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Shen J, Ye D, Jin H, Wu Y, Peng L, Liang Y. Porcine nasal septum cartilage-derived decellularized matrix promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells without exogenous growth factors. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5513-5524. [PMID: 38745541 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb03077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the domain of plastic surgery, nasal cartilage regeneration is of significant importance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) from porcine nasal septum cartilage has shown potential for promoting human cartilage regeneration. Nonetheless, the specific biological inductive factors and their pathways in cartilage tissue engineering remain undefined. METHODS The decellularized matrix derived from porcine nasal septum cartilage (PN-DCM) was prepared using a grinding method. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HuMSCs) were cultured on these PN-DCM scaffolds for 4 weeks without exogenous growth factors to evaluate their chondroinductive potential. Subsequently, proteomic analysis was employed to identify potential biological inductive factors within the PN-DCM scaffolds. RESULTS Compared to the TGF-β3-cultured pellet model serving as a positive control, the PN-DCM scaffolds promoted significant deposition of a Safranin-O positive matrix and Type II collagen by HuMSCs. Gene expression profiling revealed upregulation of ACAN, COL2A1, and SOX9. Proteomic analysis identified potential chondroinductive factors in the PN-DCM scaffolds, including CYTL1, CTGF, MGP, ITGB1, BMP7, and GDF5, which influence HuMSC differentiation. CONCLUSION Our findings have demonstrated that the PN-DCM scaffolds promoted HuMSC differentiation towards a nasal chondrocyte phenotype without the supplementation of exogenous growth factors. This outcome is associated with the chondroinductive factors present within the PN-DCM scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Shen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, P. R. China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Taizhou Enze Medical Center, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Danyan Ye
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yongxuan Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China.
| | - Lihong Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, P. R. China.
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Subramanian A, Ip CHL, Qin W, Liu X, W D Carter S, Oguz G, Ramasamy A, E Illanes S, Biswas A, G Perron G, L Fee E, W L Li S, K Y Seah M, A Choolani M, W Kemp M. Simulated lunar microgravity transiently arrests growth and induces osteocyte-chondrocyte lineage differentiation in human Wharton's jelly stem cells. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:51. [PMID: 38704360 PMCID: PMC11069510 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Wharton's jelly stem cells (hWJSCs) are multipotent stem cells that are extensively employed in biotechnology applications. However, the impact of simulated lunar microgravity (sμG) on the growth, differentiation, and viability of this cell population is incompletely characterized. We aimed to determine whether acute (72 h) exposure to sμG elicited changes in growth and lineage differentiation in hWJSCs and if putative changes were maintained once exposure to terrestrial gravity (1.0 G) was restored. hWJSCs were cultured under standard 1.0 G conditions prior to being passaged and cultured under sμG (0.16 G) using a random positioning machine. Relative to control, hWJSCs cultured under sμG exhibited marked reductions in growth but not viability. Cell population expression of characteristic stemness markers (CD 73, 90, 105) was significantly reduced under sμG conditions. hWJSCs had 308 significantly upregulated and 328 significantly downregulated genes when compared to 1.0 G culture conditions. Key markers of cell replication, including MKI67, were inhibited. Significant upregulation of osteocyte-chondrocyte lineage markers, including SERPINI1, MSX2, TFPI2, BMP6, COMP, TMEM119, LUM, HGF, CHI3L1 and SPP1, and downregulation of cell fate regulators, including DNMT1 and EZH2, were detected in sμG-exposed hWJSCs. When returned to 1.0 G for 3 days, sμG-exposed hWJSCs had accelerated growth, and expression of stemness markers increased, approaching normal (i.e. 95%) levels. Our data support earlier findings that acute sμG significantly reduces the cell division potential of hWJSCs and suggest that acute sμG-exposure induces reversible changes in cell growth accompanied by osteocyte-chondrocyte changes in lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjunan Subramanian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Chelsea Han Lin Ip
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanxishan Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No. 46 Chongxin Road, 541002, Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, P. R. China
| | - Xiawen Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, 511436, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sean W D Carter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Gokce Oguz
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS). Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS). Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Genome #02-01, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sebastian E Illanes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arijit Biswas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Gabriel G Perron
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Erin L Fee
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah W L Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Michelle K Y Seah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Mahesh A Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
| | - Matthew W Kemp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Women and Infants Research Foundation, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia.
- Centre for Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
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Menezes R, Vincent R, Osorno L, Hu P, Arinzeh TL. Biomaterials and tissue engineering approaches using glycosaminoglycans for tissue repair: Lessons learned from the native extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2023; 163:210-227. [PMID: 36182056 PMCID: PMC10043054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the extracellular matrix as they influence cell behavior and have been sought for tissue regeneration, biomaterials, and drug delivery applications. GAGs are known to interact with growth factors and other bioactive molecules and impact tissue mechanics. This review provides an overview of native GAGs, their structure, and properties, specifically their interaction with proteins, their effect on cell behavior, and their mechanical role in the ECM. GAGs' function in the extracellular environment is still being understood however, promising studies have led to the development of medical devices and therapies. Native GAGs, including hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin, have been widely explored in tissue engineering and biomaterial approaches for tissue repair or replacement. This review focuses on orthopaedic and wound healing applications. The use of GAGs in these applications have had significant advances leading to clinical use. Promising studies using GAG mimetics and future directions are also discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an important component of the native extracellular matrix and have shown promise in medical devices and therapies. This review emphasizes the structure and properties of native GAGs, their role in the ECM providing biochemical and mechanical cues that influence cell behavior, and their use in tissue regeneration and biomaterial approaches for orthopaedic and wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Menezes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Laura Osorno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Phillip Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Treena Livingston Arinzeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States.
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Shestovskaya MV, Bozhkova SA, Sopova JV, Khotin MG, Bozhokin MS. Methods of Modification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Conditions of Their Culturing for Hyaline Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111666. [PMID: 34829895 PMCID: PMC8615732 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for tissue engineering of hyaline cartilage is a topical area of regenerative medicine that has already entered clinical practice. The key stage of this procedure is to create conditions for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, increase the synthesis of hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix proteins by these cells and activate their proliferation. The first such works consisted in the indirect modification of cells, namely, in changing the conditions in which they are located, including microfracturing of the subchondral bone and the use of 3D biodegradable scaffolds. The most effective methods for modifying the cell culture of MSCs are protein and physical, which have already been partially introduced into clinical practice. Genetic methods for modifying MSCs, despite their effectiveness, have significant limitations. Techniques have not yet been developed that allow studying the effectiveness of their application even in limited groups of patients. The use of MSC modification methods allows precise regulation of cell culture proliferation, and in combination with the use of a 3D biodegradable scaffold, it allows obtaining a hyaline-like regenerate in the damaged area. This review is devoted to the consideration and comparison of various methods used to modify the cell culture of MSCs for their use in regenerative medicine of cartilage tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Shestovskaya
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.G.K.)
| | - Svetlana A. Bozhkova
- Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Academica Baykova Str., 8, 195427 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Julia V. Sopova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.G.K.)
- Center of Transgenesis and Genome Editing, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaja Emb., 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail G. Khotin
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.G.K.)
| | - Mikhail S. Bozhokin
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.V.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.G.K.)
- Vreden National Medical Research Center of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Academica Baykova Str., 8, 195427 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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Impact of perlecan, a core component of basement membrane, on regeneration of cartilaginous tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:13-26. [PMID: 34454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable component of the extracellular matrix, perlecan (Pln) plays an essential role in cartilaginous tissue function. Although there exist studies suggesting that Pln expressed by cartilaginous tissues is critical for chondrogenesis, few papers have discussed the potential impact Pln may have on cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineate Pln structure, biomechanical properties, and interactive ligands-which together contribute to the effect Pln has on cartilaginous tissue development. We also review how the signaling pathways of Pln affect cartilage development and scrutinize the potential application of Pln to divisions of cartilage regeneration, spanning vascularization, stem cell differentiation, and biomaterial improvement. The aim of this review is to deepen our understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions that occur between Pln and cartilaginous tissue and ultimately apply Pln in scaffold design to improve cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As a key component of the basement membrane, Pln plays a critical role in tissue development and repair. Recent findings suggest that Pln existing in the pericellular matrix surrounding mature chondrocytes is actively involved in cartilage regeneration and functionality. We propose that Pln is essential to developing an in vitro matrix niche within biological scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Wang T, Yang F. A comparative study of chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate for directing three-dimensional chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:284. [PMID: 29258589 PMCID: PMC5735868 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for cartilage repair given their relative abundance, ease of isolation, and chondrogenic potential. To enhance MSC chondrogenesis, extracellular matrix components can be incorporated into three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds as an artificial cell niche. Chondroitin sulfate (CS)-containing hydrogels have been shown to support 3D chondrogenesis, but the effects of varying CS concentration and hydrogel stiffness on 3D MSC chondrogenesis remains elusive. Heparan sulfate (HS) is commonly used as a growth factor reservoir due to its ability to sequester growth factors; however, how it compares to CS in supporting 3D MSC chondrogenesis remains unknown. Methods We fabricated photocrosslinkable hydrogels containing physiologically relevant concentrations (0–10%) of CS or HS with two stiffnesses (~7.5 kPa and ~ 36 kPa) as a 3D niche for MSC chondrogenesis. Results CS is a more potent factor in enhancing MSC chondrogenesis, especially in soft hydrogels (~ 7.5 kPa). A moderate dosage of CS (5%) led to the highest amount of neocartilage deposition. Stiff hydrogels (~ 36 kPa) generally inhibited neocartilage formation regardless of the biochemical cues. Conclusions Taken together, the results from this study demonstrated that CS-containing hydrogels at low mechanical stiffness can provide a promising scaffold for enhancing MSC-based cartilage tissue regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0728-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Edwards R105, Stanford, CA, 94305-5341, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Edwards R105, Stanford, CA, 94305-5341, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Edwards R105, Stanford, CA, 94305-5341, USA.
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Pot MW, de Kroon LMG, van der Kraan PM, van Kuppevelt TH, Daamen WF. Unidirectional BMP2-loaded collagen scaffolds induce chondrogenic differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 13:015007. [PMID: 29165318 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa8960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfracture surgery may be improved by the implantation of unidirectional collagen scaffolds that provide a template for mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate cartilage. Incorporation of growth factors in unidirectional scaffolds may further enhance cartilage regeneration. In scaffolds, immobilization of growth factors is required to prolong in vivo activity, to limit diffusion and to reduce the amount of growth factor needed for safe clinical application. We investigated the immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to unidirectional collagen scaffolds and the effect on in vitro chondrogenesis. C3H10T1/2 cells were seeded on unidirectional collagen scaffolds with and without covalently attached heparin, and with and without incubation with BMP2 (1 and 10 μg), or with BMP2 present in the culture medium (10-200 ng ml-1). Culturing was for 2 weeks and readout parameters included histology, immunohistochemistry, biochemical analysis and molecular biological analysis. The unidirectional pores facilitated the distribution of C3H10T1/2 cells and matrix formation throughout scaffolds. The effective dose of medium supplementation with BMP2 was 100 ng ml-1 (total exposure 1 μg BMP2), and similar production of cartilage-specific molecules chondroitin sulfate (CS) and type II collagen was found for scaffolds pre-incubated with 10 μg BMP2. Pre-incubation with 1 μg BMP2 resulted in less cartilage matrix formation. The conjugation of heparin to the scaffolds resulted in more CS and less type II collagen deposition compared to scaffolds without heparin. In conclusion, unidirectional collagen scaffolds pre-incubated with 10 μg BMP2 supported chondrogenesis in vitro and may be suitable for prolonged cartilage matrix synthesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel W Pot
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wang T, Lai JH, Yang F. Effects of Hydrogel Stiffness and Extracellular Compositions on Modulating Cartilage Regeneration by Mixed Populations of Stem Cells and Chondrocytes In Vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1348-1356. [PMID: 27676200 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies offer great promise for repairing cartilage. Previous strategies often involved using a single cell population such as stem cells or chondrocytes. A mixed cell population may offer an alternative strategy for cartilage regeneration while overcoming donor scarcity. We have recently reported that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) can catalyze neocartilage formation by neonatal chondrocytes (NChons) when mixed co-cultured in 3D hydrogels in vitro. However, it remains unknown how the biochemical and mechanical cues of hydrogels modulate cartilage formation by mixed cell populations in vivo. The present study seeks to answer this question by co-encapsulating ADSCs and NChons in 3D hydrogels with tunable stiffness (∼1-33 kPa) and biochemical cues, and evaluating cartilage formation in vivo using a mouse subcutaneous model. Three extracellular matrix molecules were examined, including chondroitin sulfate (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), and heparan sulfate (HS). Our results showed that the type of biochemical cue played a dominant role in modulating neocartilage deposition. CS and HA enhanced type II collagen deposition, a desirable phenotype for articular cartilage. In contrast, HS promoted fibrocartilage phenotype with the upregulation of type I collagen and failed to retain newly deposited matrix. Hydrogels with stiffnesses of ∼7-33 kPa led to a comparable degree of neocartilage formation, and a minimal initial stiffness was required to retain hydrogel integrity over time. Results from this study highlight the important role of matrix cues in directing neocartilage formation, and they offer valuable insights in guiding optimal scaffold design for cartilage regeneration by using mixed cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California
| | - Janice H Lai
- 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Fan Yang
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California.,3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University , Stanford, California
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Exogenous Heparan Sulfate Enhances the TGF-β3-Induced Chondrogenesis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Activating TGF-β/Smad Signaling. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1520136. [PMID: 26783399 PMCID: PMC4691498 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1520136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) interacts with growth factors and has been implicated in regulating chondrogenesis. However, the effect of HS on TGF-β-mediated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis and molecular mechanisms remains unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of exogenous HS alone and in combination with TGF-β3 on chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs and possible signal mechanisms. The results indicated that HS alone had no obvious effects on chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs and TGF-β/Smad2/3 signal pathways. However, the combined TGF-β3/HS treatment resulted in a significant increase in GAG synthesis, cartilage matrix protein secretion, and cartilage-specific gene expression compared to cells treated with TGF-β3 alone. Furthermore, HS inhibited type III TGF-β receptors (TβRIII) expression and increased TGF-β3-mediated ratio of the type II (TβRII) to the type I (TβRI) TGF-β receptors and phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3. The inhibitor of the TGF-β/Smad signal, SB431542, not only completely inhibited HS-stimulated TGF-β3-mediated Smad2/3 phosphorylation but also completely inhibited the effects of HS on TGF-β3-induced chondrogenic differentiation. These results demonstrate exogenous HS enhances TGF-β3-induced chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs by activating TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling.
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Inagaki Y, Kitamura N, Kurokawa T, Tanaka Y, Gong JP, Yasuda K, Tohyama H. Effects of culture on PAMPS/PDMAAm double-network gel on chondrogenic differentiation of mouse C3H10T1/2 cells: in vitro experimental study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:320. [PMID: 25262146 PMCID: PMC4190488 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, several animal studies have found that spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration can be induced in vivo within a large osteochondral defect by implanting a synthetic double-network (DN) hydrogel, which is composed of poly-(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) and poly-(N,N’-dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMAAm), at the bottom of the defect. However, the effect of hydrogel on hyaline cartilage regeneration remains unexplained. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells on PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gel. Methods C3H10T1/2 cells of 1.0 × 105 were cultured on PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gel in polystyrene tissue culture dishes or directly on polystyrene tissue culture dishes. We compared cultured cells on PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gel with those on polystyrene dishes by morphology using phase-contrast microscopy, mRNA expression of aggrecan, type I collagen, type II collagen, Sox 9 and osteocalcin using real-time RT-PCR, and local expression of type II collagen using immunocytochemistry. Results C3H10T1/2 cells cultured on the PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gels formed focal adhesions, aggregated rapidly and developed into large nodules within 7 days, while the cells cultured on the polystyrene surface did not. The mRNA levels of aggrecan, type I collagen, type II collagen, Sox 9 and osteocalcin were significantly greater in cells cultured on the PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gel than in those cultured on polystyrene dishes. In addition, C3H10T1/2 cells cultured on PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gel expressed more type II collagen at the protein level when compared with cells cultured on polystyrene dishes. Conclusions The present study showed that PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gel enhanced chondrogenesis of C3H10T1/2 cells, which are functionally similar to mesenchymal stem cells. This suggests that mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow contribute to spontaneous hyaline cartilage regeneration in vivo in large osteochondral defects after implantation of PAMPS/PDMAAm DN gels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2474-15-320) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Harukazu Tohyama
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Lord MS, Chuang CY, Melrose J, Davies MJ, Iozzo RV, Whitelock JM. The role of vascular-derived perlecan in modulating cell adhesion, proliferation and growth factor signaling. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:112-22. [PMID: 24509440 PMCID: PMC5030467 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell proliferation can be inhibited by heparan sulfate proteoglycans whereas the removal or digestion of heparan sulfate from perlecan promotes their proliferation. In this study we characterized the glycosaminoglycan side chains of perlecan isolated from either primary human coronary artery smooth muscle or endothelial cells and determined their roles in mediating cell adhesion and proliferation, and in fibroblast growth factor (FGF) binding and signaling. Smooth muscle cell perlecan was decorated with both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, whereas endothelial perlecan contained exclusively heparan sulfate chains. Smooth muscle cells bound to the protein core of perlecan only when the glycosaminoglycans were removed, and this binding involved a novel site in domain III as well as domain V/endorepellin and the α2β1 integrin. In contrast, endothelial cells adhered to the protein core of perlecan in the presence of glycosaminoglycans. Smooth muscle cell perlecan bound both FGF1 and FGF2 via its heparan sulfate chains and promoted the signaling of FGF2 but not FGF1. Also endothelial cell perlecan bound both FGF1 and FGF2 via its heparan sulfate chains, but in contrast, promoted the signaling of both growth factors. Based on this differential bioactivity, we propose that perlecan synthesized by smooth muscle cells differs from that synthesized by endothelial cells by possessing different signaling capabilities, primarily, but not exclusively, due to a differential glycanation. The end result is a differential modulation of cell adhesion, proliferation and growth factor signaling in these two key cellular constituents of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Michael J Davies
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042 Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Gangl R, Behmüller R, Tenhaken R. Molecular cloning of a novel glucuronokinase/putative pyrophosphorylase from zebrafish acting in an UDP-glucuronic acid salvage pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89690. [PMID: 24586965 PMCID: PMC3938481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, the main precursor for glycosaminoglycan and furthermore proteoglycan biosynthesis, like hyaluronic acid, is UDP-glucuronic acid, which is synthesized via the nucleotide sugar oxidation pathway. Mutations in this pathway cause severe developmental defects (deficiency in the initiation of heart valve formation). In plants, UDP-glucuronic acid is synthesized via two independent pathways. Beside the nucleotide sugar oxidation pathway, a second minor route to UDP-glucuronic acid exist termed the myo-inositol oxygenation pathway. Within this myo-inositol is ring cleaved into glucuronic acid, which is subsequently converted to UDP-glucuronic acid by glucuronokinase and UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase. Here we report on a similar, but bifunctional enzyme from zebrafish (Danio rerio) which has glucuronokinase/putative pyrophosphorylase activity. The enzyme can convert glucuronic acid into UDP-glucuronic acid, required for completion of the alternative pathway to UDP-glucuronic acid via myo-inositol and thus establishes a so far unknown second route to UDP-glucuronic acid in animals. Glucuronokinase from zebrafish is a member of the GHMP-kinase superfamily having unique substrate specificity for glucuronic acid with a Km of 31±8 µM and accepting ATP as the only phosphate donor (Km: 59±9 µM). UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphorylase from zebrafish has homology to bacterial nucleotidyltransferases and requires UTP as nucleosid diphosphate donor. Genes for bifunctional glucuronokinase and putative UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphorylase are conserved among some groups of lower animals, including fishes, frogs, tunicates, and polychaeta, but are absent from mammals. The existence of a second pathway for UDP-glucuronic acid biosynthesis in zebrafish likely explains some previous contradictory finding in jekyll/ugdh zebrafish developmental mutants, which showed residual glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in knockout mutants of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Gangl
- Department of Cell Biology, Division Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Behmüller
- Department of Cell Biology, Division Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Cell Biology, Division Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Wigner NA, Soung DY, Einhorn TA, Drissi H, Gerstenfeld LC. Functional role of Runx3 in the regulation of aggrecan expression during cartilage development. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2232-42. [PMID: 23625810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 and Runx3 are known to be expressed in the growth plate during endochondral bone formation. Here we addressed the functional role of Runx3 as distinct from Runx2 by using two models of postnatal bone repair: fracture healing that proceeds by an endochondral process and marrow ablation that proceeds by only an intramembranous process. Both Runx2 and Runx3 mRNAs were differentially up regulated during fracture healing. In contrast, only Runx2 showed increased expression after marrow ablation. During fracture healing, Runx3 was expressed earlier than Runx2, was concurrent with the period of chondrogenesis, and coincident with maximal aggrecan expression a protein associated with proliferating and permanent cartilage. Immunohistological analysis showed Runx3 protein was also expressed by chondrocytes in vivo. In contrast, Runx2 was expressed later during chondrocyte hypertrophy, and primary bone formation. The functional activities of Runx3 during chondrocyte differentiation were assessed by examining its regulatory actions on aggrecan gene expression. Aggrecan mRNA levels and aggrecan promoter activity were enhanced in response to the over-expression of either Runx2 and Runx3 in ATDC5 chondrogenic cell line, while sh-RNA knocked down of each Runx protein showed that only Runx3 knock down specifically suppressed aggrecan mRNA expression and promoter activity. ChIP assay demonstrated that Runx3 interactions were selective to sites within the aggrecan promoter and were only observed during early periods of chondrogenesis before hypertrophy. Our studies suggest that Runx3 positively regulates aggrecan expression and suggest that its function is more limited to cartilage development than to bone. In aggregate these data further suggest that the various members of the Runx transcription factors are involved in the coordination of chondrocyte development, maturation, and hypertrophy during endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Wigner
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ustun S, Tombuloglu A, Kilinc M, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Growth and differentiation of prechondrogenic cells on bioactive self-assembled peptide nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 2012. [PMID: 23194156 DOI: 10.1021/bm301538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of cartilage defect remains a challenge, as the current treatments are ineffective to return tissue to its health. Thus, developing therapies for treatment of cartilage tissue damage caused by common joint diseases including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and accidents is crucial. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan molecules are vital constituents of both developing and mature cartilage extracellular matrix. The interplay between regulator proteins and glycosaminoglycan molecules has an essential role in coordinating differentiation, expansion, and patterning during cartilage development. In this study, we exploited the functional role of an extracellular matrix on chondrogenic differentiation by imitating extracellular matrix both chemically by imparting functional groups of native glycosaminoglycans and structurally through peptide nanofiber network. For this purpose, sulfonate, carboxylate, and hydroxyl groups were incorporated on self-assembled peptide nanofibers. We observed that when ATDC5 cells were cultured on functional peptide nanofibers, they rapidly aggregated in insulin-free medium and formed cartilage-like nodules and deposited sulfated glycosaminoglycans shown by Safranin-O staining. Moreover, collagen II and aggrecan gene expressions revealed by qRT-PCR were significantly enhanced, which indicated the remarkable bioactive role of this nanofiber system on chondrogenic differentiation. Overall, these results show that glycosaminoglycan mimetic peptide nanofiber system provides a promising platform for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Ustun
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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15
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The cartilage matrix molecule components produced by human foetal cartilage rudiment cells within scaffolds and the role of exogenous growth factors. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4078-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Venkatesan N, Siddiqui S, Jo T, Martin JG, Ludwig MS. Allergen-induced airway remodeling in brown norway rats: structural and metabolic changes in glycosaminoglycans. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:96-105. [PMID: 21852687 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0014oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased proteoglycan (PG) deposition is a feature of airway remodeling in asthma. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mediate many of the biological and mechanical properties of PGs by providing docking sites through their carbohydrate chains to bioactive ligands; therefore, it is imperative to define structural and metabolic changes of GAGs in asthma. Using a Brown Norway (BN) ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged rat model to induce airway remodeling, we found excessive deposition of chondroitin/dermatan (CS/DS)-, heparan (HS), and keratan (KS) sulfate GAGs in the airways and bronchoalveolar lavage cells of OVA-challenged rats. Disaccharide composition of CS/DS of OVA-challenged rats was significantly different compared with saline-treated (SAL) control rats, with increased levels of 0-, 6-, and 4-sulfated disaccharides. Increases in the amount and a change in the proportion of CS/DS versus HS GAGs were noted in OVA-challenged rats. The higher content and sulfation of CS/DS disaccharides was reflected by the increased expression of xylosyltransferase-I, β1,3-glucuronosyltransferase-I, chondroitin-4, and chondroitin-6 sulfotransferase genes and protein expression of xylosyltransferase-I and β1,3-glucuronosyltransferase-I in OVA-challenged rats. Genes encoding the core proteins of the CS/DS and KS-containing PGs, such as versican, biglycan, decorin, and lumican, were overexpressed in OVA-challenged rats. Our results suggest that GAG biosynthetic enzymes may be involved in the altered expression of GAGs in the airways and are potential targets for inhibiting excess PG-GAG deposition and the airway remodeling process in asthma.
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Heldens GTH, Blaney Davidson EN, Vitters EL, Schreurs BW, Piek E, van den Berg WB, van der Kraan PM. Catabolic factors and osteoarthritis-conditioned medium inhibit chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:45-54. [PMID: 21770865 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage has a very limited intrinsic repair capacity leading to progressive joint damage. Therapies involving tissue engineering depend on chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. This chondrogenic differentiation will have to survive in a diseased joint. We postulate that catabolic factors in this environment inhibit chondrogenesis of progenitor cells. We investigated the effect of a catabolic environment on chondrogenesis in pellet cultures of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We exposed chondrogenically differentiated hMSC pellets, to interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or conditioned medium derived from osteoarthritic synovium (CM-OAS). IL-1α and TNF-α in CM-OAS were blocked with IL-1Ra or Enbrel, respectively. Chondrogenesis was determined by chondrogenic markers collagen type II, aggrecan, and the hypertrophy marker collagen type X on mRNA. Proteoglycan deposition was analyzed by safranin o staining on histology. IL-1α and TNF-α dose-dependently inhibited chondrogenesis when added at onset or during progression of differentiation, IL-1α being more potent than TNF-α. CM-OAS inhibited chondrogenesis on mRNA and protein level but varied in extent between patients. Inhibition of IL-1α partially overcame the inhibitory effect of the CM-OAS on chondrogenesis whereas the TNF-α contribution was negligible. We show that hMSC chondrogenesis is blocked by either IL-1α or TNF-α alone, but that there are additional factors present in CM-OAS that contribute to inhibition of chondrogenesis, demonstrating that catabolic factors present in OA joints inhibit chondrogenesis, thereby impairing successful tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveva T H Heldens
- Experimental Rheumatology and Advanced Therapeutics, St. Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pitsillides AA, Beier F. Cartilage biology in osteoarthritis--lessons from developmental biology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2011; 7:654-63. [PMID: 21947178 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the initiation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA), and in particular cartilage degeneration in OA, are not completely understood. Increasing evidence implicates developmental processes in OA etiology and pathogenesis. Herein, we review this evidence. We first examine subtle changes in cartilage development and the specification and formation of joints, which predispose to OA development, and second, we review the switch from an articular to a hypertrophic chondrocyte phenotype that is thought to be part of the OA pathological process ultimately resulting in cartilage degeneration. The latest studies are summarized and we discuss the concepts emerging from these findings in cartilage biology, in the light of our understanding of the developmental processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Pitsillides
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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19
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Miller RE, Grodzinsky AJ, Cummings K, Plaas AHK, Cole AA, Lee RT, Patwari P. Intraarticular injection of heparin-binding insulin-like growth factor 1 sustains delivery of insulin-like growth factor 1 to cartilage through binding to chondroitin sulfate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 62:3686-94. [PMID: 20722014 DOI: 10.1002/art.27709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulates cartilage repair but is not a practical therapy due to its short half-life. We have previously modified IGF-1 by adding a heparin-binding domain and have shown that this fusion protein (HB-IGF-1) stimulates sustained proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage. This study was undertaken to examine the mechanism by which HB-IGF-1 is retained in cartilage and to test whether HB-IGF-1 provides sustained growth factor delivery to cartilage in vivo and to human cartilage explants. METHODS Retention of HB-IGF-1 and IGF-1 was analyzed by Western blotting. The necessity of heparan sulfate (HS) or chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) for binding was tested using enzymatic removal and cells with genetic deficiency of HS. Binding affinities of HB-IGF-1 and IGF-1 proteins for isolated GAGs were examined by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In cartilage explants, chondroitinase treatment decreased binding of HB-IGF-1, whereas heparitinase had no effect. Furthermore, HS was not necessary for HB-IGF-1 retention on cell monolayers. Binding assays showed that HB-IGF-1 bound both CS and HS, whereas IGF-1 did not bind either. After intraarticular injection in rat knees, HB-IGF-1 was retained in articular and meniscal cartilage, but not in tendon, consistent with enhanced delivery to CS-rich cartilage. Finally, HB-IGF-1 was retained in human cartilage explants but IGF-1 was not. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that after intraarticular injection in rats, HB-IGF-1 is specifically retained in cartilage through its high abundance of CS. Modification of growth factors with heparin-binding domains may be a new strategy for sustained and specific local delivery to cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Miller
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Pradhan S, Farach-Carson MC. Mining the extracellular matrix for tissue engineering applications. Regen Med 2010; 5:961-70. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field that aims to regenerate new tissue to replace damaged tissues or organs. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal tissues is a complex mixture of macromolecules that play an essential instructional role in the development of tissues and organs. Therefore, tissue engineering approaches rely on the need to present the correct cues to cells, to guide them to maintain tissue-specific functions. Recent research efforts have allowed us to mine various sequences and motifs, which play key roles in these guidance functions, from the ECM. Small conserved peptide sequences mined from ECM molecules can mimic some of the biological functions of their large parent molecules. In addition, these peptide sequences can be linked to various biomaterial scaffolds that can provide the cells with mechanical support to ensure appropriate cell growth and aid the formation of the correct tissue structure. The tissue engineering field will continue to benefit from the advent of these mined ECM sequences which have two major advantages over recombinant ECM molecules: material consistency and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pradhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (CTCR), University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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21
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Eames BF, Singer A, Smith GA, Wood ZA, Yan YL, He X, Polizzi SJ, Catchen JM, Rodriguez-Mari A, Linbo T, Raible DW, Postlethwait JH. UDP xylose synthase 1 is required for morphogenesis and histogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. Dev Biol 2010; 341:400-15. [PMID: 20226781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2009] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
UDP-xylose synthase (Uxs1) is strongly conserved from bacteria to humans, but because no mutation has been studied in any animal, we do not understand its roles in development. Furthermore, no crystal structure has been published. Uxs1 synthesizes UDP-xylose, which initiates glycosaminoglycan attachment to a protein core during proteoglycan formation. Crystal structure and biochemical analyses revealed that an R233H substitution mutation in zebrafish uxs1 alters an arginine buried in the dimer interface, thereby destabilizing and, as enzyme assays show, inactivating the enzyme. Homozygous uxs1 mutants lack Alcian blue-positive, proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix in cartilages of the neurocranium, pharyngeal arches, and pectoral girdle. Transcripts for uxs1 localize to skeletal domains at hatching. GFP-labeled neural crest cells revealed defective organization and morphogenesis of chondrocytes, perichondrium, and bone in uxs1 mutants. Proteoglycans were dramatically reduced and defectively localized in uxs1 mutants. Although col2a1a transcripts over-accumulated in uxs1 mutants, diminished quantities of Col2a1 protein suggested a role for proteoglycans in collagen secretion or localization. Expression of col10a1, indian hedgehog, and patched was disrupted in mutants, reflecting improper chondrocyte/perichondrium signaling. Up-regulation of sox9a, sox9b, and runx2b in mutants suggested a molecular mechanism consistent with a role for proteoglycans in regulating skeletal cell fate. Together, our data reveal time-dependent changes to gene expression in uxs1 mutants that support a signaling role for proteoglycans during at least two distinct phases of skeletal development. These investigations are the first to examine the effect of mutation on the structure and function of Uxs1 protein in any vertebrate embryos, and reveal that Uxs1 activity is essential for the production and organization of skeletal extracellular matrix, with consequent effects on cartilage, perichondral, and bone morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Frank Eames
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403-1254, USA.
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Dy P, Smits P, Silvester A, Penzo-Méndez A, Dumitriu B, Han Y, de la Motte CA, Kingsley DM, Lefebvre V. Synovial joint morphogenesis requires the chondrogenic action of Sox5 and Sox6 in growth plate and articular cartilage. Dev Biol 2010; 341:346-59. [PMID: 20206616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying synovial joint development remain poorly understood. Here we use complete and cell-specific gene inactivation to identify the roles of the redundant chondrogenic transcription factors Sox5 and Sox6 in this process. We show that joint development aborts early in complete mutants (Sox5(-/-)6(-/-)). Gdf5 and Wnt9a expression is punctual in articular progenitor cells, but Sox9 downregulation and cell condensation in joint interzones are late. Joint cell differentiation is unsuccessful, regardless of lineage, and cavitation fails. Sox5 and Sox6 restricted expression to chondrocytes in wild-type embryos and continued Erg expression and weak Ihh expression in Sox5(-/-)6(-/-) growth plates suggest that growth plate failure contribute to this Sox5(-/-)6(-/-) joint morphogenesis block. Sox5/6 inactivation in specified joint cells and chondrocytes (Sox5(fl/fl)6(fl/fl)Col2Cre) also results in a joint morphogenesis block, whereas Sox5/6 inactivation in specified joint cells only (Sox5(fl/fl)6(fl/fl)Gdf5Cre) results in milder joint defects and normal growth plates. Sox5(fl/fl)6(fl/fl)Gdf5Cre articular chondrocytes remain undifferentiated, as shown by continued Gdf5 expression and pancartilaginous gene downregulation. Along with Prg4 downregulation, these defects likely account for joint tissue overgrowth and incomplete cavitation in adult mice. Together, these data suggest that synovial joint morphogenesis relies on essential roles for Sox5/6 in promoting both growth plate and articular chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dy
- Department of Cell Biology, and Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue (NC-10), Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kwon HJ, Yasuda K, Ohmiya Y, Honma KI, Chen YM, Gong JP. In vitro differentiation of chondrogenic ATDC5 cells is enhanced by culturing on synthetic hydrogels with various charge densities. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:494-501. [PMID: 19651251 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the behavior of chondrogenic ATDC5 cells on synthetic polymer gels with various charge densities: negatively charged poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) gel, neutral poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAAm) gel, and copolymer gels of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid and dimethylacrylamide P(AMPS-co-DMAAm) with different compositions (molar fractions of AMPS, F=0.25, 0.5, 0.75). In insulin-free maintenance medium, the ATDC5 cells cultured on the highly negatively charged gels - PAMPS gel and the P(AMPS-co-DMAAm) copolymer gels (F=0.75) - spread and became confluent at day 7, and interestingly formed nodules at day 14, expressing type II collagen and proteoglycan. This result demonstrates that the highly negatively charged gels can induce chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells even in insulin-free maintenance medium, in which the ATDC5 cells cultured on the standard polystyrene dish cannot differentiate into chondrocytes. In insulin-supplemented differentiation medium, ATDC5 cells cultured on the PDMAAm gel made focal adhesions, rapidly aggregated and formed large nodules within 7 days, expressing significantly greater levels of type II collagen and proteoglycan than cells cultured on the polystyrene dish and the negatively charged gels. These results showed that the neutral gel accelerated chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells cultured in the differentiation medium. We suggest that the highly negatively charged PAMPS gel and the neutral PDMAAm gel are interesting biomaterials for cartilage tissue engineering as a scaffold with the potential to induce chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Joon Kwon
- Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering Division, Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Alliston T. Chondroitin sulfate and growth factor signaling in the skeleton: Possible links to MPS VI. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2010; 3:129-38. [PMID: 20628554 PMCID: PMC2901997 DOI: 10.3233/prm-2010-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI), also called Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome, is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of a specific enzyme required for glycosaminoglycan catabolism. Deficiency in the N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (4S) enzyme, also called arylsulfatase B (ARSB), may have profound skeletal consequences. In MPS VI, partially degraded glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate accumulate within lysosomes. Through mechanisms that remain unclear, the abnormal GAG metabolism impacts several aspects of cellular function, particularly in the growth plate. This article explores the hypothesis that accrued partially degraded GAGs may contribute to deregulation of signaling pathways that normally orchestrate skeletal development, with a focus on members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. Understanding the molecular mechanisms disrupted by MPS VI may yield insight to improve the efficacy of MPS VI therapies, including bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Alliston
- University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus, UC Hall 452, Box 0514, San Francisco, CA, USA Tel.: +1 415 502 6523
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Rodgers KD, San Antonio JD, Jacenko O. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: a GAGgle of skeletal-hematopoietic regulators. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2622-42. [PMID: 18629873 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes our current understanding of the presence and function of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in skeletal development and hematopoiesis. Although proteoglycans (PGs) comprise a large and diverse group of cell surface and matrix molecules, we chose to focus on HSPGs owing to their many proposed functions in skeletogenesis and hematopoiesis. Specifically, we discuss how HSPGs play predominant roles in establishing and regulating niches during skeleto-hematopoietic development by participating in distinct developmental processes such as patterning, compartmentalization, growth, differentiation, and maintenance of tissues. Special emphasis is placed on our novel hypothesis that mechanistically links endochondral skeletogenesis to the establishment of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche in the marrow. HSPGs may contribute to these developmental processes through their unique abilities to establish and mediate morphogen, growth factor, and cytokine gradients; facilitate signaling; provide structural stability to tissues; and act as molecular filters and barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Rodgers
- Department of Animal Biology, Division of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6046, USA.
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Brown AJ, Alicknavitch M, D’Souza S, Daikoku T, Kirn-Safran C, Marchetti D, Carson DD, Farach-Carson M. Heparanase expression and activity influences chondrogenic and osteogenic processes during endochondral bone formation. Bone 2008; 43:689-99. [PMID: 18589009 PMCID: PMC2621444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is a highly orchestrated process involving coordination among cell-cell, cell-matrix and growth factor signaling that eventually results in the production of mineralized bone from a cartilage template. Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation occur in sequence during this process, and the temporospatial patterning clearly requires the activities of heparin binding growth factors and their receptors. Heparanase (HPSE) plays a role in osteogenesis, but the mechanism by which it does so is incompletely understood. We used a combination of ex vivo and in vitro approaches and a well described HPSE inhibitor, PI-88 to study HPSE in endochondral bone formation. In situ hybridization and immunolocalization with HPSE antibodies revealed that HPSE is expressed in the peri-chondrium, peri-osteum, and at the chondro-osseous junction, all sites of key signaling events and tissue morphogenesis. Transcripts encoding Hpse also were observed in the pre-hypertrophic zone. Addition of PI-88 to metatarsals in organ culture reduced growth and suggested that HPSE activity aids the transition from chondrogenic to osteogenic processes in growth of long bones. To study this, we used high density cultures of ATDC5 pre-chondrogenic cells grown under conditions favoring chondrogenesis or osteogenesis. Under chondrogenic conditions, HPSE/Hpse was expressed at high levels during the mid-culture period, at the onset of terminal chondrogenesis. PI-88 addition reduced chondrogenesis and accelerated osteogenesis, including a dramatic up-regulation of osteocalcin levels. In normal growth medium, addition of PI-88 reduced migration of ATDC-5 cells, suggesting that HPSE facilitates cartilage replacement by bone at the chondro-osseous junction by removing the HS component of proteoglycans, such as perlecan/HSPG2, that otherwise prevent osteogenic cells from remodeling hypertrophic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | | | - S.S. D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - T. Daikoku
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - C.B. Kirn-Safran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - D. Marchetti
- Department of Pathology and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - D. D. Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - M.C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Corresponding Author: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 326 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716 Tel. 302 831-4296; FAX 302 831-2281; E-Mail:
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Whitelock JM, Little CB. Perlecan, the “jack of all trades” proteoglycan of cartilaginous weight-bearing connective tissues. Bioessays 2008; 30:457-69. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Prante C, Bieback K, Funke C, Schön S, Kern S, Kuhn J, Gastens M, Kleesiek K, Götting C. The formation of extracellular matrix during chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells correlates with increased levels of xylosyltransferase I. Stem Cells 2006; 24:2252-61. [PMID: 16778156 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into chondrogenic cells and their transplantation is promising as a technique for the treatment of cartilaginous defects. But the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) formation remains elusive. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the regulation of proteoglycan (PG) biosynthesis during the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. In different stages of chondrogenic differentiation, we analyzed mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and PG core proteins involved in ECM development. For xylosyltransferase I (XT-I), we found maximum mRNA levels 48 hours after chondrogenic induction with a 5.04 +/- 0.58 (mean +/- SD)-fold increase. This result correlates with significantly elevated levels of enzymatic XT-I activity (0.49 +/- 0.03 muU/1 x 10(6) cells) at this time point. Immunohistochemical staining of XT-I revealed a predominant upregulation in early chondrogenic stages. The highly homologous protein XT-II showed 4.7-fold (SD 0.6) increased mRNA levels on day 7. To determine the differential expression of heparan sulfate (HS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and dermatan sulfate (DS) chains, we analyzed the mRNA expression of EXTL2 (alpha-4-N-acetylhexosaminyltransferase), GalNAcT (beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase), and GlcAC5E (glucuronyl C5 epimerase). All key enzymes showed a similar regulation with temporarily downregulated mRNA levels (up to -87-fold) after chondrogenic induction. In accordance to previous studies, we observed a similar increase in the expression of PG core proteins. In conclusion, we could show that key enzymes for CS, DS, and HS synthesis, especially XT-I, are useful markers for the developmental stages of chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Prante
- Institut für Laboratoriums und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Yang W, Gomes RR, Brown AJ, Burdett AR, Alicknavitch M, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Chondrogenic differentiation on perlecan domain I, collagen II, and bone morphogenetic protein-2-based matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2009-24. [PMID: 16889529 PMCID: PMC1774589 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules in cartilage cooperate with growth factors to regulate chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage development. Domain I of perlecan (Pln) bears heparan sulfate chains that bind and release heparin binding growth factors (HBGFs). We hypothesized that Pln domain I (PlnDI) might be complexed with collagen II (P-C) fibrils to improve binding of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and better support chondrogenesis and cartilage-like tissue formation in vitro. Our results showed that P-C fibrils bound more BMP-2 than collagen II fibrils alone, and better sustained BMP-2 release. Polylactic acid (PLA)-based scaffolds coated with P-C fibrils immobilized more BMP-2 than either PLA scaffolds or PLA scaffolds coated with collagen II fibrils alone. Multipotential mouse embryonic mesenchymal cells, C3H10T1/2, were cultured on 2-dimensional P-C fibrils or 3-dimensional P-C/BMP-2-coated (P-C-B) PLA scaffolds. Chondrogenic differentiation was indexed by glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production, and expression of the pro-chondrogenic transcription factor, Sox9, as well as cartilaginous ECM proteins, collagen II, and aggrecan. Immunostaining for aggrecan, perlecan, tenascin, and collagen X revealed that both C3H10T1/2 cells and primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts cultured on P-C-B fibrils showed the highest expression of chondrogenic markers among all treatment groups. Safranin O-Fast Green staining indicated that cartilage-like tissue was formed in the P-C-B scaffolds, while no obvious cartilage-like tissue formed in other scaffolds. We conclude that P-C fibrils provide an improved biomimetic material for the binding and retention of BMP-2 and support chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Gomes RR, Van Kuppevelt TH, Farach-Carson MC, Carson DD. Spatiotemporal distribution of heparan sulfate epitopes during murine cartilage growth plate development. Histochem Cell Biol 2006; 126:713-22. [PMID: 16835755 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-006-0203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are abundant in the pericellular matrix of both developing and mature cartilage. Increasing evidence suggests the action of numerous chondroregulatory molecules depends on HSPGs. In addition to specific functions attributed to their core protein, the complexity of heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis provides extraordinary structural and functional heterogeneity. Understanding the interactions of chondroregulatory molecules with HSPGs and their subsequent outcomes has been limited by the absence of a detailed analysis of HS species in cartilage. In this study, we characterize the distribution and variety of HS species in developing cartilage of normal mice. Cryo-sections of femur and tibia from normal mouse embryos were evaluated using immunostaining techniques. A panel of unique phage display antibodies specific to particular HS species were employed and visualized with secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa-fluor dyes. Confocal microscopy demonstrates that HS species are dynamic structures within developing growth plate cartilage and the perichondrium. GlcNS6S-IdoUA2S-GlcNS6S species are down regulated and localization of GlcNS6S-IdoUA-GlcNS6S species within the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate is lost during normal development. Regional differences in HS structures are present within developing growth plates, implying that interactions with and responses to HS-binding proteins also may display regional specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides are capable of binding with proteins at several levels of specificity. As highly acidic macromolecules, they can bind non-specifically to any basic patch on a protein surface at low ionic strength, and such interactions are not likely to be physiologically significant. On the other hand, several systems have been identified in which very specific substructures of sulfated polysaccharides confer high affinity for particular proteins; the best-known example of this is the pentasaccharide in heparin with high affinity for antithrombin, but other examples may be taken from the study of marine invertebrates: the importance of the fine structure of dermatan sulfate (DS) to its interaction with heparin cofactor II (HCII), and the involvement of sea urchin egg-jelly fucans in species specific fertilization. A third, intermediate, kind of specific interaction is described for the cell-surface glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), in which patterns of sulfate substitution can show differential affinities for cytokines, growth factors, and morphogens at cell surfaces and in the intracellular matrix. This complex interplay of proteins and glycans is capable of influencing the diffusion of such proteins through tissue, as well as modulating cellular responses to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potter's Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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Hashimoto J, Ogawa T, Tsubota Y, Miyazaki K. Laminin-5 suppresses chondrogenic differentiation of murine teratocarcinoma cell line ATDC5. Exp Cell Res 2005; 310:256-69. [PMID: 16165127 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Laminin-5 is an important basement membrane protein that regulates cell adhesion and motility. It was previously found that the gamma2 chain of laminin-5 is transiently expressed in embryonic cartilage. This suggests a possible role of laminin-5 in chondrogenesis. Here, we examined this possibility using the murine teratocarcinoma cell line ATDC5. ATDC5 cells transiently and weakly expressed laminin-5 when they were stimulated for differentiation. Exogenous laminin-5 in either insoluble or soluble form strongly inhibited the differentiation phenotypes, i.e. formation of cartilaginous cell aggregates and production of chondrogenic marker proteins through its integrin-binding domain LG3 in the alpha3 chain. Laminin-5 had no effect on cell growth. In addition, we found that the laminin-5 with the 105-kDa, processed gamma2 chain suppressed differentiation more strongly than one with the 150-kDa gamma2 chain. This indicated that the proteolytic processing of gamma2 chain regulated the activity of laminin-5. However, a gamma2 chain short arm fragment had no effect on the chondrogenesis, and it rather suppressed the differentiation at excessive concentrations. These results suggest that laminin-5 and its processing modulate chondrogenic differentiation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Hashimoto
- Division of Cell Biology, Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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Homma R, Mase A, Toida T, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Modulation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis by polyamines in the presence of glycosaminoglycans. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1911-20. [PMID: 15936241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 04/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of polyamines on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in the presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were examined because it is known that heparin (HP) interacts with polyamines, especially with spermine. Spermine was able to reverse the prolongation of coagulation time of rabbit plasma caused by HP. The effects of various GAGs on thrombin activity in the presence of anti-thrombin III (AT) were then tested using a synthetic substrate. Inhibition of thrombin activity by GAGs was in the order HP > heparan sulfate (HS) > dermatan sulfate (DS) >> chondroitin sulfate (CS) approximately hyaluronan (HA). When these GAGs were fully sulfonated, the inhibitory activity of HS, DS, CS and HA, but not HP, became stronger. The effects of GAGs on thrombin activity were reversed by polyamines, in particular spermine. The EC(50) value of spermine for reversal of HP inhibition was 30-50 microM, and the K(d) value of spermine for heparin was 41.1 microM. Analysis by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) indicated that the interaction between AT and HP was weakened by spermine through its binding to HP. The effect of HP on fibrinolysis was then examined. When Glu-plasminogen and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) were used as enzyme source, HP strongly enhanced the plasmin activity and spermine reversed this effect. Analysis by SPR suggests that the structure of the active site of tPA may be changed through the ternary complex formation of tPA, HP and spermine. The results indicate that blood coagulation was enhanced and fibrinolysis was weakened by spermine in the presence of HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Homma
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan
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Klüppel M, Wight TN, Chan C, Hinek A, Wrana JL. Maintenance of chondroitin sulfation balance by chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase 1 is required for chondrocyte development and growth factor signaling during cartilage morphogenesis. Development 2005; 132:3989-4003. [PMID: 16079159 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are polysaccharide chains that are attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. The biosynthesis of GAGs is a multistep process that includes the attachment of sulfate groups to specific positions of the polysaccharide chains by sulfotransferases. Heparan-sulfate and heparan sulfate-sulfotransferases play important roles in growth factor signaling and animal development. However, the biological importance of chondroitin sulfation during mammalian development and growth factor signaling is poorly understood. We show that a gene trap mutation in the BMP-induced chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase 1 (C4st1) gene (also called carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11 - Chst11), which encodes an enzyme specific for the transfer of sulfate groups to the 4-O-position in chondroitin, causes severe chondrodysplasia characterized by a disorganized cartilage growth plate as well as specific alterations in the orientation of chondrocyte columns. This phenotype is associated with a chondroitin sulfation imbalance, mislocalization of chondroitin sulfate in the growth plate and an imbalance of apoptotic signals. Analysis of several growth factor signaling pathways that are important in cartilage growth plate development showed that the C4st1(gt/gt) mutation led to strong upregulation of TGFbeta signaling with concomitant downregulation of BMP signaling, while Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling was unaffected. These results show that chondroitin 4-O-sulfation by C4st1 is required for proper chondroitin sulfate localization, modulation of distinct signaling pathways and cartilage growth plate morphogenesis. Our study demonstrates an important biological role of differential chondroitin sulfation in mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klüppel
- Programme in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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Abstract
Chondrogenesis is an essential process in vertebrates. It leads to the formation of cartilage growth plates, which drive body growth and have primary roles in endochondral ossification. It also leads to the formation of permanent cartilaginous tissues that provide major structural support in the articular joints and respiratory and auditory tracts throughout life. Defects in chondrogenesis cause chondrodysostoses and chondrodysplasias. These skeletal malformation diseases account for a significant proportion of birth defects in humans and can dramatically affect a person's expectancy and quality of life. Chondrogenesis occurs when pluripotent mesenchymal cells commit to the chondrocyte lineage, and through a series of differentiation steps build and eventually remodel cartilage. This review summarizes and discusses our current knowledge and lack of knowledge about the chondrocyte differentiation pathway, from mesenchymal cells to growth plate and articular chondrocytes, with a main focus on how it is controlled by tissue patterning and cell differentiation transcription factors, such as, but not limited to, Pax1 and Pax9, Nkx3.1 and Nkx3.2, Sox9, Sox5 and Sox6, Runx2 and Runx3, and c-Maf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Research Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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