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Oldeweme M, Konradt U. Team Planning: A Process-Oriented Model and Development and Validation of Three Scales. SMALL GROUP RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10464964221085224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we present a process model of team planning that distinguishes between four specific processes: exploration, strategic planning, detailed planning, and prognosis. From this model, we developed and validated a 16-item multidimensional long-form scale, a 4-item one-dimensional short-form scale, and a single-item scale. Results from three samples (total N = 536) with varying populations and settings provide support for the multidimensionality of the planning construct and the theorized structure of the scales and, also, demonstrate discriminant and convergent validity and predictive validity in terms of team performance.
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Thürmer JL, Wieber F, Gollwitzer PM. How can we master the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic? The role of planning at social levels. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1852699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lukas Thürmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank Wieber
- Research Institute Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Peter M. Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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Kazinka R, MacDonald AW, Redish AD. Sensitivity to Sunk Costs Depends on Attention to the Delay. Front Psychol 2021; 12:604843. [PMID: 33692720 PMCID: PMC7937795 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.604843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the WebSurf task, humans forage for videos paying costs in terms of wait times on a time-limited task. A variant of the task in which demands during the wait time were manipulated revealed the role of attention in susceptibility to sunk costs. Consistent with parallel tasks in rodents, previous studies have found that humans (undergraduates measured in lab) preferred shorter delays, but waited longer for more preferred videos, suggesting that they were treating the delays economically. In an Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) sample, we replicated these predicted economic behaviors for a majority of participants. In the lab, participants showed susceptibility to sunk costs in this task, basing their decisions in part on time they have already waited, which we also observed in the subset of the mTurk sample that behaved economically. In another version of the task, we added an attention check to the wait phase of the delay. While that attention check further increased the proportion of subjects with predicted economic behaviors, it also removed the susceptibility to sunk costs. These findings have important implications for understanding how cognitive processes, such as the deployment of attention, are key to driving re-evaluation and susceptibility to sunk costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kazinka
- Graduate Program in Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Angus W. MacDonald
- Psychology Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - A. David Redish
- Neuroscience Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Nicholson DH, Hopthrow T, de Moura GR, Travaglino GA. 'I've Just Been Pretending I Can See This Stuff!': Group member voice in decision-making with a hidden profile. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 60:1096-1124. [PMID: 33511671 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research seeks to expand our knowledge of what underlies group performance in Hidden Profile decision tasks, adopting a mixed methods approach. We created a new mental simulation intervention designed to improve group decision outcomes and information exchange and tested it across two studies. We supplemented our quantitative statistical analysis with Thematic Analysis, to explore and better understand the motivations and utterances of individual group members, which we contend are key to increasing understanding of the challenges operating at individual and group levels in Hidden Profile decision tasks. Much group decision-making research uses quantitative methodologies, searching for causal explanations of why things happen as they do in group processes. As a subset of this area, existent Hidden Profile research is centred in the quantitative domain. Yet qualitative research can improve the understanding of group phenomena, such as communication style, which is important in groups' decision-making. To our knowledge, no Hidden Profile research has taken a similar approach, so this paper makes a unique contribution. Results indicated the mental simulation had a positive effect on information exchange and decision quality in a Hidden Profile hiring task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn H Nicholson
- Centre for the Study of Group Processes, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Tim Hopthrow
- Centre for the Study of Group Processes, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - Giovanni A Travaglino
- Centre for the Study of Group Processes, School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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Thürmer JL, Wieber F, Gollwitzer PM. Strategic Self-Regulation in Groups: Collective Implementation Intentions Help Cooperate When Cooperation Is Called for. Front Psychol 2020; 11:561388. [PMID: 33329189 PMCID: PMC7732645 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Groups need contributions that are personally costly to their members. Such cooperation is only adaptive when others cooperate as well, as unconditional cooperation may incur high costs to the individual. We argue that individuals can use We-if-then plans (collective implementation intentions, cIIs) to regulate their group-directed behavior strategically, helping them to cooperate selectively with group members in the situation planned for. In line with this prediction, a cII to consider group earnings increased cooperative decisions in a prisoners' dilemma game when playing against another group member but not when playing against a stranger (i.e., non-group member). Moreover, cIIs to cooperate in the prisoners' dilemma game did not increase cooperation in a structurally similar investment game that participants had not planned for. We discuss the role of collective planning in solving social dilemmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lukas Thürmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank Wieber
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Institute of Health Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter M. Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
- Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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Concepts of Organizational Excellence in Medical Associations. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2019; 7:e2300. [PMID: 31624691 PMCID: PMC6635220 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Professional associations are integral to the field of medicine; every physician becomes affiliated with at least 1 association throughout his/her entire career. Obtaining membership in such groups advances career development, engages in mentorship, and contributes in legislation and advocacy. Numerous studies have reported the benefits of teamwork in health care, but few have thoroughly investigated the characteristics that lead to organizational success. This article aims to provide a conceptual model for successful high-performing organizations and discuss their fundamental qualities, including structure, trust, productive conflict, accountability, collective success, and leadership. Additionally, we shared evidence-based techniques to establish and maintain these ideals.
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Ludwig J, Jaudas A, Achtziger A. The role of motivation and volition in economic decisions: Evidence from eye movements and pupillometry. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Ludwig
- Department of Political and Social Sciences; Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen; Friedrichshafen Germany
| | - Alexander Jaudas
- Department of Political and Social Sciences; Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen; Friedrichshafen Germany
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anja Achtziger
- Department of Political and Social Sciences; Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen; Friedrichshafen Germany
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Lehmann AI, Brauchli R, Bauer GF. Goal Pursuit in Organizational Health Interventions: The Role of Team Climate, Outcome Expectancy, and Implementation Intentions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:154. [PMID: 30804843 PMCID: PMC6370699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In taking a goal pursuit perspective into account, the present study examined associations between the context, process and outcome evaluation of an organizational health intervention (OHI) implemented within 29 teams in a hospital setting. In doing so, team climate for innovation as a context factor was measured at baseline (N = 529). Four to six weeks after baseline, N = 250 team representatives participated in a 4-day workshop. During the workshop employees formulated collective goals as action plans to be implemented in the nursing wards. Goal pursuit as a process factor was differentiated into (a) a motivational “goal setting” and (b) a volitional “goal striving” phase. The scale of outcome expectancy (measured after the fourth day of the workshop) was used as an indicator for the goal setting phase. For the operationalization of the goal striving phase, action plans were coded with regard to the proportion of formulated implementation intentions (“if-then plans”). After 6 months, the outcome of the intervention was measured on a retrospective impact scale (N = 385). The results of the multiple regression analysis and of the multilevel analysis show that both team climate and goal pursuit (outcome expectancy and the proportion of if-then plans) were positively related to the perceived impact of the intervention. Furthermore, the results show that the relationship between team climate and the impact of the intervention was mediated by outcome expectancy. The results highlight the contribution of goal theory within context-process-outcome research that leads to a better understanding of when and why OHIs are effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja I Lehmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Public and Organizational Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Brauchli
- Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Public and Organizational Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg F Bauer
- Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Public and Organizational Health, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Thürmer JL, Wieber F, Gollwitzer PM. Planning and Performance in Small Groups: Collective Implementation Intentions Enhance Group Goal Striving. Front Psychol 2017; 8:603. [PMID: 28469592 PMCID: PMC5395567 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two key motivators to perform well in a group: making a contribution that (a) is crucial for the group (indispensability) and that (b) the other group members recognize (identifiability). We argue that indispensability promotes setting collective (“We”) goals whereas identifiability induces individual (“I”) goals. Although both goals may enhance performance, they should align with different strategies. Whereas pursuing collective goals should involve more cooperation, pursuing individual goals should involve less cooperation. Two experiments support this reasoning and show that planning out collective goals with collective implementation intentions (cIIs or “We-plans”) relies on cooperation but planning out individual goals with individual implementation intentions (IIs or “I-plans”) does not. In Experiment 1, three-member groups first formed a collective or an individual goal and then performed a first round of a physical persistence task. Groups then either formed a respective implementation intention (cII or II) or a control plan and then performed a second round of the task. Although groups with cIIs and IIs performed better on a physical persistence task than respective control groups, only cII groups interacted more cooperatively during task performance. To confirm the causal role of these interaction processes, Experiment 2 used the same persistence task and manipulated whether groups could communicate: When communication was hindered, groups with cIIs but not groups with IIs performed worse. Communication thus qualifies as a process making cIIs effective. The present research offers a psychology of action account to small group performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lukas Thürmer
- Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany.,Department of Psychology and Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany
| | - Frank Wieber
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany.,Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Health ProfessionsZurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanz, Germany.,Department of Psychology, New York University, New YorkNY, USA
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Hügelschäfer S, Achtziger A. Reinforcement, Rationality, and Intentions: How Robust Is Automatic Reinforcement Learning in Economic Decision Making? JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Achtziger
- Zeppelin University Friedrichshafen; Friedrichshafen Germany
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