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Bruno F, Abondio P, Bruno R, Ceraudo L, Paparazzo E, Citrigno L, Luiselli D, Bruni AC, Passarino G, Colao R, Maletta R, Montesanto A. Alzheimer's disease as a viral disease: Revisiting the infectious hypothesis. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102068. [PMID: 37704050 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. Two major forms of the disease exist: sporadic - the causes of which have not yet been fully understood - and familial - inherited within families from generation to generation, with a clear autosomal dominant transmission of mutations in Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), 2 (PSEN2) or Amyloid Precursors Protein (APP) genes. The main hallmark of AD consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular deposits of the hyperphosphorylated form of the tau protein. An ever-growing body of research supports the viral infectious hypothesis of sporadic forms of AD. In particular, it has been shown that several herpes viruses (i.e., HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3 or varicella zoster virus, HHV-4 or Epstein Barr virus, HHV-5 or cytomegalovirus, HHV-6A and B, HHV-7), flaviviruses (i.e., Zika virus, Dengue fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus) as well as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV), SARS-CoV2, Ljungan virus (LV), Influenza A virus and Borna disease virus, could increase the risk of AD. Here, we summarized and discussed these results. Based on these findings, significant issues for future studies are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bruno
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Paolo Abondio
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy.
| | - Rossella Bruno
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88050 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Leognano Ceraudo
- Sudent at the Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Ersilia Paparazzo
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Luigi Citrigno
- National Research Council (CNR) - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation - (IRIB), 87050 Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Laboratory of Ancient DNA, Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, 48121 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Passarino
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Rosanna Colao
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maletta
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre (CRN), Department of Primary Care, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale Di Catanzaro, Viale A. Perugini, 88046 Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy; Association for Neurogenetic Research (ARN), Lamezia Terme, CZ, Italy
| | - Alberto Montesanto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende 87036, Italy.
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2
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Zeng J, Yang Z, Guo W, Wang X, Yang S, Shen Q, Wang H, Zhang W. Identification and genome characterization of novel parechovirus sequences from Hipposideros armiger in China. Virol J 2022; 19:80. [PMID: 35570277 PMCID: PMC9107582 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bats were identified as a natural reservoir of emerging and re-emerging infectious pathogens threatening human health and life. Methods This study collected 21 fecal samples of Hipposideros armiger in Mengla County of Xishuangbanna Prefecture Yunnan Province to combine one pool for viral metagenomic sequencing. Results Two nearly complete genomes of parechoviruses, BPeV11 and BPeV20, were sequenced. Genome analysis revealed that BPeV11 and BPeV20 follow a 3-3-4 genome layout: 5′ UTR-VP0-VP3-VP1-2A-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3′ UTR. The prevalence of BPev11 and BPev20 by Nested-PCR showed that 1 of 21 fecal samples was positive. Based on amino acid identity comparison and phylogenetic analysis of P1, 2C, and 3D, BPeV11 and BPeV20 were closely related to but distinct from FPeVs. Conclusion It was probably proposed to be a novel species in the genus Parechovirus of the family Picornaviridae. The isolation of BPev11 and BPev20 from H. armiger in China is the first complete genome of parechovirus isolations from bat feces of the genus Hipposideros. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01806-1.
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Picornavirus May Be Linked to Parkinson’s Disease through Viral Antigen in Dopamine-Containing Neurons of Substantia Nigra. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030599. [PMID: 35336174 PMCID: PMC8953350 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease linked with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain region called substantia nigra and caused by unknown pathogenic mechanisms. Two currently recognized prominent features of PD are an inflammatory response manifested by glial reaction and T-cell infiltration, as well as the presence of various toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells. PD or parkinsonism has been described after infection with several different viruses and it has therefore been hypothesized that a viral infection might play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We investigated formalin-fixed post-mortem brain tissue from 9 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 11 controls for the presence of Ljungan virus (LV) antigen using a polyclonal antibody against the capsid protein of this recently identified picornavirus with neurotropic properties, suspected of being both a human and an animal pathogen. Evidence of viral antigen was found in 7 out of 9 Parkinson’s disease cases and in only 1 out of 11 controls (p = 0.005). The picornavirus antigen was present in dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra. We propose that LV or an LV-related virus initiates the pathological process underlying sporadic PD. LV-related picornavirus antigen has also been reported in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Potentially successful antiviral treatment in Alzheimer’s disease suggests a similar treatment for Parkinson's disease. Amantadine, originally developed as an antiviral drug against influenza infection, has also been used for symptomatic treatment of patients with PD for more than 50 years and is still commonly used by neurologists today. The fact that amantadine also has an antiviral effect on picornaviruses opens the question of this drug being re-evaluated as potential PD therapy in combination with other antiviral compounds directed against picornaviruses.
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Evolutionary Relationships of Ljungan Virus Variants Circulating in Multi-Host Systems across Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071317. [PMID: 34372523 PMCID: PMC8310206 DOI: 10.3390/v13071317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus named 'Ljungan virus' (LV, species Parechovirus B) has been detected in a dozen small mammal species from across Europe, but detailed information on its genetic diversity and host specificity is lacking. Here, we analyze the evolutionary relationships of LV variants circulating in free-living mammal populations by comparing the phylogenetics of the VP1 region (encoding the capsid protein and associated with LV serotype) and the 3Dpol region (encoding the RNA polymerase) from 24 LV RNA-positive animals and a fragment of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) sequence (used for defining strains) in sympatric small mammals. We define three new VP1 genotypes: two in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) (genotype 8 from Finland, Sweden, France, and Italy, and genotype 9 from France and Italy) and one in field voles (Microtus arvalis) (genotype 7 from Finland). There are several other indications that LV variants are host-specific, at least in parts of their range. Our results suggest that LV evolution is rapid, ongoing and affected by genetic drift, purifying selection, spillover and host evolutionary history. Although recent studies suggest that LV does not have zoonotic potential, its widespread geographical and host distribution in natural populations of well-characterized small mammals could make it useful as a model for studying RNA virus evolution and transmission.
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5
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Fevola C, Rossi C, Rosso F, Girardi M, Rosà R, Manica M, Delucchi L, Rocchini D, Garzon-Lopez CX, Arnoldi D, Bianchi A, Buzan E, Charbonnel N, Collini M, Ďureje L, Ecke F, Ferrari N, Fischer S, Gillingham EL, Hörnfeldt B, Kazimírová M, Konečný A, Maas M, Magnusson M, Miller A, Niemimaa J, Nordström Å, Obiegala A, Olsson G, Pedrini P, Piálek J, Reusken CB, Rizzolli F, Romeo C, Silaghi C, Sironen T, Stanko M, Tagliapietra V, Ulrich RG, Vapalahti O, Voutilainen L, Wauters L, Rizzoli A, Vaheri A, Jääskeläinen AJ, Henttonen H, Hauffe HC. Geographical Distribution of Ljungan Virus in Small Mammals in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:692-702. [PMID: 32487013 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV), which belongs to the Parechovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden in 1998 and proposed as a zoonotic agent. To improve knowledge of the host association and geographical distribution of LV, tissues from 1685 animals belonging to multiple rodent and insectivore species from 12 European countries were screened for LV-RNA using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. In addition, we investigated how the prevalence of LV-RNA in bank voles is associated with various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We show that LV is widespread geographically, having been detected in at least one host species in nine European countries. Twelve out of 21 species screened were LV-RNA PCR positive, including, for the first time, the red vole (Myodes rutilus) and the root or tundra vole (Alexandromys formerly Microtus oeconomus), as well as in insectivores, including the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) and the Valais shrew (Sorex antinorii). Results indicated that bank voles are the main rodent host for this virus (overall RT-PCR prevalence: 15.2%). Linear modeling of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could impact LV prevalence showed a concave-down relationship between body mass and LV occurrence, so that subadults had the highest LV positivity, but LV in older animals was less prevalent. Also, LV prevalence was higher in autumn and lower in spring, and the amount of precipitation recorded during the 6 months preceding the trapping date was negatively correlated with the presence of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis on the 185 base pair species-specific sequence of the 5' untranslated region identified high genetic diversity (46.5%) between 80 haplotypes, although no geographical or host-specific patterns of diversity were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fevola
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Fausta Rosso
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Matteo Girardi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center for Agriculture Food Environment-C3A, University of Trento and Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Delucchi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Duccio Rocchini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center for Agriculture Food Environment-C3A, University of Trento and Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology-CIBIO, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Carol X Garzon-Lopez
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Ecology and Vegetation Physiology Group (EcoFiv), Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini," Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Buzan
- Department of Biodiversity, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nathalie Charbonnel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Margherita Collini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L'udovít Ďureje
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Emma L Gillingham
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Climate Change and Health, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Birger Hörnfeldt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mária Kazimírová
- Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adam Konečný
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Maas
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Magnus Magnusson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department for Terrestrial Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jukka Niemimaa
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åke Nordström
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Obiegala
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gert Olsson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Paolo Pedrini
- Sezione Zoologia dei Vertebrati, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Studenec, Czech Republic
| | - Chantal B Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Franco Rizzolli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michal Stanko
- Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Institute of Parasitology, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Valentina Tagliapietra
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lucas Wauters
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne J Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Niklasson B, Klitz W, Lindquist L. Alzheimer’s Disease Patients Receiving Antiviral Therapy: Case Reports. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/adr-190163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niklasson
- Jordbro Primary Health Care Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Klitz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Niklasson B, Lindquist L, Klitz W, Englund E. Picornavirus Identified in Alzheimer's Disease Brains: A Pathogenic Path? J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:141-146. [PMID: 32587947 PMCID: PMC7306919 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated formalin-fixed postmortem brain tissue from the hippocampus region of 18 AD cases and 11 age-matched controls using a polyclonal antibody against Ljungan virus (LV) capsid protein 1. Evidence of a LV antigen was found in all AD cases but in none of the control specimens (p < 0.0001). The antibodies reacted with neurons and astrocytes and also showed distinct positive reaction in the amyloid/neuritic plaques. The possible role of an incompletely characterized picornavirus as the etiologic agent in AD open up the possibility of treatment with antiviral therapy directed against picornaviruses. The positive result of such treatment in a small number of patients is presented separately back to back to this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Niklasson
- Jordbro Primary Health Care Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Lindquist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Klitz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Netherlands Brain Bank
- Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Fevola C, Kuivanen S, Smura T, Vaheri A, Kallio-Kokko H, Hauffe HC, Vapalahti O, Jääskeläinen AJ. Seroprevalence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Ljungan virus in Finnish patients with suspected neurological infections. J Med Virol 2017; 90:429-435. [PMID: 28976562 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Directly-transmitted rodent-borne zoonotic viruses, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can cause nervous system infections. Rodent-borne Ljungan virus (LV) is considered potentially zoonotic possibly causing neurological symptoms. Our objective was to understand the role of these two viruses compared to other pathogens in causing neurological infections in Finnish patients. Routine screening data were available for 400 patients aged 5-50 years, collected from December 2013 to December 2014 with suspected neurological infection. Depending on symptoms, patients were variously tested for herpesviruses, enteroviruses, varicella zoster virus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, while those suspected of tick bite were further tested for Borrelia spp. and tick-borne encephalitis virus using antibody and/or nucleic acid tests. For 380 patients, we also screened the RNA and antibody prevalence of LCMV and LV in order to test if either of these viruses were the causative agent. Data collected indicated that the causative microbial agent was confirmed in only 15.5% of all Finnish patients with neurological symptoms, with M. pneumoniae (26 cases) being the most common causative agent found in sera, whereas Borrelia spp. (15), herpes simplex viruses (7), and enteroviruses (5) were the most common agents confirmed in the CSF. The seroprevalences for LV and LCMV were 33.8% and 5.0%, respectively, but no samples were PCR-positive. In this study, M. pneumoniae and Borrelia spp. were the most common causative agents of neurological infections in Finland. No LCMV or LV infections were detected. We conclude there was no association of LV with neurological diseases in this patient cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fevola
- Faculty of Medicine,, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Smura
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Vaheri
- Faculty of Medicine,, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi C Hauffe
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annemarjut J Jääskeläinen
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Nelson TM, Vuillermin P, Hodge J, Druce J, Williams DT, Jasrotia R, Alexandersen S. An outbreak of severe infections among Australian infants caused by a novel recombinant strain of human parechovirus type 3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44423. [PMID: 28290509 PMCID: PMC5349594 DOI: 10.1038/srep44423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus types 1–16 (HPeV1–16) are positive strand RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae. We investigated a 2015 outbreak of HPeV3 causing illness in infants in Victoria, Australia. Virus genome was extracted from clinical material and isolates and sequenced using a combination of next generation and Sanger sequencing. The HPeV3 outbreak genome was 98.7% similar to the HPeV3 Yamagata 2011 lineage for the region encoding the structural proteins up to nucleotide position 3115, but downstream of that the genome varied from known HPeV sequences with a similarity of 85% or less. Analysis indicated that recombination had occurred, may have involved multiple types of HPeV and that the recombination event/s occurred between March 2012 and November 2013. However the origin of the genome downstream of the recombination site is unknown. Overall, the capsid of this virus is highly conserved, but recombination provided a different non-structural protein coding region that may convey an evolutionary advantage. The indication that the capsid encoding region is highly conserved at the amino acid level may be helpful in directing energy towards the development of a preventive vaccine for expecting mothers or antibody treatment of young infants with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffanie M Nelson
- Geelong Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jason Hodge
- Geelong Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL), Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Rekha Jasrotia
- Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- Geelong Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.,Barwon Health, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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10
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Serological survey in the Finnish human population implies human-to-human transmission of Ljungan virus or antigenically related viruses. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:1278-85. [PMID: 26489898 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV) is a picornavirus related to human parechoviruses (HPeV). The virus has been found in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and several other rodent species, and suggested to have zoonotic potential. Thus far, seroepidemiological data on LV infections in humans are scarce. In this study, we aimed to characterize the demographic and geographical distribution of LV-reactive antibodies in Finland, and to investigate its occurrence in patients suspected of having a rodent-borne disease, nephropathia epidemica (NE) caused by Puumala hantavirus (PUUV). Using an immunofluorescence assay (LV strain 145SLG), we screened human sera (n = 1378) and found LV-reactive antibodies in 36% of samples. The probability of possessing LV-reactive antibodies peaked at age of 14 years, suggesting that most infections occur in childhood. The prevalence of LV-reactive antibodies was significantly higher in the urbanized area surrounding Helsinki than in more rural Central Finland. These findings are uncharacteristic of a rodent-borne pathogen, and therefore we consider human-to-human transmission of one or several Ljungan-like viruses as a likely cause for most of the observed antibody responses.
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Pounder KC, Watts PC, Niklasson B, Kallio ERK, Marston DA, Fooks AR, Begon M, McElhinney LM. Genome characterisation of two Ljungan virus isolates from wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:156-164. [PMID: 26375731 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV) (family Picornaviridae, genus Parechovirus) is a suspected zoonotic pathogen with associations to human disease in Sweden. LV is a single-stranded RNA virus with a positive sense genome. There are five published Ljungan virus strains, three isolated from Sweden and two from America, and are classified into four genotypes. A further two strains described here were isolated from wild bank voles (Myodes glareolus) caught in Västmanlands county, Sweden in 1994. These strains were sequenced using next generation pyrosequencing technology on the GS454flx platform. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained genomes confirms isolates LV340 and LV342 as two new putative members of genotype 2 along with LV145SL, with 92% and 99% nucleotide identities respectively. Only two codon sites throughout the entire genome were identified as undergoing positive selection, both situated within the VP3 structural region, in or near to major antigenic sites. Whilst these two strains do not constitute new genotypes they provide evidence, though weakly supported, which suggests the evolution of Ljungan viruses to be relatively slow, a characteristic unlike other picornaviruses. Additional genomic sequences are urgently required for Ljungan virus strains, particularly from different locations or hosts, to fully understand the evolutionary and epidemiological properties of this potentially zoonotic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran C Pounder
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Phillip C Watts
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; University of Oulu, Department of Ecology, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Bo Niklasson
- Apodemus AB, Nobels väg 3, 17165 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva R K Kallio
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Denise A Marston
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Michael Begon
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; University of Liverpool Institute of Infection and Global Health, L69 7BE, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK.
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Zheng L, Wang F, Huang J, Xin H. Evaluation of the association of zoonotic Ljungan virus with perinatal deaths and fetal malformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:81-5. [PMID: 25789980 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More and more epidemiologic and experimental data support the notion that Ljungan virus (LV), originally isolated from some rodent populations in Sweden, Denmark, and the United States, plays an important role in stillbirth and fetal malformation. Mouse dams infected with LV may result in uterine resorption and perinatal deaths that may cross generations, and their offspring may suffer high rates of malformations including cranial, brain, and limb malformations. In humans, researches founded that LV infection is related to malformation, intrauterine fetal death, and even central nervous system malformation. Although molecularly characterized, little is known about the biophysical nature of LV. Consequently, the role of LV infections in sudden infant death syndrome is still confusing, and the mechanism of how LV infections cause diseases is not clear. More research is clearly necessary to explore the mechanisms of LV infection in human and animal diseases to bring improvement to the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
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13
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Yu JM, Li XY, Ao YY, Li LL, Liu N, Li JS, Duan ZJ. Identification of a novel picornavirus in healthy piglets and seroepidemiological evidence of its presence in humans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70137. [PMID: 23936384 PMCID: PMC3735577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe a novel porcine parechovirus-like virus (tentatively named PLV-CHN) from healthy piglets in China using 454 high-throughput sequencing. The complete genome of the virus comprises 6832 bp, encoding a predicted polyprotein of 2132 amino acids that is most similar to Ljungan virus (32% identity). A similar virus that belongs to a novel Picornaviridae genus, named swine pasivirus 1 (SPaV-1), was reported during the preparation of this paper. Sequence analysis revealed that PLV-CHN and SPaV1 shared 82% nucleotide identity and 89% amino acid identity. Further genomic and phylogenetic analyses suggested that both SPaV1 and PLV-CHN shared similar genomic characteristics and belong to the same novel Picornaviridae genus. A total of 36 (20.0%) fecal samples from 180 healthy piglets were positive for PLV-CHN by RT-PCR, while no fecal samples from 100 healthy children and 100 children with diarrhea, and no cerebrospinal fluid samples from 196 children with suspected viral encephalitis, was positive for the virus. However, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant PLV-CHN VP1 polypeptide as an antigen showed a high seroprevalence of 63.5% in the healthy population. When grouped by age, the antibody-positivity rates showed that the majority of children under 12 years of age have been infected by the virus. It was suggested that PLV-CHN, SPaV1, or an as-yet-uncharacterized virus can infect humans early in life. Thus, investigation of the role of this novel virus is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-mei Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-yue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anqing Municipal Hospital, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan-yun Ao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-li Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Na Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-song Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-jun Duan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Development and characterization of murine monoclonal antibodies to first and second Ljungan virus genotypes. J Virol Methods 2012; 184:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Schønecker B, Freimanis T, Sørensen IV. Diabetes in Danish bank voles (M. glareolus): survivorship, influence on weight, and evaluation of polydipsia as a screening tool for hyperglycaemia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22893. [PMID: 21829666 PMCID: PMC3150384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have concluded that the development of polydipsia (PD, a daily water intake ≥21 ml) among captive Danish bank voles, is associated with the development of a type 1 diabetes (T1D), based on findings of hyperglycaemia, glucosuria, ketonuria/-emia, lipemia, destroyed beta cells, and presence of autoantibodies against GAD65, IA-2, and insulin. Aim and Methods We retrospectively analysed data from two separate colonies of Danish bank voles in order to 1) estimate survivorship after onset of PD, 2) evaluate whether the weight of PD voles differed from non-PD voles, and, 3), evaluate a state of PD as a practical and non-invasive tool to screen for voles with a high probability of hypeglycaemia. In addition, we discuss regional differences related to the development of diabetes in Scandinavian bank voles and the relevance of the Ljungan virus as proposed etiological agent. Results We found that median survival after onset of PD is at least 91 days (lower/upper quartiles = 57/134 days) with a maximum recording of at least 404 days survivorship. The development of PD did not influence the weight of Danish bank voles. The measures of accuracy when using PD as predictor of hyperglycaemia, i.e. sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, equalled 69%, 97%, 89%, and 89%, respectively. Conclusion The relatively long survival of Danish PD bank voles suggests potentials for this model in future studies of the long-term complications of diabetes, of which some observations are mentioned. Data also indicates that diabetes in Danish bank is not associated with a higher body weight. Finally, the method of using measurements of daily water intake to screen for voles with a high probability of hyperglycaemia constitutes a considerable refinement when compared to the usual, invasive, methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Schønecker
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Li L, Padhi A, Ranjeva SL, Donaldson SC, Warf BC, Mugamba J, Johnson D, Opio Z, Jayarao B, Kapur V, Poss M, Schiff SJ. Association of bacteria with hydrocephalus in Ugandan infants. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2011; 7:73-87. [PMID: 21194290 DOI: 10.3171/2010.9.peds10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Infantile hydrocephalus in East Africa is predominantly postinfectious. The microbial origins remain elusive, since most patients present with postinfectious hydrocephalus after antecedent neonatal sepsis (NS) has resolved. METHODS To characterize this syndrome in Ugandan infants, the authors used polymerase chain reaction targeting bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA from CSF to determine if bacterial residua from recent infections were detectable. Bacteria were identified based on the relationship of genetic sequences obtained with reference bacteria in public databases. The authors evaluated samples from patients presenting during dry and rainy seasons and performed environmental sampling in the villages of patients. RESULTS Bacterial DNA was recovered from 94% of patients. Gram-negative bacteria in the phylum Proteobacteria were the most commonly detected. Within this phylum, Gammaproteobacteria dominated in patients presenting after infections during the rainy season, and Betaproteobacteria was most common following infections during the dry season. Acinetobacter species were identified in the majority of patients admitted after rainy season infection. CONCLUSIONS Postinfectious hydrocephalus in Ugandan infants appears associated with predominantly enteric gram-negative bacteria. These findings highlight the need for linking these cases with antecedent NS to develop more effective treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Azoulay E. Emerging Viral Infections. PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT IN PATIENTS WITH HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES 2011. [PMCID: PMC7123354 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15742-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elie Azoulay
- Service de Réanimation Médicale, Hôpital Saint Louis, Avenue Claude Vellefaux 1, Paris, 75010 France
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Ryan MAK, Jacobson IG, Sevick CJ, Smith TC, Gumbs GR, Conlin AMS. Health outcomes among infants born to women deployed to United States military operations during pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 91:117-24. [PMID: 21319279 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military professionals who deploy to combat operations may encounter hazards that could adversely affect reproductive health. Pregnant women are generally exempt from deployment to military operations; however, exposures to such environments may inadvertently occur. We investigated whether maternal deployment during pregnancy was associated with adverse health outcomes in infants. METHODS The United States Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Registry identified infants born to military service women between 2002 and 2005, and defined their health outcomes at birth and in the first year of life. Multivariable modeling was applied to investigate preterm birth and birth defects among infants, based on maternal deployment experience during pregnancy. RESULTS Among 63,056 infants born to military women from 2002 to 2005, 22,596 were born to women with deployment experience in support of the current military operations before, during, or after their pregnancy. These included 2941 infants born to women who appeared to have been deployed some time during their first trimester of pregnancy. Compared to infants born to women who deployed at other times, or never deployed, exposed infants were not more likely to be born preterm, diagnosed with a major birth defect, or diagnosed with a malignancy. CONCLUSIONS In this exploratory analysis, infants born to women who inadvertently deployed to military operations during their pregnancy were not at increased risk of adverse birth or infant health outcomes. Future analyses should examine outcomes related to specific maternal exposures during deployment, and outcomes among the growing number of infants conceived after deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A K Ryan
- United States Naval Hospital Camp Pendleton, Camp Pendleton, CA 92055, USA.
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Krous HF, Langlois NE. Ljungan virus: a commentary on its association with fetal and infant morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:947-52. [PMID: 20890937 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and experimental data support the notion that Ljungan virus (LV), endemic in some rodent populations in Sweden, Denmark, and the United States, can cause morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. LV infection can cause type I diabetes mellitus, myocarditis, and encephalitis in bank voles and experimental mice, and lemmings. Mouse dams infected with LV experience high rates of stillbirth that may persist across generations, and their fetuses may develop cranial, brain, and limb malformations. In humans, epidemiologic and serologic data suggest that LV infection correlates with intrauterine fetal death, malformations, placental inflammation, myocarditis, encephalitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. The proposed role of LV infection in SIDS is unconvincing. Further research is necessary to clarify the role of LV infection in animal and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F Krous
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, and San Diego SIDS/SUDC Research Project, Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, 3020 Children’s Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Hidaka S, Kishikawa S, Ushijima K, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Molecular detection of kobuvirus sequences in stool samples collected from healthy pigs in Japan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:950-4. [PMID: 20547246 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the detection and genetic characterization of porcine kobuvirus, a new member of the genus Kobuvirus in the family Picornaviridae. Among 293 fecal specimens collected from healthy pigs in 2009, in Japan, 133 (45.4%) were positive for kobuvirus using RT-PCR screening method. Of the positive specimens, 124 were obtained from pigs < or =6 months old, while 9 samples were from pigs >6 months old. Fifty-two representative strains of kobuviruses detected in this study were randomly selected and analyzed for their phylogenetic relationships with those other kobuvirus reference strains. The phylogenetic tree confirmed that 51 strains belonged to porcine kobuvirus and formed the exclusive branch with other porcine kobuvirus reference strains. In addition, the nucleotide sequence of H023/2009/JP shared very low levels of sequence identity with those of other porcine kobuvirus strains, but showed the highest level of sequence identity with bovine kobuvirus U-1 prototype strain. Our study demonstrated clearly that, porcine kobuvirus infection was common in healthy pigs and high prevalence of this virus was found in younger age of <6 months old of porcine populations in Tokyo and Hokkaido, Japan.
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Tapia G, Cinek O, Rasmussen T, Grinde B, Rønningen KS. No Ljungan virus RNA in stool samples from the Norwegian environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes (MIDIA) cohort study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:1069-71. [PMID: 20185738 PMCID: PMC2858177 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ljungan virus (LjV) has been proposed as a potential environmental factor for type 1 diabetes. The objective was to test for any association of LjV with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A nested case-control design was used to test for any association between the development of pre-diabetic autoimmunity and presence of LjV in stool samples (n = 3,803) in the Norwegian Environmental Triggers of Type 1 Diabetes (MIDIA) study. The children followed were 27 infants who developed pre-diabetic autoimmunity during or shortly after the sampling period, 54 matched control subjects, and 94 other children. RESULTS No LjV RNA was detected. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that LjV is rare in young children. LjV does not seem to be involved in the development of human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Tapia
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Niklasson B, Almqvist PR, Hörnfeldt B, Klitz W. Sudden infant death syndrome and Ljungan virus. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2009; 5:274-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nordbø S. Assosiasjon eller kausalitet? TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2009. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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