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Claiborne A, Wisseman B, Kern K, Steen D, Jevtovic F, McDonald S, Strom C, Newton E, Isler C, Devente J, Mouro S, Collier D, Kuehn D, Kelley GA, May LE. Exercise FITT-V during pregnancy: Association with birth outcomes. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2340. [PMID: 38659157 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exercise improves birth outcomes, but research into exercise dose-response effects is limited. METHODS This study is a retrospective, secondary analysis of pooled data from three blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trials. Prenatal exercise frequency, intensity, type, time, and volume (FITT-V) were assessed in supervised sessions throughout pregnancy. Gestational age (GA), neonatal resting heart rate (rHR), morphometrics (body circumferences, weight-to-length and ponderal index) Apgar and reflex scores, and placental measures were obtained at birth. Stepwise regressions and Pearson correlations determined associations between FITT-V and birth outcomes. RESULTS Prenatal exercise frequency reduces ponderal index (R2 = 0.15, F = 2.76, p = .05) and increased total number of reflexes present at birth (R2 = 0.24, F = 7.89, p < .001), while exercise intensity was related to greater gestational age and birth length (R2 = 0.08, F = 3.14; R2 = 0.12, F = 3.86, respectively; both p = .04); exercise weekly volume was associated with shorter hospital stay (R2 = 0.24, F = 4.73, p = .01). Furthermore, exercise type was associated with placenta size (R2 = 0.47, F = 3.51, p = .01). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exercise is positively related to birth and placental outcomes in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Claiborne
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University (ECU), North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Breanna Wisseman
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University (ECU), North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kara Kern
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University (ECU), North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dylan Steen
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University (ECU), North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Filip Jevtovic
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University (ECU), North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samantha McDonald
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Cody Strom
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Edward Newton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christy Isler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Devente
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven Mouro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Collier
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Devon Kuehn
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - George A Kelley
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- School of Public and Population Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Linda E May
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University (ECU), North Carolina, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, ECU, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Weiss SJ, Keeton VF, Leung C, Niemann S. Infant emotion regulation in the context of stress: Effects of heart rate variability and temperament. Stress Health 2024:e3373. [PMID: 38268180 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Stressful events are inherently emotional. As a result, the ability to regulate emotions is critical in responding effectively to stressors. Differential abilities in the management of stress appear very early in life, compelling a need to better understand factors that may shape the capacity for emotion regulation (ER). Variations in both biologic and behavioural characteristics are thought to influence individual differences in ER development. We sought to determine the differential contributions of temperament and heart rate variability (HRV; an indicator of autonomic nervous system function) to infant resting state emotionality and emotional reactivity in response to a stressor at 6 months of age. Participants included 108 mother-infant dyads. Mothers completed a measure of infant temperament at 6 months postnatal. Mother and infant also participated in a standardized stressor (the Repeated Still Face Paradigm) at that time. Electrocardiographic data were acquired from the infant during a baseline resting state and throughout the stressor. Fast Fourier Transformation was used to analyse the high frequency (HF) domain of HRV, a measure of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Infant ER was measured via standardized coding of emotional distress behaviours from video-records at baseline and throughout the stressor. Severity of mothers' depressive symptoms was included as a covariate in analyses. Results of linear regression indicate that neither temperament nor HRV were associated significantly with an infant's emotional resting state, although a small effect size was found for the relationship between infant negative affectivity and greater emotional distress (β = 0.23, p = 0.08) prior to the stressor. Higher HF-HRV (suggesting parasympathetic dominance) was related to greater emotional distress in response to the stressor (β = 0.34, p = 0.009). This greater emotional reactivity may reflect a more robust capacity to mount an emotional response to the stressor when infants encounter it from a bedrock of parasympathetic activation. Findings may inform eventual markers for assessment of ER in infancy and areas for intervention to enhance infant management of emotions, especially during stressful events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Weiss
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria F Keeton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cherry Leung
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sandra Niemann
- Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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