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Park W, Park H, Park S, Lim W, Song G. Bifenox compromises porcine trophectoderm and luminal epithelial cells in early pregnancy by arresting cell cycle progression and impairing mitochondrial and calcium homeostasis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 196:105628. [PMID: 37945262 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Bifenox is a widely used herbicide that contains a diphenyl ether group. However its global usage, the cell physiological effects that induce toxicity have not been elucidated. In this study, the effect of bifenox was examined in porcine trophectoderm and uterine epithelial cells to investigate the potential toxicity of the implantation process. To uncover the toxic effects of bifenox, cell viability and apoptosis following treatment with bifenox were evaluated. To investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms, mitochondrial and calcium homeostasis were investigated in both cell lines. In addition, the dysregulation of cell signal transduction and transcriptional alterations were also demonstrated. Bifenox reduced cell viability and significantly increased the number of cells arrested at the sub-G1 stage. Moreover, bifenox depolarized the mitochondrial membrane and upregulated the calcium flux into the mitochondria in both cell lines. Cytosolic calcium flux increased in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells and decreased in porcine luminal epithelium (pLE) cells. In addition, bifenox activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, bifenox inhibited the expression of retinoid receptor genes, such as RXRA, RXRB, and RXRG. Chemokine CCL8 was also downregulated at the mRNA level, whereas CCL5 expression remained unchanged. Overall, the results of this study suggest that bifenox deteriorates cell viability by arresting cell cycle progression, damaging mitochondria, and controlling calcium levels in pTr and pLE cells. The present study indicates the toxic potential of bifenox in the trophectoderm and luminal epithelial cells, which can lead to implantation disorders in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhyoung Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Park
- Department of Plant & Biomaterials Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Xie D, Huang H, Zhang H, Shen F, Jiang M, Li X, Shang H, Ma J, Zhao S. Extractive removal of micro and trace nitrofen, 2, 4-dichlorophenol and p-nitrotrophenol from water/soil by humic acid ester ether. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 43:1968-1979. [PMID: 33655807 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1862307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The amphiphilic humic acid ester ether (HAEE), as a kind of solid-phase extractant with characteristics of easy separation and hydrophilic-hydrophobic amphiphilic property, was prepared and used to extract micro or trace nitrofen, 2,4-dichlorophenol and p-nitrotrophenol (NIPs) from water and soil. Degradation of NIPs and extractant regeneration were carried out by simple photocatalysis. The adsorption equilibrium of the mono- or three mixed NIPs by HAEE in aqueous could be quickly reached within 20 min. The adsorption process was fit to quasi-second-order kinetics model and Friendlich thermodynamics model. The possible adsorption interaction was discussed. Results suggested that the adsorption of NIPs onto HAEE predominated by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction and π-π interaction. The extraction capacity of mixed NIPs (80 μg/L each component) by HAEE was up to 0.38 mg/g and tended to be multi-layer adsorption, in which p-nitrotrophenol had higher adsorption competitiveness because of lower resistance to HAEE. When HAEE-NIPs were degraded by photo-catalyst Fe0/F-TiO2 for 8 h, not only the adsorbed NIPs could be totally degraded and mineralized, but also the HAEE could be effectively regenerated. When the NIPs were continuously extracted from 40-year aging soil for three times (regenerative twice) by combined extractant (48 mL H2O + 2 mL n-hexane + 0.1 g HAEE), the total extraction efficiency of NIPs could reach to 84.66%. This research could supplement the theory and technique for harmless treatment of NIPs contaminated water and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dairui Xie
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Shen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Shang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Tzanetakis A, Antounians L, Belfiore A, Ma Q, Stasiewicz M, Pellerito O, Zani A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response is activated in pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia, but is decreased by administration of amniotic fluid stem cells. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:63-69. [PMID: 30386898 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is characterized by impaired epithelial homeostasis. Recently, amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSCs) have been shown to promote growth in hypoplastic lungs of rat fetuses with CDH. Herein, we investigated whether CDH hypoplastic lungs mount an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and whether AFSCs could re-establish pulmonary epithelial homeostasis. METHODS Primary epithelial cells were isolated from fetal rat lungs at E14.5 from control and nitrofen-exposed dams at E9.5. Nitrofen-exposed epithelial cells were grown in medium alone or co-cultured with AFSCs. Epithelial cell cultures were compared for apoptosis (TUNEL), cytotoxicity (LIVE/DEAD assay), proliferation (5'EdU), and ER stress (CHOP, Bcl-2) using one-way ANOVA (Dunn's post-test). RESULTS Compared to control, nitrofen-exposed epithelial cells had increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis, reduced proliferation, and activated ER stress. AFSCs restored apoptosis, proliferation, and ER stress back to control levels, and significantly reduced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS This study shows for the first time that ER stress-induced apoptosis is activated in the pulmonary epithelium of hypoplastic lungs from fetuses with CDH. AFSC treatment restores epithelial cellular homeostasis by attenuating the ER stress response and apoptosis, by increasing proliferation and migration ability, and by reducing cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areti Tzanetakis
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, PGCRL, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Lina Antounians
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, PGCRL, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Alyssa Belfiore
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, PGCRL, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Qi Ma
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, PGCRL, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mark Stasiewicz
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, PGCRL, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ornella Pellerito
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, PGCRL, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Augusto Zani
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, PGCRL, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Kardon G, Ackerman KG, McCulley DJ, Shen Y, Wynn J, Shang L, Bogenschutz E, Sun X, Chung WK. Congenital diaphragmatic hernias: from genes to mechanisms to therapies. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:955-970. [PMID: 28768736 PMCID: PMC5560060 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs) and structural anomalies of the diaphragm are a common class of congenital birth defects that are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to associated pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. In ∼30% of CDH patients, genomic analyses have identified a range of genetic defects, including chromosomal anomalies, copy number variants and sequence variants. The affected genes identified in CDH patients include transcription factors, such as GATA4, ZFPM2, NR2F2 and WT1, and signaling pathway components, including members of the retinoic acid pathway. Mutations in these genes affect diaphragm development and can have pleiotropic effects on pulmonary and cardiac development. New therapies, including fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion and prenatal transplacental fetal treatments, aim to normalize lung development and pulmonary vascular tone to prevent and treat lung hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension, respectively. Studies of the association between particular genetic mutations and clinical outcomes should allow us to better understand the origin of this birth defect and to improve our ability to predict and identify patients most likely to benefit from specialized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kate G Ackerman
- Departments of Pediatrics (Critical Care) and Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David J McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia Wynn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Linshan Shang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eric Bogenschutz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Riebeling C, Hayess K, Peters AK, Steemans M, Spielmann H, Luch A, Seiler AEM. Assaying embryotoxicity in the test tube: current limitations of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) challenging its applicability domain. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:443-64. [PMID: 22512667 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.674483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Testing for embryotoxicity in vitro is an attractive alternative to animal experimentation. The embryonic stem cell test (EST) is such a method, and it has been formally validated by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. A number of recent studies have underscored the potential of this method. However, the EST performed well below the 78% accuracy expected from the validation study using a new set of chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds, and also of toxicity criteria, tested to enlarge the database of the validated EST as part of the Work Package III of the ReProTect Project funded within the 6th Framework Programme of the European Union. To assess the performance and applicability domain of the EST we present a detailed review of the substances and their effects in the EST being nitrofen, ochratoxin A, D-penicillamine, methylazoxymethanol, lovastatin, papaverine, warfarin, β-aminopropionitrile, dinoseb, furosemide, doxylamine, pravastatin, and metoclopramide. By delineation of the molecular mechanisms of the substances we identify six categories of reasons for misclassifications. Some of these limitations might also affect other in vitro methods assessing embryotoxicity. Substances that fall into these categories need to be included in future validation sets and in validation guidelines for embryotoxicity testing. Most importantly, we suggest conceivable improvements and additions to the EST which will resolve most of the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), ZEBET - Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments, Berlin, Germany
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Kling DE, Cavicchio AJ, Sollinger CA, Schnitzer JJ, Kinane TB, Newburg DS. Nitrofen induces apoptosis independently of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 89:223-32. [PMID: 20549697 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrofen is a diphenyl ether that induces congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in rodents. Its mechanism of action has been hypothesized as inhibition of the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) enzymes with consequent reduced retinoic acid signaling. METHODS To determine if nitrofen inhibits RALDH enzymes, a reporter gene construct containing a retinoic acid response-element (RARE) was transfected into HEK-293 cells and treated with varying concentrations of nitrofen in the presence of retinaldehyde (retinal). Cell death was characterized by caspace-cleavage microplate assays and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays. Ex vivo analyses of cell viability were characterized in fetal rat lung explants using Live/Dead staining. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using fluorescent immunohistochemistry with phosphorylated histone and activated caspase antibodies on explant tissues. Nile red staining was used to identify intracellular lipid droplets. RESULTS Nitrofen-induced dose-dependent declines in RARE-reporter gene expression. However, similar reductions were observed in control-reporter constructs suggesting that nitrofen compromised cell viability. These observed declines in cell viability resulted from increased cell death and were confirmed using two independent assays. Ex vivo analyses showed that mesenchymal cells were particularly susceptible to nitrofen-induced apoptosis while epithelial cell proliferation was dramatically reduced in fetal rat lung explants. Nitrofen treatment of these explants also showed profound lipid redistribution, primarily to phagocytes. CONCLUSIONS The observed declines in nitrofen-associated retinoic acid signaling appear to be independent of RALDH inhibition and likely result from nitrofen induced cell death/apoptosis. These results support a cellular apoptotic mechanism of CDH development, independent of RALDH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Kling
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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Wang S, Hu CP, Jiang DJ, Peng J, Zhou Z, Yuan Q, Nie SD, Jiang JL, Li YJ, Huang KL. All-trans retinoic acid inhibits cobalt chloride-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells: role of the dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase/asymmetric dimethylarginine pathway. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1938-46. [PMID: 19156866 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and its specific hydrolase dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) are involved in the regulation of apoptosis in different cell types. In the present study, we investigated the role of the DDAH/ADMA pathway in cobalt chloride (CoCl(2))-induced apoptosis and the antiapoptotic effect of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) in undifferentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Treatment of CoCl(2) (125 microM) for 48 hr significantly induced the apoptosis of PC12 cells, concomitantly with increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-3 activity. CoCl(2) treatment also decreased the activity of DDAH and the expression of DDAH2 (mRNA and protein), resulting in an increased level of ADMA. All these alterations induced by CoCl(2) were attenuated by atRA (0.1, 1, or 10 microM). Interestingly, the antiapoptotic effects of atRA were inhibited by DDAH2 small RNA interference. In contrast, DDAH2 overexpression inhibited the proapoptotic effects of CoCl(2). We also found that treatment of exogenous ADMA (3, 10, or 30 microM) induced the apoptosis of PC12 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which was inhibited by the antioxidant or the caspase-3 inhibitor. These findings suggest that the modulation of the DDAH/ADMA/ROS pathway plays an important role in CoCl(2)-induced apoptosis and the antiapoptotic effects of atRA in undifferentiated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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