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Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Xie H, Han D, Yan H. Recent advancements in the extraction and analysis of phthalate acid esters in food samples. Food Chem 2024; 463:141262. [PMID: 39298858 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants present in food samples, necessitating accurate detection for risk assessment and remediation efforts. This review provides an updated overview of the recent progress on the PAEs analysis regarding sample pretreatment techniques and analytical methodologies over the latest decade. Advances in sample preparation include solid-based extraction techniques replacing conventional liquid-liquid extraction, with solid sorbents emerging as promising alternatives due to their minimal solvent consumption and enhanced selectivity. Although techniques like the microextraction methods offer versatility and reduced solvent reliance, there is a need for more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques enabling on-site portable detection. High-resolution mass spectrometry is increasingly utilized for its enhanced sensitivity and reduced contamination risks. However, challenges persist in developing in situ analytical techniques for trace PAEs in complex food samples. Future research should prioritize novel analytical techniques with superior sensitivity and selectivity, addressing current limitations to meet the demand for precise PAEs detection in diverse food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yangqing Wu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Hongyu Xie
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Dandan Han
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, School of Public Health, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Jauregui EJ, Lock J, Rasmussen L, Craig ZR. Mono-n-Butyl Phthalate Distributes to the Mouse Ovary and Liver and Alters the Expression of Phthalate-Metabolizing Enzymes in Both Tissues. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:117-127. [PMID: 34175954 PMCID: PMC8502470 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to phthalates daily via items such as personal care products and medications. Reproductive toxicity has been documented in mice exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); however, quantitative evidence of its metabolite, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), reaching the mouse ovary and its effects on hepatic and ovarian biotransformation enzymes in treated mice is still lacking. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to quantify MBP levels in liver, serum, and ovary from mice treated with a single or repeated exposure to the parent compound, DBP. Adult CD-1 females were pipet fed once or for 10 days with vehicle (tocopherol-stripped corn oil) or DBP at 1, 10, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Tissues and serum were collected at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after the single or final dose and subjected to LC-MS/MS. Ovaries and livers were processed for qPCR analysis of selected phthalate-associated biotransformation enzymes. Regardless of duration of exposure (single vs repeated), MBP was detected in the tissues of DBP-treated mice. In single dose mice, MBP levels peaked at ≤6 h and fell close to background levels by 24 h post-exposure. Following the last repeated dose, MBP levels peaked at ≤2 h and fell to background levels by 12 h. Hepatic and ovarian expression of Lpl, Aldh1a1, Adh1, Ugt1a6a, and Cyp1b1 were altered in DBP-treated mice in a time- and dose-specific manner. These findings confirm that MBP reaches the mouse liver and ovary after oral exposure to DBP and influences the expression of hepatic and ovarian phthalate-associated biotransformation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela J Jauregui
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Jasmine Lock
- Environmental Health Sciences Transformative Research Undergraduate Experience Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Lindsay Rasmussen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Zelieann R Craig
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA,BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed at School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1230 N Cherry Avenue, BSRL 355, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. E-mail:
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Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Reproductive Hazards: A First Step in Establishing Environmental Perinatal Care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030366. [PMID: 30696096 PMCID: PMC6388153 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics established the prevention of exposures to environmental reprotoxic substances as a priority for health professionals. However, available information about reproductive hazards is voluminous, dispersed, and complex, and this is a severe limitation for physicians to incorporate the prevention of environmental exposure into standard preventive care. One difficulty frequently cited by physicians is the lack of evidence-based information. The objective of our study was to identify a list of environmental chemical hazards to reproduction. We used lists present in relevant regulations or included in scientific reports or databases to identify reproductive hazards. The reproductive hazards were prioritized according to the strength of evidence concerning their impact on fertility or development of the offspring. We identified 1251 reproductive hazards. Our prioritization approach resulted in a high-priority classification for 462 risk factors belonging to the following eight classes: drugs (n = 206), metals (n = 116), pesticides (n = 38), organic solvents (n = 27), synthesizing and/or processing agents in industrial processes (n = 23), phthalates (n = 13), perfluorinated compounds (n = 13), and other compounds (n = 26). Despite the limitations of this work, the generated lists constitute a useful working basis to put in place innovative environmental preventive measures according to the principle of evidence-based medicine.
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Abstract
The ubiquitous nature of plastics has raised concerns pertaining to continuous exposure to plastic polymers and human health risks. Of particular concern is the use of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in plastic production, including di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA). Widespread and continuous exposure to DEHP and BPA occurs through dietary intake, inhalation, dermal and intravenous exposure via consumer products and medical devices. This article reviews the literature examining the relationship between DEHP and BPA exposure and cardiac toxicity. In vitro and in vivo experimental reports are outlined, as well as epidemiological studies which examine the association between these chemicals and cardiovascular outcomes. Gaps in our current knowledge are also discussed, along with future investigative endeavors that may help resolve whether DEHP and/or BPA exposure has a negative impact on cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA,
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Gao T, Wang XC, Chen R, Ngo HH, Guo W. Disability adjusted life year (DALY): a useful tool for quantitative assessment of environmental pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:268-287. [PMID: 25549348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Disability adjusted life year (DALY) has been widely used since 1990s for evaluating global and/or regional burden of diseases. As many environmental pollutants are hazardous to human health, DALY is also recognized as an indicator to quantify the health impact of environmental pollution related to disease burden. Based on literature reviews, this article aims to give an overview of the applicable methodologies and research directions for using DALY as a tool for quantitative assessment of environmental pollution. With an introduction of the methodological framework of DALY, the requirements on data collection and manipulation for quantifying disease burdens are summarized. Regarding environmental pollutants hazardous to human beings, health effect/risk evaluation is indispensable for transforming pollution data into disease data through exposure and dose-response analyses which need careful selection of models and determination of parameters. Following the methodological discussions, real cases are analyzed with attention paid to chemical pollutants and pathogens usually encountered in environmental pollution. It can be seen from existing studies that DALY is advantageous over conventional environmental impact assessment for quantification and comparison of the risks resulted from environmental pollution. However, further studies are still required to standardize the methods of health effect evaluation regarding varied pollutants under varied circumstances before DALY calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Wenshan Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Rooney AA, Boyles AL, Wolfe MS, Bucher JR, Thayer KA. Systematic review and evidence integration for literature-based environmental health science assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:711-8. [PMID: 24755067 PMCID: PMC4080517 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic-review methodologies provide objectivity and transparency to the process of collecting and synthesizing scientific evidence in reaching conclusions on specific research questions. There is increasing interest in applying these procedures to address environmental health questions. OBJECTIVES The goal was to develop a systematic-review framework to address environmental health questions by extending approaches developed for clinical medicine to handle the breadth of data relevant to environmental health sciences (e.g., human, animal, and mechanistic studies). METHODS The Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) adapted guidance from authorities on systematic-review and sought advice during development of the OHAT Approach through consultation with technical experts in systematic review and human health assessments, as well as scientific advisory groups and the public. The method was refined by considering expert and public comments and through application to case studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Here we present a seven-step framework for systematic review and evidence integration for reaching hazard identification conclusions: 1) problem formulation and protocol development, 2) search for and select studies for inclusion, 3) extract data from studies, 4) assess the quality or risk of bias of individual studies, 5) rate the confidence in the body of evidence, 6) translate the confidence ratings into levels of evidence, and 7) integrate the information from different evidence streams (human, animal, and "other relevant data" including mechanistic or in vitro studies) to develop hazard identification conclusions. CONCLUSION The principles of systematic review can be successfully applied to environmental health questions to provide greater objectivity and transparency to the process of developing conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Rooney
- Office of Health Assessment and Translation, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Lung FW, Chiang TL, Lin SJ, Shu BC. Incinerator pollution and child development in the taiwan birth cohort study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:2241-57. [PMID: 23727903 PMCID: PMC3717734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10062241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect effects of environmental pollutants on child development and parental concerns. It focused on the pathway relationships among the following factors: living within three kilometers of an incinerator, breastfeeding, place of residence, parental concerns about development, and parent-perceived child development. The Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (TBCS) dataset includes randomized community data on 21,248 children at six, 18, and 36 months of age. The Parental Concern Checklist and the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study-Developmental Instrument were used to measure parental concern and parent-perceived child development. Living within three kilometers of an incinerator increased the risk of children showing delayed development in the gross motor domain at six and 36 months. Although breastfeeding is a protective factor against uneven/delayed developmental disability (U/DDD), children living near an incinerator who were breastfed had an increased risk of U/DDD compared with those who did not live near incinerators. The presence of a local incinerator affected parent-perceived child development directly and indirectly through the mediating factor of breastfeeding. Further follow-up of these children to investigate the long-term effects of specific toxins on their development and later diagnostic categorization is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- For-Wey Lung
- Taipei City Hospital, Songde Branch, Taipei 110, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Liang Chiang
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Shio-Jean Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Bih-Ching Shu
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences and Department of Nursing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: ; ; Tel.: +886-6-235-3535 (ext. 5822); Fax: +886-6-237-7550
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Løkke H, Ragas AMJ, Holmstrup M. Tools and perspectives for assessing chemical mixtures and multiple stressors. Toxicology 2012; 313:73-82. [PMID: 23238274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present paper summarizes the most important insights and findings of the EU NoMiracle project with a focus on (1) risk assessment of chemical mixtures, (2) combinations of chemical and natural stressors, and (3) the receptor-oriented approach in cumulative risk assessment. The project aimed at integration of methods for human and ecological risk assessment. A mechanistically based model, considering uptake and toxicity as a processes in time, has demonstrated considerable potential for predicting mixture effects in ecotoxicology, but requires the measurement of toxicity endpoints at different moments in time. Within a novel framework for risk assessment of chemical mixtures, the importance of environmental factors on toxicokinetic processes is highlighted. A new paradigm for applying personal characteristics that determine individual exposure and sensitivity in human risk assessment is suggested. The results are discussed in the light of recent developments in risk assessment of mixtures and multiple stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Løkke
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Ragas AMJ, Oldenkamp R, Preeker NL, Wernicke J, Schlink U. Cumulative risk assessment of chemical exposures in urban environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:872-881. [PMID: 21450344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We performed a cumulative risk assessment for people living in a hypothetical urban environment, called Urbania. The main aims of the study were to demonstrate how a cumulative risk assessment for a middle-sized European city can be performed and to identify the bottlenecks in terms of data availability and knowledge gaps. The assessment focused on five air pollutants (i.e., PM₁₀, benzene, toluene, nonane and naphthalene) and six food pesticides (i.e., acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, imidacloprid and permethrin). Exposure predictions showed that PM₁₀, benzene and naphthalene exposure frequently exceeded the standards, and that the indoor environment contributed more than the outdoor environment. Effect predictions showed that mixture and interaction effects were generally limited. However, model calculations indicated potential synergistic effects between naphthalene and benzene and between chlorpyrifos, diazinon and toluene. PM₁₀ dominated the health impact expressed in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). We conclude that measures to reduce the health impact of environmental pollution should focus on the improvement of indoor air quality and the reduction of PM₁₀ emissions. Cumulative risk assessment can be improved by (1) the development of person-oriented exposure models that can simulate the cumulative exposure history of individuals, (2) a better mechanistic understanding of the effects of cumulative stressors, and (3) the development of instruments to prioritize stressors for inclusion in cumulative risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Lin S, Ku HY, Su PH, Chen JW, Huang PC, Angerer J, Wang SL. Phthalate exposure in pregnant women and their children in central Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:947-955. [PMID: 21075419 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate exposure was found to be associated with endocrine disruption, respiratory effects, reproductive and developmental toxicity. The intensive use of plastics may be increasing the exposure to phthalates in Taiwanese population, particularly for young children. We studied phthalate metabolites in pregnant women and their newborns in a prospective cohort from a medical center in Central Taiwan. One hundred maternal urine samples and 30 paired cord blood and milk samples were randomly selected from all of participants (430 pregnant women). Eleven phthalate metabolites (MEHP, 5OH-MEHP, 2cx-MEHP, 5cx-MEPP, 5oxo-MEHP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, OH-MiNP, oxo-MiNP, and cx-MiNP) representing the exposure to five commonly used phthalates (DEHP, di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), DnBP, BBP, DiNP) were measured in urine of pregnant women, cord serum and breast milk after delivery, and in urine of their children. Exposure was estimated with excretion factors and correlation among metabolites of the same parent compound. Thirty and 59 urinary samples from 2 and 5 years-old children were randomly selected from 185 children successfully followed. Total urinary phthalate metabolite concentration (geometric mean, μg L⁻¹) was found to be higher in 2-years-olds (398.6) and 5-years-olds (333.7) than pregnant women (205.2). Metabolites in urine are mainly from DEHP. The proportion of DiNP metabolites was higher in children urine (4.39 and 8.31%, ages 2 and 5) than in adults (0.83%) (p<0.01). Compared to urinary levels, phthalate metabolite levels are low in cord blood (37.45) and milk (14.90). DEHP metabolite levels in women's urine and their corresponding cord blood are significantly correlated. Compared to other populations in the world, DEHP derived metabolites in maternal urine were higher, while phthalate metabolite levels in milk and cord blood were similar. The level of phthalate metabolites in milk and cord blood were comparable to those found in other populations. Further studies of health effects related to DEHP and DiNP exposure are necessary for the children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lin
- National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan.
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Posnack NG, Lee NH, Brown R, Sarvazyan N. Gene expression profiling of DEHP-treated cardiomyocytes reveals potential causes of phthalate arrhythmogenicity. Toxicology 2010; 279:54-64. [PMID: 20920545 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer that imparts flexibility to polyvinyl chloride. We have recently reported that clinically relevant concentrations of DEHP can affect electrical coupling between cardiac myocytes causing significant rhythm disturbances. The underlying causes for this effect are currently unknown. OBJECTIVES To use data on global mRNA expression as a tool to reveal possible pathways leading to arrhythmogenic effects of DEHP. METHODS Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were treated with 50 μg/mL DEHP for 72 h. Extracted RNA samples were hybridized onto Affymetrix Rat Gene 1.0 ST arrays. The mRNA expression of a subset of genes was validated by qRT-PCR. In a second set of experiments, cells were treated in a concentration dependent manner to identify genes affected by low DEHP concentrations. RESULTS DEHP exposure is associated with global changes in mRNA expression, with differentially expressed genes overrepresented in 47 Gene Ontology categories. Modified expression was detected for genes associated with cell electrical activity, calcium handling, adhesion and microtubular transport. For a number of key proteins, including kinesin, TGFβ2, α-tubulin, and α1 & β1 integrins, changes in mRNA levels were confirmed on the level of the protein expression. A number of genes associated with cell adhesion and electrical activity were identified as early DEHP targets as they were affected by concentrations as low as 1 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes to clinically relevant DEHP concentrations leads to global changes in mRNA expression. These changes help to explain the arrhythmogenic effects of phthalates on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Gillum Posnack
- The Pharmacology & Physiology Department, The George Washington University, 2300 Eye Street, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Carrasco NJ. Status of the State of Undernutrition and Environmental Influences for Disease in Later Generations. Explore (NY) 2009; 5:55-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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