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Iwata J. Gene-Environment Interplay and MicroRNAs in Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate. ORAL SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL 2021; 18:3-13. [PMID: 36855534 PMCID: PMC9969970 DOI: 10.1002/osi2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cleft lip (CL) with/without cleft palate (CP) (hereafter CL/P) is the second most common congenital birth defect, affecting 7.94 to 9.92 children per 10,000 live births worldwide, followed by Down syndrome. An increasing number of genes have been identified as affecting susceptibility and/or as causative genes for CL/P in mouse genetic and chemically-induced CL and CP studies, as well as in human genome-wide association studies and linkage analysis. While marked progress has been made in the identification of genetic and environmental risk factors for CL/P, the interplays between these factors are not yet fully understood. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of CL and CP from genetically engineered mouse models and environmental factors that have been studied in mice. Understanding the regulatory mechanism(s) of craniofacial development may not only advance our understanding of craniofacial developmental biology, but could also provide approaches for the prevention of birth defects and for tissue engineering in craniofacial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, 77054 USA.,Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, 77030 USA
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2
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Wang XH, Peng Y, Meng LY. IL-12p40 and sRAGE in serum correlate with chemically induced cleft palate in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1661-1670. [PMID: 32633565 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120937342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP), a congenital defect in the oral and maxillofacial regions, is difficult to detect prenatally. This study investigated the correlation between differentially expressed proteins in serum and CP induced by all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice. We studied 80 mice in the following groups: male mice (male; n = 6), nonpregnant female control mice (NP-CRL; n = 6), healthy pregnant controls (P-CRL; Con; n = 24), pregnant mice with CP induced by atRA (n = 24), or pregnant mice with CP induced by TCDD (TCDD; n = 20). Pregnant mice were given with atRA (100 mg/kg) or TCDD (40 μg/kg), or corn oil by oral gavage at E10.5. The serum samples were collected and eight proteins-including interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-12p70, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-β, IL-10, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and epiregulin-were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Placental tissues were immunostained for IL-12p40 and RAGE from stages E13.5 to E16.5. In P-CRL mice, serum IL-12p40 was significantly increased at E13.5 and declined over E14.5-E16.5. P-CRL had lower IFN-γ levels at E13.5 compared with NP-CRL. The CP groups showed lower concentrations of IL-12p40 at E13.5-E14.5 and clearly higher concentrations of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) at E13.5 when compared with P-CRL. IL-12p40 immunostaining clearly decreased in placental tissue sections obtained from E13.5 to E14.5 in both CP groups. These findings suggest that reduced levels of IL-12p40 and increased levels of sRAGE in serum may be correlated with chemically induced CP in mice, but further studies would be required to establish this.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-H Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, 499766Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Peng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, 499766Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - L-Y Meng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, 499766Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Haaland ØA, Lie RT, Romanowska J, Gjerdevik M, Gjessing HK, Jugessur A. A Genome-Wide Search for Gene-Environment Effects in Isolated Cleft Lip with or without Cleft Palate Triads Points to an Interaction between Maternal Periconceptional Vitamin Use and Variants in ESRRG. Front Genet 2018. [PMID: 29535761 PMCID: PMC5834486 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is widely accepted that cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) results from the complex interplay between multiple genetic and environmental factors. However, a robust investigation of these gene-environment (GxE) interactions at a genome-wide level is still lacking for isolated CL/P. Materials and Methods: We used our R-package Haplin to perform a genome-wide search for GxE effects in isolated CL/P. From a previously published GWAS, genotypes and information on maternal periconceptional cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and vitamin use were available on 1908 isolated CL/P triads of predominantly European or Asian ancestry. A GxE effect is present if the relative risk estimates for gene-effects in the offspring are different across exposure strata. We tested this using the relative risk ratio (RRR). Besides analyzing all ethnicities combined ("pooled analysis"), separate analyses were conducted on Europeans and Asians to investigate ethnicity-specific effects. To control for multiple testing, q-values were calculated from the p-values. Results: We identified significant GxVitamin interactions with three SNPs in "Estrogen-related receptor gamma" (ESRRG) in the pooled analysis. The RRRs (95% confidence intervals) were 0.56 (0.45-0.69) with rs1339221 (q = 0.011), 0.57 (0.46-0.70) with rs11117745 (q = 0.011), and 0.62 (0.50-0.76) with rs2099557 (q = 0.037). The associations were stronger when these SNPs were analyzed as haplotypes composed of two-SNP and three-SNP combinations. The strongest effect was with the "t-t-t" haplotype of the rs1339221-rs11117745-rs2099557 combination [RRR = 0.50 (0.40-0.64)], suggesting that the effects observed with the other SNP combinations, including those in the single-SNP analyses, were mainly driven by this haplotype. Although there were potential GxVitamin effects with rs17734557 and rs1316471 and GxAlcohol effects with rs9653456 and rs921876 in the European sample, respectively, none of the SNPs was located in or near genes with strong links to orofacial clefts. GxAlcohol and GxSmoke effects were not assessed in the Asian sample because of a lack of observations for these exposures. Discussion/Conclusion: We identified significant interactions between vitamin use and variants in ESRRG in the pooled analysis. These GxE effects are novel and warrant further investigations to elucidate their roles in orofacial clefting. If validated, they could provide prospects for exploring the impact of estrogens and vitamins on clefting, with potential translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein A Haaland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolv T Lie
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Romanowska
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Miriam Gjerdevik
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon K Gjessing
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Wang X, Zhu J, Fang Y, Bian Z, Meng L. Lower concentrations of receptor for advanced glycation end products and epiregulin in amniotic fluid correlate to chemically induced cleft palate in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 51:45-50. [PMID: 28282589 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between differentially expressed proteins in amniotic fluid (AF) and cleft palate induced by all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice. Seven proteins were differentially expressed at embryonic day (E) 16.5 in atRA and control groups as revealed by label-based mouse antibody array. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was further used to detect the expression levels of these proteins in AF from E13.5 to E16.5 in atRA, TCDD, and control groups. The cleft palate groups showed lower concentrations of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and epiregulin at E16.5. RAGE immunostaining obviously decreased in palatal tissue sections obtained from E14.5 to E16.5 in the cleft palate groups as revealed by immunohistochemistry. These findings indicate that reduced levels of RAGE and epiregulin in AF are correlated to chemically induced cleft palate in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yanjun Fang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Liuyan Meng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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5
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Hutson MS, Leung MCK, Baker NC, Spencer RM, Knudsen TB. Computational Model of Secondary Palate Fusion and Disruption. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:965-979. [PMID: 28045533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenetic events are driven by cell-generated physical forces and complex cellular dynamics. To improve our capacity to predict developmental effects from chemical-induced cellular alterations, we built a multicellular agent-based model in CompuCell3D that recapitulates the cellular networks and collective cell behavior underlying growth and fusion of the mammalian secondary palate. The model incorporated multiple signaling pathways (TGFβ, BMP, FGF, EGF, and SHH) in a biological framework to recapitulate morphogenetic events from palatal outgrowth through midline fusion. It effectively simulated higher-level phenotypes (e.g., midline contact, medial edge seam (MES) breakdown, mesenchymal confluence, and fusion defects) in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. Perturbation analysis of various control features revealed model functionality with respect to cell signaling systems and feedback loops for growth and fusion, diverse individual cell behaviors and collective cellular behavior leading to physical contact and midline fusion, and quantitative analysis of the TGF/EGF switch that controls MES breakdown-a key event in morphogenetic fusion. The virtual palate model was then executed with theoretical chemical perturbation scenarios to simulate switch behavior leading to a disruption of fusion following chronic (e.g., dioxin) and acute (e.g., retinoic acid) chemical exposures. This computer model adds to similar systems models toward an integrative "virtual embryo" for simulation and quantitative prediction of adverse developmental outcomes following genetic perturbation and/or environmental disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Department of Biological Sciences and Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystem Research & Education, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37832, United States
| | - Maxwell C K Leung
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37832, United States
| | - Nancy C Baker
- Leidos , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Richard M Spencer
- Leidos , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711 United States
| | - Thomas B Knudsen
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
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Sakai M, Muto M, Hirano M, Kariwa H, Yoshii K. Virulence of tick-borne encephalitis virus is associated with intact conformational viral RNA structures in the variable region of the 3'-UTR. Virus Res 2015; 203:36-40. [PMID: 25801453 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is maintained between ticks and mammals in nature and causes severe neurological disease in human. However, the mechanism of viral pathogenicity is unknown. Previously, we showed that the deletion in the variable region of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) is involved in the pathogenicity of the strains from the Far-Eastern subtype of TBEV. To investigate the detailed function of the variable region, we constructed recombinant TBEV with partial deletions in the region. In a mouse model, the partial deletions drastically increased the virulence of the virus, with no effect on virus multiplication in mouse brain. Furthermore, the mutations did not affect the production of subgenomic flavivirus RNA from the 3'-UTR, and the induction of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes. These data suggested that the conformational structure of the variable region is associated with the pathogenicity of the Far-Eastern subtype of TBEV. These findings provide a foundation for further research to identify the pathogenic mechanisms of TBEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sakai
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Memi Muto
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Minato Hirano
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan.
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7
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Cadot S, Frenz D, Maconochie M. A novel method for retinoic acid administration reveals differential and dose-dependent downregulation of Fgf3 in the developing inner ear and anterior CNS. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:741-58. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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8
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Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Cosmetic Ingredients Derived From Zea Mays (Corn). Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:17S-39S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811403832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many cosmetic ingredients are derived from Zea mays (corn). While safety test data were not available for most ingredients, similarities in preparation and the resulting similar composition allowed extrapolation of safety data to all listed ingredients. Animal studies included acute toxicity, ocular and dermal irritation studies, and dermal sensitization studies. Clinical studies included dermal irritation and sensitization. Case reports were available for the starch as used as a donning agent in medical gloves. Studies of many other endpoints, including reproductive and developmental toxicity, use corn oil as a vehicle control with no reported adverse effects at levels used in cosmetics. While industry should continue limiting ingredient impurities such as pesticide residues before blending into a cosmetic formulation, the CIR Expert Panel determined that corn-derived ingredients are safe for use in cosmetics in the practices of use and concentration described in the assessment.
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9
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González JE, León M, Hernández I, Garrido G, Casacó A. Effect of the maternofetal and milk transfer of the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody 7A7 in mice. Placenta 2011; 32:470-4. [PMID: 21513977 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the maternofetal and milk transfer of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (MAb) and its effects on conceptus, we administered to pregnant and lactating dams the murine anti-EGFR MAb 7A7 in an autologus model. STUDY DESIGN For determining the embryo-fetal toxicity, 7A7 at gestational days (GD) 6, 8, 12 and 14 were intravenously administered. Clinical signs and body weights were recorded. On GD 18 pregnant mice were euthanized and the alive and dead fetuses were examined. For measuring the maternofetal transfer mice were dosed on GD 14 with (125)I-7A7, after 24 h, mice were euthanized and main maternal organs and fetuses were counted separately for radioactivity. For studying the MAb transferred throughout the milk, lactating dams were intravenously dosed on lactation day (LD) 2 with (125)I-7A7. Blood samples were obtained from dams at different times post. One lactating pup from each dam was also euthanized at different times, and their blood and gastric milk were removed and the radioactivities measured. RESULTS The administration of the 7A7 did not elicit toxicity to adult pregnant mice nevertheless; there was evidence of embryo-fetal toxicity in the 7A7 group characterized by a decrease in litters' body weights and head deformities. The maternofetal transfer of (125)I-7A7 antibody on GD 15 was only of a 4%. CONCLUSION Results suggest that 7A7 crosses placenta and it is transferred in a superior quantity to pups through the milk and that anti-EGFR MAbs have a potential toxic effect to fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E González
- Laboratorio de Radiobiología, Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones, La Habana, Cuba
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del Río A, Barrio M, Murillo J, Maldonado E, López-Gordillo Y, Martínez-Sanz E, Martínez M, Martínez-Álvarez C. Analysis of the Presence of Cell Proliferation-Related Molecules in the Tgf-β 3 Null Mutant Mouse Palate Reveals Misexpression of EGF and Msx-1. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 193:135-50. [DOI: 10.1159/000319970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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11
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Abbott BD. The etiology of cleft palate: a 50-year search for mechanistic and molecular understanding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 89:266-74. [PMID: 20602452 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dates of special, historical significance, such as the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Teratology Society, prompt a desire to pause and look back and contemplate where we began, how far we have come, and consider the future for our scientific endeavors. The study of the etiology of cleft palate extends many years into the past and was a subject of interest to many of the founding members of the Teratology Society. This research area was intensively pursued and spawned a vast portfolio of published research. This article will look back at the state of the science around the time of the founding of the Teratology Society, in the 1950s and 1960s, and track the emergence and pursuit of an interest in an etiology for cleft palate involving failure of palatal fusion. Studies of medial epithelial cell fate and induction of cleft palate by interference with adhesion or fusion span the period from the 1960s to the present time. Teratology Society members have been and continue to be key players in cleft palate research. In this retrospective article, seminal research published by Teratology Society members will serve as a platform to launch the discussion of the emergence of our current understanding of medial epithelial cell differentiation and fate and the potential for these processes to be targets of teratogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Abbott
- Developmental Biology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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12
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Ay H, Ulupınar E, Ünal N. Pyridoxine might not have a preventive effect on the retinyl palmitate-induced viscerocranial anomalies. Ann Anat 2010; 192:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Boyles AL, Wilcox AJ, Taylor JA, Shi M, Weinberg CR, Meyer K, Fredriksen A, Ueland PM, Johansen AMW, Drevon CA, Jugessur A, Trung TN, Gjessing HK, Vollset SE, Murray JC, Christensen K, Lie RT. Oral facial clefts and gene polymorphisms in metabolism of folate/one-carbon and vitamin A: a pathway-wide association study. Genet Epidemiol 2009; 33:247-55. [PMID: 19048631 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of facial clefts has been observed among mothers with lower intake of folic acid or vitamin A around conception. We hypothesized that the risk of clefts may be further moderated by genes involved in metabolizing folate or vitamin A. We included 425 case-parent triads in which the child had either cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) or cleft palate only (CPO), and no other major defects. We analyzed 108 SNPs and one insertion in 29 genes involved in folate/one-carbon metabolism and 68 SNPs from 16 genes involved in vitamin A metabolism. Using the Triad Multi-Marker (TRIMM) approach we performed SNP, gene, chromosomal region, and pathway-wide association tests of child or maternal genetic effects for both CL/P and CPO. We stratified these analyses on maternal intake of folic acid or vitamin A during the periconceptional period. As expected with this high number of statistical tests, there were many associations with P-values<0.05; although there were fewer than predicted by chance alone. The strongest association in our data (between fetal FOLH1 and CPO, P=0.0008) is not in agreement with epidemiologic evidence that folic acid reduces the risk of CL/P in these data, not CPO. Despite strong evidence for genetic causes of oral facial clefts and the protective effects of maternal vitamins, we found no convincing indication that polymorphisms in these vitamin metabolism genes play an etiologic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abee L Boyles
- Epidemiology Branch, NIEHS/NIH, Durham, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Fukushima R, Kanamori S, Hirashiba M, Hishikawa A, Muranaka RI, Kaneto M, Kitagawa H. Critical periods for the teratogenicity of immune-suppressant Leflunomide in mice. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2009; 49:20-6. [PMID: 19243413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2008.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leflunomide has inhibitory effects on dihydroorotate-dehydrogenase activity and protein tyrosine kinase activity. In the present study, a single dose of 50 mg/kg Leflunomide was administered to pregnant mice on one of gestation days (GD)6-11. Characteristic external malformations were craniofacial defects following dosing on GD7, cleft palate on GD9, cleft palate and limb and tail deformities on GD10, and limb deformities on GD11. Skeletal examination revealed cervical to caudal vertebral malformations after treatment on GD7, GD8, GD9 or GD10. In the viscera, cardiovascular deformities were observed in the GD7 and GD9 Leflunomide-treated groups. These results demonstrate that multiple malformations were seen in various organs and most of the malformations observed appeared to be developmental stage-specific responses to Leflunomide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou Fukushima
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Meng L, Bian Z, Torensma R, Von den Hoff JW. Biological mechanisms in palatogenesis and cleft palate. J Dent Res 2009; 88:22-33. [PMID: 19131313 DOI: 10.1177/0022034508327868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clefts of the palate are common birth defects requiring extensive treatment. They appear to be caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors during palatogenesis. This may result in local changes in growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM), and cell adhesion molecules. Several clefting factors have been implicated by studies in mouse models, while some of these have also been confirmed by genetic screening in humans. Here, we discuss several knockout mouse models to examine the role of specific genes in cleft formation. The cleft is ultimately caused by interference with shelf elevation, attachment, or fusion. Shelf elevation is brought about by mesenchymal proliferation and changes in the ECM induced by growth factors such as TGF-betas. Crucial ECM molecules are collagens, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. Shelf attachment depends on specific differentiation of the epithelium involving TGF-beta3, sonic hedgehog, and WNT signaling, and correct expression of epithelial adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin. The final fusion requires epithelial apoptosis and epithelium-to-mesenchyme transformation regulated by TGF-beta and WNT proteins. Other factors may interact with these signaling pathways and contribute to clefting. Normalization of the biological mechanisms regulating palatogenesis in susceptible fetuses is expected to contribute to cleft prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meng
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Kuriyama M, Udagawa A, Yoshimoto S, Ichinose M, Sato K, Yamazaki K, Matsuno Y, Shiota K, Mori C. DNA Methylation Changes during Cleft Palate Formation Induced by Retinoic Acid in Mice. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2008; 45:545-51. [DOI: 10.1597/07-134.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:The aim of this study was to analyze epigenetic (specifically, DNA methylation) participation in the mechanisms of cleft palate only induced by maternal exposure to all-trans retinoic acid in mice.Design:Cleft palate only was induced in fetuses by maternal exposure to all-trans retinoic acid. Their secondary palates were excised for analysis. Cytosine extension assay and restriction landmark genomic scanning were performed to analyze DNA methylation status. The expression levels of the DNA methyltransferases were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction.Results:Using cytosine extension assay, on gestation day 14.5, the status of DNA methylation within CpG islands and in global DNA was decreased significantly in all-trans retinoic acid–treated groups compared with the controls (p < .01 and p < .05). In the controls, the status within CpG islands on gestation day 14.5 was significantly increased compared with gestation days 13.5 and 18.5 (p < .01). Using real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, there was no significant change in the expression of DNA methyltransferases, except on gestation day 18.5. Using restriction landmark genomic scanning on gestation day 18.5, five spots (0.49%) in the controls and one spot (0.1%) in all-trans retinoic acid–treated groups were specifically detected.Conclusions:These results indicate that changes in DNA methylation may play an important role in the manifestation of cleft palate only caused by environmental factors such as maternal exposure to all-trans retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motone Kuriyama
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Akikazu Udagawa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Japan
| | - Shinya Yoshimoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Masaharu Ichinose
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuno
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kunio Shiota
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Science, the University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Mori
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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17
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Lu SJ, He W, Shi B, Meng T, Li XY, Liu YR. A preliminary study on the teratogenesis of dexamethasone and the preventive effect of vitamin B12 on murine embryonic palatal shelf fusion in vitro. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2008; 9:306-12. [PMID: 18381805 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0710625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Excessive dexamethasone (Dex) administrated into pregnant mice during critical periods of palatal development can produce a high incidence of cleft palate. Its mechanisms remain unknown. Vitamin B12 has been shown to antagonize the teratogenic effects of Dex, which, however, remains controversial. In this study, we investigated the effects of Dex and vitamin B12 on murine embryonic palatal shelf fusion using organ culture of murine embryonic shelves. The explanted palatal shelves on embryonic day 14 (E14) were cultured for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h in different concentrations of Dex and/or vitamin B12. The palatal shelves were examined histologically for the morphological alterations on the medial edge epithelium (MEE) and fusion rates among different groups. It was found that the palatal shelves were not fused at 72 h or less of culture in Dex group, while they were completely fused in the control and vitamin B12-treated groups at 72 and 96 h, respectively. The MEE still existed and proliferated. In Dex+vitamin B12 group the palatal shelves were fused at each time point in a similar rate to controls. These results may suggest that Dex causes teratogenesis of murine embryonic palatal shelves and vitamin B12 prevents the teratogenic effect of Dex on palatogenesis on murine embryos in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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18
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Pedigo NG, Zhang H, Mishra A, McCorkle JR, Ormerod AK, Kaetzel DM. Retinoic acid inducibility of the human PDGF-a gene is mediated by 5'-distal DNA motifs that overlap with basal enhancer and vitamin D response elements. Gene Expr 2007; 14:1-12. [PMID: 17933214 PMCID: PMC6042017 DOI: 10.3727/000000007783991763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) upregulates expression of PDGF ligands and receptors in neonatal rat lung fibroblasts, a process likely to promote maturation of the lung alveolus and possibly microstructures of other organs. A mutational analysis of the gene encoding the PDGF-A ligand has identified a complex retinoic acid response element (RARE) located far upstream of the transcription start site, in a 5'-distal enhanceosome region previously shown to harbor basal and vitamin D-inducible enhancer activity. Maximal RA responsiveness (fourfold) was conferred by nucleotide sequence located between -7064 and -6787, with a variety of deletion and point mutations revealing the importance of at least three nuclear receptor half-sites within the enhancer region (-6851 to -6824), as well as nucleotides located further upstream. Recombinant human retinoic acid receptor/retinoid-X receptor heterodimers bound with high affinity and sequence specificity to multiple regions within the RARE, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift and DNase I footprinting assays. The addition of RARE activity to previously described functions of the 5'-distal enhanceosome underscores the importance of this region as a key integration point for regulatory control of PDGF-A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy G. Pedigo
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joseph R. McCorkle
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Angela K. Ormerod
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David M. Kaetzel
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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