Manca
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
| | - Francesca Pettinau
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
- Department of Chemical; Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Barbara Pittau
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology; National Research Council; 09010 Pula (CA) Italy
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Hsu JY, Shih CL, Liao PC. Exposure Marker Discovery of Phthalates Using Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:S0062. [PMID: 28573083 PMCID: PMC5448334 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are chemicals widely used in industry and the consequences on human health caused by exposure to these agents are of significant interest currently. The urinary metabolites of phthalates can be measured and used as exposure markers for the assessment of the actual internal contamination of phthalates coming from different sources and absorbed by various ways. The purpose of this paper is to review the markers for exposure and risk assessment of phthalates such as di-methyl phthalate (DMP), di-ethyl phthalate (DEP), di-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), di-(2-propylheptyl)phthalate (DPHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DINP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DIDP), and introduction of the analytical approach of three metabolomics data processing approaches that can be used for chemical exposure marker discovery in urine with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yi Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Chia-Lung Shih
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
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Kamimura H, Ito S, Chijiwa H, Okuzono T, Ishiguro T, Yamamoto Y, Nishinoaki S, Ninomiya SI, Mitsui M, Kalgutkar AS, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. Simulation of human plasma concentration-time profiles of the partial glucokinase activator PF-04937319 and its disproportionate N-demethylated metabolite using humanized chimeric mice and semi-physiological pharmacokinetic modeling. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:382-393. [PMID: 27389028 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1199063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The partial glucokinase activator N,N-dimethyl-5-((2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yl)oxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide (PF-04937319) is biotransformed in humans to N-methyl-5-((2-methyl-6-((5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbamoyl)benzofuran-4-yl)oxy)pyrimidine-2-carboxamide (M1), accounting for ∼65% of total exposure at steady state. 2. As the disproportionately abundant nature of M1 could not be reliably predicted from in vitro metabolism studies, we evaluated a chimeric mouse model with humanized liver on TK-NOG background for its ability to retrospectively predict human disposition of PF-04937319. Since livers of chimeric mice were enlarged by hyperplasia and contained remnant mouse hepatocytes, hepatic intrinsic clearances normalized for liver weight, metabolite formation and liver to plasma concentration ratios were plotted against the replacement index by human hepatocytes and extrapolated to those in the virtual chimeric mouse with 100% humanized liver. 3. Semi-physiological pharmacokinetic analyses using the above parameters revealed that simulated concentration curves of PF-04937319 and M1 were approximately superimposed with the observed clinical data in humans. 4. Finally, qualitative profiling of circulating metabolites in humanized chimeric mice dosed with PF-04937319 or M1 also revealed the presence of a carbinolamide metabolite, identified in the clinical study as a human-specific metabolite. The case study demonstrates that humanized chimeric mice may be potentially useful in preclinical discovery towards studying disproportionate or human-specific metabolism of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kamimura
- a Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan.,b Laboratory Animal Research Department , Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Satoshi Ito
- a Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Chijiwa
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Takeshi Okuzono
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishiguro
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamamoto
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Sho Nishinoaki
- c Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ninomiya
- a Drug Development Solutions Division, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd. , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Marina Mitsui
- d Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan , and
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- d Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida , Tokyo , Japan , and
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- b Laboratory Animal Research Department , Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki , Kanagawa , Japan
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Wen B, Zhu M. Applications of mass spectrometry in drug metabolism: 50 years of progress. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:71-87. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.1001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The last 10 years have witnessed robust debate within the bioanalytical community and regulatory authorities on the topic of metabolite monitoring and safety assessment. Of particular interest to regulated bioanalytical laboratories was the acceptance by the US FDA and other major regulatory bodies of a tiered approach to bioanalytical assay validation. The tiered approach defines a sliding scale of regulatory rigor for the evaluation of significant human metabolites that encompasses a range of assessments from semi-quantitative assays to fully validated assays, all of which can be used in support of regulatory submissions. This article describes the utilization of a tiered approach at Bristol-Myers Squibb and the decision trees guiding the selection of the appropriate level of assay qualification. Case studies illustrate how decisions are made, how different scientific situations influence the assay choice, and what criteria may be set to continue or discontinue metabolite monitoring in later drug development.
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Chen JF, Song YL, Guo XY, Tu PF, Jiang Y. Characterization of the herb-derived components in rats following oral administration of Carthamus tinctorius extract by extracting diagnostic fragment ions (DFIs) in the MSn chromatograms. Analyst 2014; 139:6474-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01707b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An E(DFI)MSnCs-based strategy was proposed to rapidly detect and identify the in vivo components derived from the extract of Carthamus tinctorius using LC-IT-TOF-MSn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue-Lin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191, China
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Wu CS, Tong YF, Wang PY, Wang DM, Wu S, Zhang JL. Identification of impurities in methotrexate drug substances using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:971-978. [PMID: 23592199 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic therapeutic medicine that acts as an antimetabolite of folic acid. In this study we identified the impurities in MTX drug substances produced by different manufacturers and in different batches using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA/FTICR-MS). METHODS MTX and its impurities were separated on a Restek Pinnacle II C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a gradient elution system composed of 0.2% formic acid and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Ultraviolet (UV) detection was set at 305 nm. Mass detection was carried out using FTICR-MS with full-scan mass analysis at a resolving power of 100 000 coupled with multiple-stage mass analysis using a parent list of compounds. RESULTS Fifteen impurities were detected in MTX drug substances, and their structures were predicted from using HPLC-PDA/FTICR-MS data, including their UV spectra, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), fragmentation patterns, and MS(n) spectra. Ten of the impurities detected in the MTX drug substances are reported for the first time. There was a high abundance of esterified impurities in some batches of MTX drug substances, over the identification threshold of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, which requires particular attention. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes a HPLC-PDA/FTICR-MS method to profile and identify impurities in MTX drug substances. The results suggest that HPLC-PDA/FTICR-MS is a valuable analytical technique for the rapid identification of impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Sheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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10
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Jin Y, Wu CS, Zhang JL, Li YF. A new strategy for the discovery of epimedium metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:111-7. [PMID: 23473257 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a new strategy of drug metabolite discovery and identification was established using high-performance liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and a mass spectral trees similarity filter (MTSF) technique. The MTSF technique was developed as a means to rapidly discover comprehensive metabolites from multiple active components in a complicated biological matrix. Using full-scan mass spectra as the stem and data-dependent subsequent stage mass spectra to form branches, the HRMS and multiple-stage mass spectrometric data from detected compounds were converted to mass spectral trees data. Potential metabolites were discovered based on the similarity between their mass spectral trees and that known compounds or metabolites in a mass spectra trees library. The threshold value for match similarity scores was set at above 200, allowing approximately 80% of interference to be filtered out. A total of 115 metabolites of five flavonoid monomers (epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, icariin, and baohuoside I) and herbal extract of epimedium were discovered and identified in rats via this new strategy. As a result, a metabolic profile for epimedium was obtained and a metabolic pathway was proposed. In addition, comparing to the widely used neutral loss filter (NLF), product ion filter (PIF), and mass defect filter (MDF) techniques, the MTSF technique was shown superior efficiency and selectivity for discovering and identifying metabolites in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Zhu X, Slatter JG, Emery MG, Deane MR, Akrami A, Zhang X, Hickman D, Skiles GL, Subramanian R. Activity-based exposure comparisons among humans and nonclinical safety testing species in an extensively metabolized drug candidate. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:617-27. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.747711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schadt S, Chen LZ, Bischoff D. Evaluation of relative LC/MS response of metabolites to parent drug in LC/nanospray ionization mass spectrometry: potential implications in MIST assessment. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:1281-1286. [PMID: 22223420 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for quantitative data on metabolite exposure triggered by regulatory guidances. This contribution describes the accuracy of nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry response of drug compounds and their metabolites from biological matrices compared with radiometric quantification. This is a comprehensive investigation of a set of real-life pharmaceutical compounds in relevant matrices such as urine, bile, feces and plasma. The data suggest that nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry can be used for semi-quantitation of metabolites in the absence of reference standards. Therefore, this approach is suitable to screen out non-relevant metabolites early in development as long as an adequate analytical error margin is applied thus balancing risks and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schadt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG., Biberach, Germany
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Zhu M, Zhang H, Humphreys WG. Drug metabolite profiling and identification by high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25419-25. [PMID: 21632546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry plays a key role in drug metabolite identification, an integral part of drug discovery and development. The development of high-resolution (HR) MS instrumentation with improved accuracy and stability, along with new data processing techniques, has improved the quality and productivity of metabolite identification processes. In this minireview, HR-MS-based targeted and non-targeted acquisition methods and data mining techniques (e.g. mass defect, product ion, and isotope pattern filters and background subtraction) that facilitate metabolite identification are examined. Methods are presented that enable multiple metabolite identification tasks with a single LC/HR-MS platform and/or analysis. Also, application of HR-MS-based strategies to key metabolite identification activities and future developments in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshe Zhu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Company, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Nedderman AN, Dear GJ, North S, Obach RS, Higton D. From definition to implementation: a cross-industry perspective of past, current and future MIST strategies. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:605-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.562330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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NMR spectroscopy as a tool to close the gap on metabolite characterization under MIST. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:1263-76. [PMID: 21083239 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Withdrawals from the market due to unforeseen adverse events have triggered changes in the way therapeutics are discovered and developed. This has resulted in an emphasis on truly understanding the efficacy and toxicity profile of new chemical entities (NCE) and the contributions of their metabolites to on-target pharmacology and off-target receptor-mediated toxicology. Members of the pharmaceutical industry, scientific community and regulatory agencies have held dialogues with respect to metabolites in safety testing (MIST); and both the US FDA and International Conference on Harmonisation have issued guidances with respect to when and how to characterize metabolites for human safety testing. This review provides a brief overview of NMR spectroscopy as applied to the structure elucidation and quantification of drug metabolites within the drug discovery and development process. It covers advances in this technique, including cryogenic cooling of detection circuitry for enhanced sensitivity, hyphenated LC-NMR techniques, improved dynamic range through new solvent-suppression pulse sequences and quantitation. These applications add to the already diverse NMR toolkit and further anchor NMR as a technique that is directly applicable to meeting the requirements of MIST guidelines.
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Approaches for the rapid identification of drug metabolites in early clinical studies. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:197-213. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the metabolism of a novel drug candidate in drug discovery and drug development is as important today as it was 30 years ago. What has changed in this period is the technology available for proficient metabolite characterization from complex biological sources. High-efficiency chromatography, sensitive MS and information-rich NMR spectroscopy are approaches that are now commonplace in the modern laboratory. These advancements in analytical technology have led to unequivocal metabolite identification often being performed at the earliest opportunity, following the first dose to man. For this reason an alternative approach is to shift from predicting and extrapolating possible human metabolism from in silico and nonclinical sources, to actual characterization at steady state within early clinical trials. This review provides an overview of modern approaches for characterizing drug metabolites in these early clinical studies. Since much of this progress has come from technology development over the years, the review is concluded with a forward-looking perspective on how this progression may continue into the next decade.
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Kamimura H, Nakada N, Suzuki K, Mera A, Souda K, Murakami Y, Tanaka K, Iwatsubo T, Kawamura A, Usui T. Assessment of chimeric mice with humanized liver as a tool for predicting circulating human metabolites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:223-35. [PMID: 20610881 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.25.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict circulating human metabolites of a candidate drug before first-in-man studies are carried out would provide a clear advantage in drug development. A recent report demonstrated that while in vitro studies using human liver preparations reliably predict primary human metabolites in plasma, the predictability of secondary metabolites, formed by multiple reactions, was low, with total success rates of < or =65%. Here, we assess the use of chimeric mice with humanized liver as an animal model for the prediction of human metabolism in vivo. Metabolism studies with debrisoquine and (S)-warfarin demonstrated significantly higher concentrations of their primary human abundant metabolites in serum or plasma in chimeric mice than in control mice. Humanized chimeric mice were also capable of producing human-specific metabolites of several in-house compounds which were generated through more than one metabolism reaction. This model is closer to in vivo human physiology and therefore appears to have an advantage over in vitro systems in predicting complex metabolites in human plasma. However, prediction of human metabolites failed for other compounds which were highly metabolized in mice. Although requiring careful consideration of compound suitability, this model represents a potential tool for predicting human metabolites in combination with conventional in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Kamimura
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Zhang D, Raghavan N, Wang L, Xue Y, Obermeier M, Chen S, Tao S, Zhang H, Cheng PT, Li W, Ramanathan R, Yang Z, Humphreys WG. Plasma stability-dependent circulation of acyl glucuronide metabolites in humans: how circulating metabolite profiles of muraglitazar and peliglitazar can lead to misleading risk assessment. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:123-31. [PMID: 20876787 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Muraglitazar and peliglitazar, two structural analogs differing by a methyl group, are dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/γ activators. Both compounds were extensively metabolized in humans through acyl glucuronidation to form 1-O-β-acyl glucuronide (AG) metabolites as the major drug-related components in bile, representing at least 15 to 16% of the dose after oral administration. Peliglitazar AG was the major circulating metabolite, whereas muraglitazar AG was a very minor circulating metabolite in humans. Peliglitazar AG circulated at lower concentrations in animal species than in humans. Both compounds had a similar glucuronidation rate in UDP-glucuronic acid-fortified human liver microsomal incubations and a similar metabolism rate in human hepatocytes. Muraglitazar AG and peliglitazar AG were chemically synthesized and found to be similarly oxidized through hydroxylation and O-demethylation in NADPH-fortified human liver microsomal incubations. Peliglitazar AG had a greater stability than muraglitazar AG in incubations in buffer, rat, or human plasma (pH 7.4). Incubations of muraglitazar AG or peliglitazar AG in plasma produced more aglycon than acyl migration products compared with incubations in the buffer. These data suggested that the difference in plasma stability, not differences in intrinsic formation, direct excretion, or further oxidation of muraglitazar AG or peliglitazar AG, contributed to the observed difference in the circulation of these AG metabolites in humans. The study demonstrated the difficulty in doing risk assessment based on metabolite exposure in plasma because the more reactive muraglitazar AG would not have triggered a threshold of concern based on the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance on Metabolites in Safety Testing, whereas the more stable peliglitazar AG would have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Eng H, Niosi M, McDonald TS, Wolford A, Chen Y, Simila STM, Bauman JN, Warmus J, Kalgutkar AS. Utility of the carboxylesterase inhibitor bis-para-nitrophenylphosphate (BNPP) in the plasma unbound fraction determination for a hydrolytically unstable amide derivative and agonist of the TGR5 receptor. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:369-80. [PMID: 20297923 DOI: 10.3109/00498251003706598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The potent, functional agonist of the bile acid Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5), (S)-1-(6-fluoro-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)-2-(isoquinolin-5-yloxy)ethanone (3), represents a useful tool to probe in vivo TGR5 pharmacology. Rapid degradation of 3 in both rat and mouse plasma, however, hindered the conduct of in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigations (including plasma-free fraction (f(u plasma)) determination) in rodent models of pharmacology. Studies were therefore initiated to understand the biochemical basis for plasma instability so that appropriate methodology could be implemented in in vivo pharmacology studies to prevent the breakdown of 3. Compound 3 underwent amide bond cleavage in both rat and mouse plasma with half-lives (T(1/2)) of 39 + or - 7 and 9.9 + or - 0.1 min. bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP), a specific inhibitor of carboxylesterases, was found to inhibit hydrolytic cleavage in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, which suggested the involvement of carboxylesterases in the metabolism of 3. In contrast with the findings in rodents, 3 was resistant to hydrolytic cleavage in both dog and human plasma. The instability of 3 was also observed in rat and mouse liver microsomes. beta-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH)-dependent metabolism of 3 occurred more rapidly (T(1/2) approximately 2.22-6.4 min) compared with the metabolic component observed in the absence of the co-factor (T(1/2) approximately 89-130 min). Oxidative metabolism dominated the NADPH-dependent decline of 3, whereas NADPH-independent metabolism of 3 proceeded via simple amide bond hydrolysis. Compound 3 was highly bound (approximately 95%) to both dog and human plasmas. Rat and mouse plasma, pre-treated with BNPP to inhibit carboxylesterases activity, were used to determine the f(u plasma) of 3. A BNPP concentration of 500 microM was determined to be optimal for these studies. Higher BNPP concentrations (1000 microM) appeared to displace 3 from its plasma protein-binding sites in preclinical species and human. Under the conditions of carboxylesterases-inhibited rat and mouse plasma, the level of protein binding displayed by 3 was similar to those observed in dog and human. In conclusion, a novel system has been devised to measure f(u plasma) for a plasma-labile compound. The BNPP methodology can be potentially applied to stabilize hydrolytic cleavage of structurally diverse carboxylesterase substrates in the plasma (and other tissue), thereby allowing the characterization of pharmacology studies on plasma-labile compounds if and when they emerge as hits in exploratory drug-discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Groton, CT, USA
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Exploring the feasibility of using the DBS technique for metabolite radioprofiling. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1365-71. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The dried blood spots (DBS) technique has been actively evaluated as plasma replacement for monitoring drug exposure to support drug development in preclinical/clinical pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies. Plasma samples from some of these studies are typically used for metabolite profiling and identification and for determination of disproportionate metabolites between safety species and humans to address metabolites in safety testing issues. The objectives of this study were to explore the feasibility of using the DBS technique for a metabolism study and to compare metabolite radioprofiles between DBS, plasma and whole blood samples. Results: The radioactivity extraction recovery in DBS samples was similar or better than that in plasma or whole blood. The metabolite radioprofiles in AUC pooled DBS samples using FTA® and FTA® Elute cards were comparable to those in AUC pooled plasma and whole blood. Conclusion: It is feasible to use DBS as an alternative matrix to plasma for in vivo metabolite radioprofiling studies for SA-1.
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Looking back through the MIST: a perspective of evolving strategies and key focus areas for metabolite safety analysis. Bioanalysis 2010; 2:1235-48. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The publication of the US FDA MIST guidance document in 2008 reignited the debate around the most appropriate strategies to underwrite metabolite safety for novel compounds. Whilst some organizations have suggested that the guidelines necessitate a paradigm shift to more thorough metabolite analysis during early development, an evaluation of historical practices shows that the principles of the guidelines have always largely underpinned metabolism studies within the pharmaceutical industry. Therefore, it is argued that existing practices, when coupled to appropriate emerging analytical tools and a case-by-case consideration of the relevance of the generated metabolism data in terms of structure, physicochemisty, abundance and activity, represent a fit-for-purpose approach to metabolite-safety assessments.
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